192 lines
23 KiB
XML
192 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F12D35F24F8271B44657995348BBEC28">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="62066B5C136AF8972F25A62A6607CECF">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="00C56D4CBBF8A468B2088A5AB9F41CC0">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31AB9A99CC6C871232D7B17162DD575E">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C4FED61193D9FA8F98C0DFC1DD00CC1">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949871" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498980" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949871" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFE8FF8BFF61FAE1FDB2B656" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF61FAE1FDF5B210" box="[151,591,1289,1315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF61FAE1FDF5B210" blockId="12.[151,591,1289,1315]" box="[151,591,1289,1315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<heading id="7F418184FFE8FF8AFF61FAE1FDF5B210" bold="true" box="[151,591,1289,1315]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFF61FAE1FDF5B210" authority="Giraud, 1859" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,591,1289,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossulariae">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF61FAE1FDF5B210" bold="true" box="[151,591,1289,1315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF61FAE1FE18B210" bold="true" box="[151,418,1289,1315]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Andricus grossulariae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFE5CFAE1FDF5B210" author="Giraud, J. E." box="[426,591,1289,1315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="337 - 374" refId="ref33719" refString="Giraud, J. E. (1859) Signalements de quelques especes nouvelles de Cynipides et de leurs Galles. Ferhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Fereins in Wien, 9, 337 - 374." type="journal article" year="1859">Giraud, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF61FAA7FBCAB1E3" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF61FAA7FB3FB2BE" blockId="12.[151,1436,1359,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF61FAA7FE9DB25B" bold="true" box="[151,295,1359,1384]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFEC6FAA7FEC8B25B" box="[304,370,1359,1384]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFE88FAB8FDB8B25B" box="[382,514,1360,1384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFE88FAB8FDB8B25B" box="[382,514,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(asexual generation) and
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFCDCFAB8FC6CB25B" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[810,982,1360,1384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFCDCFAB8FC6CB25B" box="[810,982,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(sexual generation). Elsewhere: several species from section
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFE74FA9CFE5AB2B8" box="[386,480,1396,1419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFE74FA9CFE5AB2B8" box="[386,480,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(asexual generation) and section
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFCAEFA9CFC1AB2B8" box="[856,928,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Cerris</emphasis>
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(sexual generation).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31FA7FFBCAB1E3" blockId="12.[151,1436,1359,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31FA7FFEDBB283" bold="true" box="[199,353,1431,1456]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Life history.</emphasis>
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Until recently,
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFDDEFA70FD67B283" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[552,733,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossulariae">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFDDEFA70FD67B283" box="[552,733,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. grossulariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was known only from its sexual generation, but rearing experiments (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFEC0FA54FE6BB2E7" author="Walker, P." box="[310,465,1468,1493]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="64 - 67" refId="ref36913" refString="Walker, P. (2002) Two new records for cynipid oak galls (Cynipidae: Hymenoptera) in Britain. Cecidology, 17, 64 - 67." type="journal article" year="2002">Walker 2002</bibRefCitation>
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) and molecular data (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFE8FF8AFD15FA54FC06B2E7" author="Stone, G. N. & Atkinson, R. J. & Rokas, A. & Nieves Aldrey, J. L. & Melika, G. & Acs, Z. & Csoka, G. & Hayward, A. & Bailey, R. & Buckee, C. & McVean, G. A. T." box="[739,956,1468,1492]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="652 - 665" refId="ref36370" refString="Stone, G. N., Atkinson, R. J., Rokas, A., Nieves Aldrey, J. L., Melika, G., Acs, Z., Csoka, G., Hayward, A., Bailey, R., Buckee, C. & McVean, G. A. T. (2008) Evidence for widespread cryptic sexual generations in apparently purely asexual Andricus gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 17, 652 - 665. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2007.03573. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Stone
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFCC5FA55FCD6B2E7" box="[819,876,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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) associated it with galls that had been traditionally attributed to the asexual generation of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFD2AFA08FC8CB2C4" box="[732,822,1504,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFD2AFA08FC8CB2C4" box="[732,822,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A.mayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFCCBFA08FC19B2CB" box="[829,931,1504,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panteli">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFCCBFA08FC19B2CB" box="[829,931,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A.panteli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, hence these two species were synonymized under
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFF15F9ECFE2EB12F" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[227,404,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossulariae">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF15F9ECFE2EB12F" box="[227,404,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. grossulariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The sexual generation induces conical, pointy catkin galls, up to
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFE8FF8AFB4EF9EDFB44B12F" box="[1208,1278,1541,1564]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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long, singlechambered, and usually in clusters. They are light green and soft when very young (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFE8FF8AFBB8F9CFFB18B173" box="[1102,1186,1575,1600]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–52" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1677,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1435,193,1657]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 47–52. Sexual generation galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 47. Andricus cecconii; 48. Same, old gall; 49. Andricus grossulariae, young galls; 50. Andricus grossulariae, old galls (arrow); 51. Andricus vindobonensis; 52. Andricus coriarius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610041/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
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), turning bright red to deep purple and woody when mature (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFE8FF8AFDA9F9A4FD0DB156" box="[607,695,1612,1637]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–52" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1677,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1435,193,1657]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 47–52. Sexual generation galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 47. Andricus cecconii; 48. Same, old gall; 49. Andricus grossulariae, young galls; 50. Andricus grossulariae, old galls (arrow); 51. Andricus vindobonensis; 52. Andricus coriarius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610041/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
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). Old galls remain on the tree until the next year. The asexual generation develops in bud galls that are up to
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFE8FF8AFD4EF987FCB0B1B4" box="[696,778,1647,1672]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
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in diameter, composed of thick, tapering projections that form a sphere (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFE8FF8AFEBBF97CFE2FB19F" box="[333,405,1684,1709]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–10" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1711,1734]" captionTargetBox="[137,1416,199,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[137,1416,193,1652]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 5–10. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 5. Andricus lucidus, asexual generation (arrow) and Andricus moreae, asexual generation (bottom); 6. Andricus cecconii, asexual generation; 7. Andricus caputmedusae, asexual generation, young gall; 8. Andricus caputmedusae, asexual generation, mature gall; 9. Andricus grossulariae, asexual generation; 10. Andricus hystrix, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610025/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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), and are multi-chambered. They are bright green and sticky when young, turning light brown, woody, and not sticky when mature. Old galls may remain on the tree for a year.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31F934FED3B052" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31F934FED3B052" blockId="12.[151,1436,1359,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31F934FEF3B1C6" bold="true" box="[199,329,1756,1781]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Phenology.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFE9BF934FE14B1C6" box="[365,430,1756,1781]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Israel</collectingCountry>
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, galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in late February to early March and adults emerge from them in late March, but in higher, colder localities (e.g., Odem Forest and En Zivan) they develop later in the season and adults emerge in May. Galls of the asexual generation develop during the fall and adults emerge in January.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE8FF8AFF31F884FAC6B0C2" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFE8FF8AFF31F884FAC6B0C2" blockId="12.[151,1436,1359,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF31F884FEDAB0B6" bold="true" box="[199,352,1900,1925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFE9FF884FE11B0B6" box="[361,427,1900,1925]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Galls of the sexual generation are common and widespread throughout the distribution range of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE8FF8AFF0BF878FE13B09B" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[253,425,1936,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE8FF8AFF0BF878FE13B09B" box="[253,425,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the country. Galls of the asexual generation are common in the northern part of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFAA8F867FA26B09B" box="[1374,1436,1935,1960]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
but are rare in Zur Hadassa (Judean Mountains). Elsewhere: A widespread and locally common species from Northern Africa through the Iberian Peninsula across Europe and the Balkans to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFBE9F830FB1BB0C2" box="[1055,1185,2008,2033]" name="Turkey" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFE8FF8AFB5AF831FB63B0C3" box="[1196,1241,2009,2032]" name="Iran" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Caucasia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFE9FF8BFF31FF7FFDB2B656" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="240936E8FFE9FF8BFF31FF7FFDB2B656" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFF31FF7FFEF5B783" bold="true" box="[199,335,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Galls of the sexual generation are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE9FF8BFBE5FF70FB71B783" box="[1043,1227,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriariformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFBE5FF70FB71B783" box="[1043,1227,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. coriariformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE9FF8BFB08FF70FADCB783" box="[1278,1382,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFB08FF70FADCB783" box="[1278,1382,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Q. libani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but develop on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE9FF8BFEEDFF54FE7DB7E7" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[283,455,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFEEDFF54FE7DB7E7" box="[283,455,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are also somewhat similar to galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE9FF8BFC37FF54FB3BB7E7" box="[961,1153,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vindobonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFC37FF54FB3BB7E7" box="[961,1153,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. vindobonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFE9FF8BFB67FF54FB59B7E6" box="[1169,1251,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–52" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1677,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1435,193,1657]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 47–52. Sexual generation galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 47. Andricus cecconii; 48. Same, old gall; 49. Andricus grossulariae, young galls; 50. Andricus grossulariae, old galls (arrow); 51. Andricus vindobonensis; 52. Andricus coriarius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610041/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
|
||
) but differ from them in having pointed apices and in their bright red color when mature, whereas the galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE9FF8BFB45FF08FAC8B7CB" box="[1203,1394,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vindobonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFB45FF08FAC8B7CB" box="[1203,1394,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. vindobonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are kidney- or bean-shaped, and dull purple-green when mature. Galls of the asexual generation are somewhat similar to the less common morphologies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFE9FF8BFDB7FEC0FD73B60C" baseAuthorityName="Hartig" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[577,713,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFE9FF8BFDB7FEC0FD73B60C" box="[577,713,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. coriarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFE9FF8BFCEEFECFFCD1B673" box="[792,875,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1669,1692]" captionTargetBox="[152,1427,193,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[152,1427,193,1639]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Asexual generation galls on Quercus boissieri. 11. Andricus curtisii; 12. Andricus chodjaii; 13. Andricus quercustozae, young gall; 14. Andricus quercustozae, mature gall; 15. Andricus coriarius, mature gall; 16. Andricus coriarius, old gall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610027/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) but are more robust, and their lobes are shorter, more numerous and less tapered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |