271 lines
26 KiB
XML
271 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297102" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38aee501-3c26-4686-9c32-a0991b651db7" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905099958" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Artiodactyla.637-722.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Lama glama" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" lastPageNumber="646" masterDocId="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" masterDocTitle="Order Artiodactyla" masterLastPageNumber="722" masterPageNumber="637" pageNumber="646" updateTime="1716783024384" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8830E59A6B00783F4DBD0AE731AD9CAA">Order Artiodactyla</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="04EE61D753E778E71BC9F2A203A3F9EC">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6CB73E780D57F1103C555022514A3482">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="32032FD7BB57A5CE5AEE3FEB623EB298">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="E596E23CBE65F99089EAEA772B16379F">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="F9A156C1DB611A2DC1F36E78CAA98E27">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B96B13E37E5DB3605C70CAB9856B32ED">
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<mods:title id="5A41DEB4AF8FD7AC4F54BBB97CDB10E0">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="ED91B2B79F0C1D2950D6D2CC4EDA87E5">
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<mods:start id="E8D0A300CF83EDE376CC8276B6E346A5">637</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="938339EB81C28302F5D8C8483AB71C1B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11337015" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231541421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11337015" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411" lastPageNumber="646" pageNumber="646" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200117">
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<subSubSection id="9D293204A281B1E4EEE2901B9CD4A3C6" pageNumber="646" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1B32C6F7EDDE6E40D193B71ED4732D82" pageNumber="646">
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||
<taxonomicName id="A481D4E3B3C61273DD4D096B294D6E6D" ID-CoL="3RYF2" authority="(Linnaeus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
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<emphasis id="97E16CC899D58F7851DB3F7ED4E4EC3A" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama glama</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56334ABDA452E8F171480D91F37D8246" pageNumber="646" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CBABEE6E7C06F5DA96B6F05B2FE5C2CD" pageNumber="646">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="632364673E88401D369C5C4C4739F1DB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3915710" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3915710" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AB15F689-6270-4554-AD09-D17BD05E5BE8" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/59BC1664CFC73679BAD1D148107B3B6E" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" page="65" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama" title="Camelus glama" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="F192A84BD04E9591207CE993B6C08CB3" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
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<emphasis id="DA1CA57A48BC0381A1D6E9E51BBD4522" italics="true" pageNumber="646">[Camelus] glama</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="42374C9E279FCAD061FDC26FFBB70EE8" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="1A60056064BA9BA524B3BE923B2C2644" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="646" pagination="65" title="Camelus glama" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 65</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="88BDB4869C8D92000D2ADE34F50AAED9" pageNumber="646" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="6C2B54E4AA2BDFE8B6299F8565BE5809" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis id="3919FBE43764C7AB264B76F52467144B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="646">Type Locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="0124735D9180648D33A76362A8074D8B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867329499" country="Peru" pageNumber="646">
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"Habitat in America meridionali", identified as "
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<collectingCountry id="4F42BB30D3AFD4ED50A6ED2D6728DAC3" name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
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", Andes, by
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<bibRefCitation id="F07E59691C377350ACED23D2AD9B09FA" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353417" refString="Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158." year="1911">
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Thomas (1911
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<emphasis id="D2068D68A11B24F4B93436FCD4A96018" italics="true" pageNumber="646">a</emphasis>
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:150)
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</bibRefCitation>
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; based on domesticated stock
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6D8E4567C14BC841D2B8734A9BD10970" pageNumber="646" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="6CB38BFF938E6EFE0076869F01A54B44" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis id="5017E6D4780BA97B4806F896C69E3446" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="646">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="38808049E41035F2E40C7A4B6BC3D9AA" language="eng" pageNumber="646">Guanaco</vernacularName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0233DE9D6AF64CC3D8CADE6945A68D6E" pageNumber="646" type="child_taxa">
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<paragraph id="461B3D1BEFBFEE78CFAAB455D8B506B7" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis id="543C6D41201DA48FF049A0F7C78BC2F0" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="646">Subspecies:</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="92DE39030BBE8B3D09A096FC32595F7C" pageNumber="646">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="287144AAEF9DD2766D7693DD5AF18DA0" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="glama" subSpecies="glama">
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<emphasis id="ED7781B5BA5AC385B32D3B9E54AF8715" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama glama</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="2F0CE84FC26B235CC3A5E60F26D62ABA" italics="true" pageNumber="646">glama</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CC2655F37188F6FF687273B31C8FFA89" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8CCFAE75A60773E3DB6AE4279C07E266" pageNumber="646">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="C41F6B987E3A8C6D63A0237846A393CA" authority="Lönnberg 1913" authorityName="Lönnberg" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="glama" subSpecies="cacsilensis">
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<emphasis id="7239766AA34AC5F24DAADBA78442E82A" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama glama</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="5F07600E807FDE1EA1B6C2F6BFFC365D" italics="true" pageNumber="646">cacsilensis</emphasis>
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Lönnberg 1913
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EFDCCFF03A830C330466FB2DEA43D252" pageNumber="646">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="60190595D39C7F056C618CD8BCF317C0" authority="Müller 1776" authorityName="Müller" authorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="glama" subSpecies="guanicoe">
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<emphasis id="EC6EBDD97A9D7EEE69A747C8C07BADBE" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama glama</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="F943B210B597F3F7B337DC1B0AEA0FFD" italics="true" pageNumber="646">guanicoe</emphasis>
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Müller 1776
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="BD2C2F9F15A04738CDFD5EC247A00549" pageNumber="646" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="C0A766B2AD0C496607BFE7A736E3E2B2" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis id="AF139992082884FFBEF2A5101C84A527" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="646">Distribution:</emphasis>
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Cordilleras of the Andes, Patagonia, and
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<collectingRegion id="6A15F0EF01767B928C6A193DE95D2228" country="Argentina" name="Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur">Tierra del Fuego</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F6234FE84E085587AFE70389BDB9E619" name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="2BF17210F829355A99E5A2964B18D567" name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="993DB49D5DC77AB9F3A1C219DC904A78" name="Chile">Chile</collectingCountry>
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(including Navarino Isl), NW
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<collectingCountry id="2C87655DDB467F76DF2EBB8F9C9013D8" name="Paraguay">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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, and S
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<collectingCountry id="9C324FEB27D75F14FD2BB74DF729304D" name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. Domesticated as the
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<taxonomicName id="41A62B46F6AF9148B3A3F4C707AC8FF3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Llama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Llama</taxonomicName>
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in S
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<collectingCountry id="7EDA49316CE431392DADCB41F464B6EA" name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, W
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<collectingCountry id="9D64B9631B525171173035CC611ABA67" name="Bolivia">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and NW
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<collectingCountry id="7A506D9761975A675626269BB560B77F" name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="14021D9C608B0C2BABB1640E0209FBFB" pageNumber="646" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="986329F24CC43D3326006EF3AC113397" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis id="8F709C5D5D9935192440C6E56420757B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="646">Conservation:</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="8C76B40F122D2D98DC0B2DD14563C288">CITES</collectionCode>
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– Appendix II as
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<taxonomicName id="AC527BFE188911FE1ED20A2288D9583E" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanicoe">
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<emphasis id="0B63C0015C2D5CFE591594D0DE689BEA" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama guanicoe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<collectionCode id="1A72FB35FFDCAE512B69D901FA9D1224">IUCN</collectionCode>
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– Endangered as
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<taxonomicName id="981BDC4200673847D6CFC48FD6CF645F" authority=", Vulnerable" authorityName="Vulnerable" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="guanicoe" subSpecies="huanacus">
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<emphasis id="E2422CD726AD9C53CC2E2D4D313588D5" italics="true" pageNumber="646">L. guanicoe huanacus</emphasis>
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, Vulnerable
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</taxonomicName>
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as
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<emphasis id="036A0A087B713F1485922A370A2788DF" italics="true" pageNumber="646">L. g. voglii</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="3E8558A45CA78C816776EC010B4FCC9A" italics="true" pageNumber="646">L. g. cacsilensis</emphasis>
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, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="252B6F5218F560111ECC4C2380D26B51" pageNumber="646" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="00527AE86FAAD39E26EC69096DC9B3FC" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis id="EB46AB18B9652EF5391E3B70455ACA39" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="646">Discussion:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="629288F3CB07D6A0E84CB30597C32043" author="Haltenorth, T." refId="ref137991" refString="Haltenorth, T. 1963. Klassifikation der Saugetiere: Artiodactyla I. Handbuch der Zoologie, 8 (32): 1 - 167." year="1963">Haltenorth (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised four subspecies (
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<emphasis id="05E0AD957857DE5924EC14258355AE5E" italics="true" pageNumber="646">
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||
cacsilensis,
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||
<taxonomicName id="F626B812820B1CEE6724BD6EE9A1750E" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanicoe">guanicoe</taxonomicName>
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||
, huanacus, voglii
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
) but
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D50848FCA725530E1AB1680D621EEDF3" author="Wheeler, J. C." refId="ref388065" refString="Wheeler, J. C. 1995. Evolution and present situation of the South American Camelidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 54: 271 - 295." year="1995">Wheeler (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded them as poorly defined and did not diagnose them; subspecies are those recognised by Cabrera (1961). The
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<taxonomicName id="2D5A79165C002A9EA070547D43FA6D59" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Guanaco" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guanaco</taxonomicName>
|
||
has previously been included with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFEBC079C7921AD194FFD84D42C80772" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Llama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Llama</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="232717DE9AF4F2820D41DEF0FBDC4BE6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
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||
<emphasis id="581C3D61357C26A6FA6F387ABDD2D906" italics="true" pageNumber="646">L. glama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, of which it is understood to be the wild ancestor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD28A4D0D1835BD6A4AB286DA0B3ED1B" author="Hemmer, H." refId="ref146850" refString="Hemmer, H. 1990. Domestication. The decline of environmental appreciation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 208 pp." year="1990">Hemmer, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9445CD42015EFCE14CDB90B69761E6BB" author="Kadwell, M. & M. Fernandez & H. F. Stanley & R. Baldi & J. C. Wheeler & R. Rosadio & M. W. Bruford" refId="ref178885" refString="Kadwell, M., M. Fernandez, H. F. Stanley, R. Baldi, J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio, and M. W. Bruford. 2001. Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B, 268: 2575 - 2584." year="2001">Kadwell et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lydekker, 1915).
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||
<bibRefCitation id="5BC84A677D97E5DFB1E163CA01099DBA" author="Gentry, A. & J. Clutton-Brock & C. P. Groves" refId="ref117778" refString="Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 1996. Case 3010. Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 28 - 37." year="1996">Gentry et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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||
proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of
|
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<taxonomicName id="B99767CAB20E2BE16703883E105881E6" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanicoe">
|
||
<emphasis id="715DD72A1A6EAB08A40A92F3B79883B1" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama guanicoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the name for the wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DBFD7800BE1845A082E668CDB41472D" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Guanaco" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guanaco</taxonomicName>
|
||
and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4CFD0EFA9F4836AFDC7CB9FBF30D879" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" refId="ref168639" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003 a. Opinion 2027. Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): Conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." year="2003">
|
||
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003
|
||
<emphasis id="05EA16DC49BC9D948949D4FE71439148" italics="true" pageNumber="646">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It might still be valid for those who consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE3313C78781CFB56E9616A09A1FF79B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
|
||
<emphasis id="CD85DDE091D7A12C98C775BC3577CAAF" italics="true" pageNumber="646">L. glama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F4F2C2AE67938CE67FB76437C875AFF" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanicoe">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE2024A2B908F86A236AB124229FCCAE" italics="true" pageNumber="646">L. guanicoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="479A7FA4D68389B4234EE3CDFF12D365" author="Bock, W. J." refId="ref34305" refString="Bock, W. J. 1997. Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54: 124 - 125." year="1997">Bock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Provisionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5006BC280C1899D8237F15102B65238" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanicoe">
|
||
<emphasis id="CE04454F4B069A9447430A05C2F895DC" italics="true" pageNumber="646">guanicoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed here as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="047F78F2D3F7597951149B13D2F0A305" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
|
||
<emphasis id="8107A0FA83152CCF44E2D8C3D9E41C58" italics="true" pageNumber="646">glama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Alpaca (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E0CBE2E5F26DBC254E703D7287860F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacos">
|
||
<emphasis id="2495BB86A7CAAB05FDFE1FC2ABD8B46B" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama pacos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<emphasis id="E6A54E08EFD4C14508AD35D9AC565A80" italics="true" pageNumber="646">lujanensis</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="23EC5A91D17F73863696D64EABBB23E9" italics="true" pageNumber="646">paco</emphasis>
|
||
) has been regarded as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="355497C3831D0347A6A18397B3D2F796" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
|
||
<emphasis id="81E0FF7170AFB7172BD7CD3054E83374" italics="true" pageNumber="646">glama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6BFAAB0B7E8B5074102318FBCA4CBC30" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67916" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1991. A world list of mammalian species. Third ed. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, London, 243 pp." year="1991">Corbet and Hill (1991:126)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It originated from hybrids between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CFADB7579AFDCC4FFDC64F9C296B7CE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glama">
|
||
<emphasis id="295DA380B9A20E30A589C60A08FF8FC3" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Lama glama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9233085565BB8AD444A7DC09DE60C499" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Vicugna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicugna">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EF417F598B00B565C1FBA44EDBF22E3" italics="true" pageNumber="646">Vicugna vicugna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B12152CF1800658EEF793ECB337C44C1" author="Hemmer, H." refId="ref146850" refString="Hemmer, H. 1990. Domestication. The decline of environmental appreciation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 208 pp." year="1990">Hemmer (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A2F21B0602FD406DBB3AB83E8173300" author="Wheeler, J. C." refId="ref388065" refString="Wheeler, J. C. 1995. Evolution and present situation of the South American Camelidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 54: 271 - 295." year="1995">Wheeler (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
favoured a primary origin from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8BAE9450F085D76D3A9E5E20A356EA" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Vicugna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vicugna</taxonomicName>
|
||
and post-Conquest genetic introgression from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7DD16C053D8C508219A8381C3ADBFD1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Llama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Llama</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B148A0DF4FA5CF297767D94F5DF6EEE0" author="Kadwell, M. & M. Fernandez & H. F. Stanley & R. Baldi & J. C. Wheeler & R. Rosadio & M. W. Bruford" refId="ref178885" refString="Kadwell, M., M. Fernandez, H. F. Stanley, R. Baldi, J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio, and M. W. Bruford. 2001. Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B, 268: 2575 - 2584." year="2001">Kadwell et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that there was a relatively low estimated admixture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D411EFBE2A20B59FEE2F7C9E76239E03" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Vicugna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vicugna</taxonomicName>
|
||
mtDNA in the Alpaca but a high proportion for microsatellites (from four loci studied), and inferred that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E717B16BA4A07DC9886041111A024C5" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Vicugna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vicugna</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the ancestor of the Alpaca. Nevertheless, the Alpaca appears to be of biphyletic origin and its synonymy may be somewhat arbitrary, though it could yet be shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1E7E6D187599271D4A58618ADC227EA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Lama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacos">
|
||
<emphasis id="064F77D4A9CBDF9E02001BB95138FBA0" italics="true" pageNumber="646">pacos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is best regarded as the same species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22C75F4A4DBD0539A4B4655F12092E2E" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Vicugna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vicugna">
|
||
<emphasis id="F61BDFFEAC8EBBF3BB241F4E5BE3A283" italics="true" pageNumber="646">vicugna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |