treatments-xml/data/71/02/87/710287829973FFA0FE63EA02FEBEFF66.xml

<document id="7C0CE10799B821A0904F54454E65FF2B" ID-DOI="10.1080/002229301750384293" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620912160417" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Maldonado, Manuel, Carmona, M. Carmen, Van Soest, Rob W. M. &amp; Pomponi, Shirley A." docDate="2001" docId="710287829973FFA0FE63EA02FEBEFF66" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.35.1261-1276.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 35 (9)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B3570C21952C5CF44265488F0CE432D6.2:JNatHist.2003-2004.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="B3570C21952C5CF44265488F0CE432D6" docStyleName="JNatHist.2003-2004.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Crambe panamensis Maldonado, Carmona, Soest &amp; Pomponi, 2001, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1266" masterDocId="8D3BFFFA9976FFA9FFCBE90BFFC3FF85" masterDocTitle="First record of the sponge genera Crambe and Discorhabdella for the eastern Paci ® c, with description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="1276" masterPageNumber="1261" pageNumber="1264" updateTime="1698917961954" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5CA9611D2D667F1A1A2E9CA6BA640B47">First record of the sponge genera Crambe and Discorhabdella for the eastern Paci ® c, with description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E6B0ED08FB76F90E0658D27BF0BC93B0">Maldonado, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5FEB841FFD66F317D14AD6113B4D7A7B">Carmona, M. Carmen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D20D167ED98AC91031F14BCB64AFFB80">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B30D341DFF312AA50F03EFD88DA6746">Pomponi, Shirley A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FD1A070493C4FABEA28C268E9A205D7C">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E394CFA8E4BA51196AACF84B648F53CE">2001</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179973FFACFE63EA02FD44FCA4" ID-CoL="Z4GR" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[424,647,777,801]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869973FFACFE63EA02FD44FCA4" bold="true" box="[424,647,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">Crambe panamensis</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="CBDFEA869973FFACFF4DEA32FE9BFCD4" box="[134,344,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">Material collected.</emphasis>
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, 
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HBOM-003:00951
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.
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<emphasis id="CBDFEA869973FFACFF4DEA51FEE4FCF4" box="[134,295,857,881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">Type locality.</emphasis>
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®c coast of 
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, 
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of 
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, Isla 
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7 
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27.992 
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N, 82 
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15.629 
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W). 
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collected at a nearby site (7 
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27.932 
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N, 82 
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15.611 
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W)
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.
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<emphasis id="CBDFEA869973FFACFF4DEAB3FEC6FC55" box="[134,261,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name refers to the geographical location of the 
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locality.
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<paragraph id="F91436949973FFACFF4DEAF2FCE9FA8A" blockId="5.[93,1049,825,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869973FFACFF4DEAF2FEC8FB95" box="[134,267,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">Description.</emphasis>
The 
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is a 14 
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, encrusting sponge that was growing on a living thorny oyster. It was pinkish red when alive, and faded in ethanol. In the many living individuals observed 
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, the ectosome was epithelium-like, translucent, with spacious subectosomal cavities that collapse after ®xation; oscula were distended, slightly raised, 
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in diameter; groups of exhalant canals converged towards the oscula showing a radial pattern, as typically seen in other species of 
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<emphasis id="CBDFEA869973FFACFF05EDB3FEE7FB55" box="[206,292,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1264">Crambe</emphasis>
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. Ostia were not visible with the naked eye, but under magni®cation, they were visible in aerolated areas, 400±600 Mm diameter, that were scattered all over the sponge surface. The surface is microscopically hispid.
</paragraph>
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The skeleton consists of four spicule 
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, as follows:
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(1) Ectosomal subtylostyles: 117±208 Mm 
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2.5
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±3.5 Mm; straight, relatively isodiametric, with an oval subtyle, and with a tapering, sharp point (®gure 1a, b). Feeble vestiges of microspines, which are hard to see even under magni®cation, surround the point (®gure 1b).
</paragraph>
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(2) Choanosomal tylostyles: 180±300 Mm 
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6.5
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±12 Mm; straight or somewhat curved, slightly fusiform, with an irregularly shaped, well-marked tyle (®gure 1c).
</paragraph>
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(3) Astroclone desmas: in a wide variety of growth stages (®gure 1d±h). Fully formed desmas have a well-developed centrum, from which four to seven main actines radiate, along with one in four additional, shorter processes (actines or ornamental spines?), up to a maximum of eight radiating processes. Fully grown actines, if in contact with other desmas, develop a ¯at, terminal expansion called zygome plate (®gure 1e±f); zygomes articulate inter-spicule contacts to build up a network of interlocked, but not fused, desmas. If actines contact no nearby spicule, actinal ends remain unexpanded and blunt (®gure 1e). Early developing stages of astroclone desmas, which were fairly common in the sponges collected, resemble oxyasters with four to eight irregular, blunt actines (®gure 
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, h). Fully grown desmas measure up to 65 Mm in largest diameter, with some early developing stages as small as 26 Mm across.
</paragraph>
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FIG. 1. Spicules of 
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<emphasis id="CBDFEA869970FFAFFEE6EA22FE31FCBA" box="[301,498,809,831]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1265">Crambe panamensis</emphasis>
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: (a) point and tyle of an ectosomal subtylostyle; (b) point of a subectosomal subtylostyle with feeble spines (sp); (c) tyle of a choanosomal tylostyle, where vestiges of a tubercle (tb) can be seen; (d±f) fully grown astroclones with diversely developed actines that show both zygomes (z) and blunt ends (be); (g) early developing stage of an astroclone; (h) comparative view of fully grown desmas (gd) and early developing stages (dd); (i) isochela.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F91436949970FFAFFF4DEC5CFCF5FA0A" blockId="6.[134,1049,1048,1424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1265">(4) Isochelae: 20±22 Mm; with three to ®ve well-formed, anchorate teeth (®gure 1i). These spicules are infrequent in the sponges.</paragraph>
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The arrangement of the spicule 
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within the sponges consists of a basal stratum of more or less interlocked astroclones that rests on a basal spongin layer from which short tracts of subtylostyles cored by one or several main choanosomal tylostyles ascend. Ascending tracts become hispid tufts when they reach the sponge surface. Isochelae are very scarce and occur mostly in the ectosome.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="CBDFEA869970FFAFFF4DEF4DFF21F9DB" box="[134,226,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1265">Habitat.</emphasis>
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species is fairly common at the collection site (Isla 
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, 
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®c coast of 
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), particularly on overhangs, vertical walls, and sites moderately exposed to sunlight, at depths of 
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. It grows on rocks, but also overgrows living barnacles and oysters
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F91436949971FFAEFF4DE9A7FD40FEC6" blockId="7.[93,1050,107,1662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF4DE9A7FEA8FF46" box="[134,363,171,195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
The fact that 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFDEDE9A0FCC6FF46" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[550,773,171,195]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFDEDE9A0FCC6FF46" box="[550,773,171,195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D0EC57FD9971FFAEFCC5E9A7FC8EFF46" box="[782,845,172,195]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
produces desmas with only radiating arms (i.e. astroclones) clearly distinguishes this species from all three Mediterranen species (
<tableCitation id="B429032F9971FFAEFE6BE9E0FE2EFE86" box="[416,493,235,259]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="8.[58,114,368,390]" captionText="Table 1. Skeletal and biogeographical summary of the species in the genus Crambe. Measurements are spicule size ranges (lengthÖwidth, or length only), in micrometres. Given the irregular form of desmas, only measurements for their largest diameter (AE) are considered." pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">table 1</tableCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFDC2E9E0FD7AFE86" authority="crambe" authorityName="crambe (Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[521,697,235,259]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="crambe">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFDC2E9E0FD7AFE86" box="[521,697,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe crambe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFD03E9E0FC45FE86" authorityName="Maldonado and Benito" authorityYear="1991" box="[712,902,235,259]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFD03E9E0FC45FE86" box="[712,902,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe tuberosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFC0AE9E0FF6DFEA6" authorityName="Vacelet and Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1982" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tailliezi">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFC0AE9E0FF6DFEA6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe tailliezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which produce only sphaeroclone desmas (i.e. desmas with all actines curved towards the substratum, when fully developed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F91436949971FFAEFF4DE840FE78FE67" blockId="7.[93,1050,107,1662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">
Astroclones similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFE34E840FD22FEE6" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[511,737,331,355]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFE34E840FD22FEE6" box="[511,737,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D0EC57FD9971FFAEFD27E840FCEDFEE7" box="[748,814,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
occur in two other species, 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFF71E861FE9EFE07" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1992" box="[186,349,362,386]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="erecta">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF71E861FE9EFE07" box="[186,349,362,386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe erecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFE5CE861FDFCFE07" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[407,575,362,386]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFE5CE861FDFCFE07" box="[407,575,362,386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFD79E861FCD5FE07" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1992" box="[690,790,362,386]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="erecta">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFD79E861FCD5FE07" box="[690,790,362,386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C. erecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species only known by its 
<typeStatus id="261088369971FFAEFF64E881FED0FE27" box="[175,275,394,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from the East Coast of Africa (North 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFD34E880FC89FE26" box="[767,842,395,419]" name="Kenya" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Kenya</collectingCountry>
Bank), produces isochelae in two size categories, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFDE4E8A1FD13FE47" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[559,720,426,450]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFDE4E8A1FD13FE47" box="[559,720,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
produces only one category, the speci®c distinction is clear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F91436949971FFAEFF4DE8E1FE7EFBC5" blockId="7.[93,1050,107,1662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">
DiOEerentiation between the skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFD91E8E1FCF9FD87" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[602,826,490,514]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFD91E8E1FCF9FD87" box="[602,826,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D0EC57FD9971FFAEFC8DE8E0FC44FD87" box="[838,903,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and that of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFF96EB01FECBFDA7" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[93,264,522,546]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF96EB01FECBFDA7" box="[93,264,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is somewhat more complicated. The latter species, known from the South Atlantic (
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFED7EB21FE43FDC7" box="[284,384,554,578]" name="Namibia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Namibia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFE76EB21FD91FDC7" box="[445,594,554,578]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), the Red Sea and 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFCF3EB21FC02FDC7" box="[824,961,554,578]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, shows an enormous skeletal variability between populations (
<tableCitation id="B429032F9971FFAEFD09EB41FCD3FDE7" box="[706,784,586,610]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="8.[58,114,368,390]" captionText="Table 1. Skeletal and biogeographical summary of the species in the genus Crambe. Measurements are spicule size ranges (lengthÖwidth, or length only), in micrometres. Given the irregular form of desmas, only measurements for their largest diameter (AE) are considered." pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">table 1</tableCitation>
). South Atlantic populations of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFF11EB61FE8BFD04" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[218,328,618,642]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF11EB61FE8BFD04" box="[218,328,618,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C. acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterized by ectosomal and choanosomal tylostyles, abundant astroclones, a single category of isochelae, and microxeas (
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFC53EB82FBD0FD27" author="LEAVI, C." box="[920,1043,649,674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="1" refId="ref8756" refString="LEAVI, C., 1960, Les Spongiaires aA desmes asteArooEdes, Bulletin de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e de Monaco, 57 (1179), 1 ± 8." type="journal article" year="1960">LeÂvi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFF96EBA1FF52FD47" author="LEAVI, C." box="[93,145,682,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="1" refId="ref8835" refString="LEAVI, C., 1963, Spongiaires d'Africa du Sud (1) Poecilosclerides, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (1), 1 ± 71." type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFF64EBA1FEF1FD47" author="URIZ, M. J." box="[175,306,682,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="9" refId="ref9421" refString="URIZ, M. J., 1988, Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope of Namibia (South-West Africa): classes Hexactinellida and Demospongiae, MonografoAas de ZoologoAa Marina, 3, 9 ± 157." type="journal article" year="1988">Uriz, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Populations from the Red Sea and Aldabra (northern 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFF96EBC1FF25FD67" box="[93,230,714,738]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
) produce ectosomal and choanosomal tylostyles, isochelae in two size categories, very few astroclones (see 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFDC1EBE2FD24FC84" author="VACELET, J. &amp; VASSEUR, P. &amp; LEAVI, C." box="[522,743,745,769]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="116" refId="ref9621" refString="VACELET, J., VASSEUR, P. and LEAVI, C., 1976, Spongiaires de la pente externe des reAcifs coralliens de TuleAar (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar), MeAmoires. MuseAum National d' Histoire Naturelle, seArie A, Zool., 99, 1 ± 116." type="journal article" year="1976">
Vacelet 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFDADEBE1FD5BFC84" box="[614,664,745,769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">et al</emphasis>
., 1976
</bibRefCitation>
) and no microxeas (
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFC2BEBE3FF52FCA4" author="LEAVI, C." pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="3" refId="ref8713" refString="LEAVI, C., 1958, ReAsultats scienti ® ques des campagnes de la`Calypso'. Campagne 1951 ± 1952 en Mer Rouge. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge, Annales de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e, 34, 3 ± 46." type="journal article" year="1958">LeÂvi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFF68EA02FF1BFCA4" author="LEAVI, C." box="[163,216,777,801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="3" refId="ref8786" refString="LEAVI, C., 1961, ReAsultats scienti ® ques des campagnes de la`Calypso'. XIV. Campagne 1954 dans l'Ocean Indien. 2. Les Spongiaires de l'ile Aldabra, Annales de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e, 39 (1), 3 ± 32." type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
). The population from Tulear (southern 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFD7DEA02FCFCFCA4" box="[694,831,777,801]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
) produces spicules as those described above, but with isochelae in a single size and microxeas in variable abundance, depending upon individuals (dubious species assignations, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFF96EA62FEFCFC04" author="VACELET, J. &amp; VASSEUR, P. &amp; LEAVI, C." box="[93,319,873,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="116" refId="ref9621" refString="VACELET, J., VASSEUR, P. and LEAVI, C., 1976, Spongiaires de la pente externe des reAcifs coralliens de TuleAar (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar), MeAmoires. MuseAum National d' Histoire Naturelle, seArie A, Zool., 99, 1 ± 116." type="journal article" year="1976">
Vacelet 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF77EA61FF33FC04" box="[188,240,873,897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">et al</emphasis>
., 1976
</bibRefCitation>
, are not considered here). Because of the skeletal diOEerences explained above, the Indian Ocean populations of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFD59EA82FD39FC24" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[658,762,905,929]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFD59EA82FD39FC24" box="[658,762,905,929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C. acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were originally described as 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFFB7EAA3FE60FC45" authority="LeAvi, 1958" authorityName="LeAvi" authorityYear="1958" box="[124,419,936,961]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Folitispa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFFB7EAA3FEE9FC45" box="[124,298,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Folitispa acuata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFEFBEAA3FE60FC45" author="LEAVI, C." box="[304,419,936,961]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="3" refId="ref8713" refString="LEAVI, C., 1958, ReAsultats scienti ® ques des campagnes de la`Calypso'. Campagne 1951 ± 1952 en Mer Rouge. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge, Annales de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e, 34, 3 ± 46." type="journal article" year="1958">LeÂvi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the South Atlantic populations were described as 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFF48EAC3FE12FC65" authority="LeAvi, 1960" authorityName="LeAvi" authorityYear="1960" box="[131,465,968,993]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chelastra">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF48EAC3FE8AFC65" box="[131,329,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe chelastra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFE9DEAC3FE12FC65" author="LEAVI, C." box="[342,465,968,993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="1" refId="ref8756" refString="LEAVI, C., 1960, Les Spongiaires aA desmes asteArooEdes, Bulletin de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e de Monaco, 57 (1179), 1 ± 8." type="journal article" year="1960">LeÂvi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This synonymy was proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFCB6EAC3FF6AFB85" author="VACELET, J. &amp; VASSEUR, P. &amp; LEAVI, C." pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="116" refId="ref9621" refString="VACELET, J., VASSEUR, P. and LEAVI, C., 1976, Spongiaires de la pente externe des reAcifs coralliens de TuleAar (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar), MeAmoires. MuseAum National d' Histoire Naturelle, seArie A, Zool., 99, 1 ± 116." type="journal article" year="1976">
Vacelet 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFC17EAC2FBD2FC65" box="[988,1041,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">et al</emphasis>
. (1976)
</bibRefCitation>
and has been accepted ever since, although a review of such a taxonomic decision would be advisable if new material is collected (
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFD16ED03FBD3FBA5" author="MALDONADO, M. &amp; URIZ, M. J." box="[733,1040,1032,1056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="369" refId="ref8984" refString="MALDONADO, M. and URIZ, M. J., 1996, Skeletal morphology of two controversial poecilosclerid genera (Porifera, Demospongiae): Discorhabdella and Crambe, HelgolaEnder Meeresuntersuchungen, 50, 369 ± 390." type="journal article" year="1996">Maldonado and Uriz, 1996</bibRefCitation>
; LeÂvi, personal communiction).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F91436949971FFA0FF4DED43FEBEFF66" blockId="7.[93,1050,107,1662]" lastBlockId="9.[93,1049,107,227]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1268" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">
The absence of microxeas in 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFE05ED43FDAFFBDA" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[462,620,1096,1120]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFE05ED43FE22FBE5" box="[462,481,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFE3BED43FDAFFBDA" box="[496,620,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D0EC57FD9971FFAEFDBEED43FD71FBDA" box="[629,690,1096,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
diOEerentiates it from the South Atlantic and Tulear populations of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFDCAED63FD6FFB05" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[513,684,1128,1152]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFDCAED63FD6FFB05" box="[513,684,1128,1152]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="B429032F9971FFAEFD09ED63FCCEFB05" box="[706,781,1128,1152]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="8.[58,114,368,390]" captionText="Table 1. Skeletal and biogeographical summary of the species in the genus Crambe. Measurements are spicule size ranges (lengthÖwidth, or length only), in micrometres. Given the irregular form of desmas, only measurements for their largest diameter (AE) are considered." pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">table 1</tableCitation>
). The new species can also be diOEerentiated from Red Sea and Aldabran populations of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFC83ED83FC72FB25" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[840,945,1160,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFC83ED83FC98FB25" box="[840,859,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFCA2ED82FC72FB25" box="[873,945,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because the latter two, though also lacking microxeas, produce isochelae in two size categories (
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFFA3EDCCFF20FB65" author="LEAVI, C." box="[104,227,1223,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="3" refId="ref8713" refString="LEAVI, C., 1958, ReAsultats scienti ® ques des campagnes de la`Calypso'. Campagne 1951 ± 1952 en Mer Rouge. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge, Annales de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e, 34, 3 ± 46." type="journal article" year="1958">LeÂvi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFF32EDC3FEEDFB65" author="LEAVI, C." box="[249,302,1224,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="3" refId="ref8786" refString="LEAVI, C., 1961, ReAsultats scienti ® ques des campagnes de la`Calypso'. XIV. Campagne 1954 dans l'Ocean Indien. 2. Les Spongiaires de l'ile Aldabra, Annales de l'Institut OceAanographiqu e, 39 (1), 3 ± 32." type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
), whereas only one size category is present in 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFCB8EDC3FBD4FB5A" authorityName="Maldonado, Carmona, van Soest &amp; Pomponi" authorityYear="2001" box="[883,1047,1224,1248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFCB8EDC3FC45FB65" box="[883,902,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFC50EDC3FBD4FB5A" box="[923,1047,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="B429032F9971FFAEFFA3EDE3FF70FA85" box="[104,179,1256,1280]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="8.[58,114,368,390]" captionText="Table 1. Skeletal and biogeographical summary of the species in the genus Crambe. Measurements are spicule size ranges (lengthÖwidth, or length only), in micrometres. Given the irregular form of desmas, only measurements for their largest diameter (AE) are considered." pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">table 1</tableCitation>
). Taxonomic diOEerentiation is also supported by the widely disjunct geographical distribution between the eastern Paci®c populations of the new species and the nearest populations of 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFE02EC2CFDF6FABA" baseAuthorityName="LeAvi" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[457,565,1319,1343]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acuata">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFE02EC2CFE1FFABA" box="[457,476,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFE26EC23FDF6FABA" box="[493,565,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">acuata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFD94EC2CFD29FABA" box="[607,746,1319,1343]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and the Red Sea. Indeed, the presence of this new species on the Paci®c coast of 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFD36EC43FC9BFADA" box="[765,856,1352,1375]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Panama</collectingCountry>
, along with the occurrence of a 
<collectingCountry id="81BC76049971FFAEFEEBEC63FE7EFAFA" box="[288,445,1383,1407]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
fossil species known from Tertiary strata, strongly suggest that the genus 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFEBBEC8CFE05FA1A" baseAuthorityName="Uriz and Maldonado" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[368,454,1415,1439]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFEBBEC8CFE05FA1A" box="[368,454,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also known from the Mediterranean, the eastern South Atlantic, the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, was perhaps once widespread in the Tethys Sea and has persisted to the Recent with relative success in some biogeographical regions. This idea is consistent with recent experimental work that has shown that concentration of silicic acid in surface waters of modern oceans is insu cient for the sublittoral species 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFDA5EF2DFCDEF9BB" authority="crambe" authorityName="crambe (Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[622,797,1574,1598]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="crambe">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFDA5EF2DFCDEF9BB" box="[622,797,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe crambe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to produce its desmas (
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B659971FFAEFFA3EF4DFEBEF9DB" author="MALDONADO, M. &amp; CARMONA, M. C. &amp; URIZ, M. J. &amp; CRUZADO, A." box="[104,381,1606,1630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" pagination="785" refId="ref8940" refString="MALDONADO, M., CARMONA, M. C., URIZ, M. J. and CRUZADO, A., 1999, Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation, Nature, 401, 785 ± 788." type="journal article" year="1999">
Maldonado 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFF31EF4CFEEDF9DB" box="[250,302,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
). Such a ®nding suggests that the genus 
<taxonomicName id="3EAB4D179971FFAEFCBAEF4DFC3CF9DB" authority="Dor" authorityName="Dor" box="[881,1023,1606,1630]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Crambe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CBDFEA869971FFAEFCBAEF4DFC0BF9DB" box="[881,968,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1266">Crambe</emphasis>
Ðor
</taxonomicName>
a direct, close ancestorÐappeared in a shallow-water environment that was still rich in dissolved silica, predating the chronic silicon exhaustion characteristic of surface water in modern oceans and that was caused by the expansion and diversi®cation of the diatoms over the Cretaceous (
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B65997FFFA0FDC6E9A7FCE7FF46" author="HARPER, H. E. &amp; KNOLL, A. H." box="[525,804,171,195]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1268" pagination="175" refId="ref8375" refString="HARPER, H. E. and KNOLL, A. H., 1975, Silica, diatoms and Cenozoic radiolarian evolution, Geology, 3, 175 ± 177." type="journal article" year="1975">Harper and Knoll, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B65997FFFA0FCFDE9A0FBD7FF46" author="MALIVA, R. G. &amp; KNOLL, A. H. &amp; SIEVER, R." box="[822,1044,171,195]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1268" pagination="519" refId="ref9024" refString="MALIVA, R. G., KNOLL, A. H. and SIEVER, R., 1989, Secular change in chert distribution: a reection of evolving biological participation in the silica cycle, Palaios, 4, 519 ± 532." type="journal article" year="1989">
Maliva 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA86997FFFA0FC5AE9A7FC00FF46" box="[913,963,171,195]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1268">et al</emphasis>
., 1989
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A4B65997FFFA0FF96E9C0FEABFF66" author="MALDONADO, M. &amp; CARMONA, M. C. &amp; URIZ, M. J. &amp; CRUZADO, A." box="[93,360,203,227]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1268" pagination="785" refId="ref8940" refString="MALDONADO, M., CARMONA, M. C., URIZ, M. J. and CRUZADO, A., 1999, Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation, Nature, 401, 785 ± 788." type="journal article" year="1999">
Maldonado 
<emphasis id="CBDFEA86997FFFA0FF27E9C7FEDEFF66" box="[236,285,203,227]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1268">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>