442 lines
57 KiB
XML
442 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="33DE7A2E68BF432A66FAC9A0C38ED160" ID-CLB-Dataset="34447" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZooBank="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="33F5887A5DCD9A1D071CF7F0F1CECAFD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma armada Chamberlin 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1701384827170" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2285F8A84D2B23E1EE42521FF4A1EF70">Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="873880704E838FDDF02B5A6EF0355DD8">Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7989A71486BA7D850063177DC6B8EDD6">Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="276E2EA2818D9739F7933CC9A8D19711">Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="11513236A36C0A3D8D3A695C287D759C">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="4ABD847154FDD96C3E11EBC4AC33D184" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="33F5887A5DCD9A1D071CF7F0F1CECAFD" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127885000" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:33F5887A5DCD9A1D071CF7F0F1CECAFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/33F5887A5DCD9A1D071CF7F0F1CECAFD" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="546DE98D7054D1C24BD7673397CC4D7C" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="6F00097F6C93324668D527EC7498F64F" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ADD521749FDB35F2B99FA7AD3FD70F8E" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="13806DB5D94D230400EFBB70ECE4F40A" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="1F67E65E1924D6A0E363EA3AFA35FFED" ID-CoL="FJQJ" authority="Chamberlin, 1940" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin, 1940)</taxonomicName>
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Figures 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D9CF89D5E897720A9C3946323D9E3994" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BF0668A80741BC90927C0BED61D52292" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="E4A00417B3E51455CF9DE3204EC4E9C6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Dugesiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dugesiella armada" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">
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<pageBreakToken id="EDA90A8083CF65F3336D536E6A9CFDED" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">Dugesiella</pageBreakToken>
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armada
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</taxonomicName>
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Chamberlin, 1940: 32; female holotype from Austin, Travis Co., Texas, 30.267153 -97.743061 6, elev. 461ft., ix.1909, coll. A. Petrunkevitch; deposited in AMNH. [examined]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4874D12D12FBB0FCE90B02CEB1B1C2F9" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="4C64858936818DD20E7A3990BAF2FCD1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Rhechostica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhechostica armada" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Rhechostica armada</taxonomicName>
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Raven, 1985: 149.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DBF5657C370D14F569DCB1468F170880" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="CFF84F5264DC847D8526F4184E5512B2" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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Smith, 1995: 71.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="49C3E832948C1CD768DFCA2108C08DF9" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="CCFC2B3BF23EFC7DA83D962F8096BEDF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma arnoldi" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">Aphonopelma arnoldi</taxonomicName>
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Smith, 1995: 74; male holotype from Hwy 82 near Crosbyton, Crosby Co., Texas, 33.660017 -101.294644 5, elev. 3063ft., 17.vi.1963, coll. P. Keathley; deposited in Oklahoma State University collection. [not examined] syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="11E17CE4F478C550E8D063E1C4DE90C1" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="B29BEE2BAE43C2347D7589568A05424C" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D1204CA35D4F7CC4F52970A0CA493BA2" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="D9CB25CA424EA440507780B13BB3AB60" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 15) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="2FEC3DB7D56B3C5C3E652AB5906B0951" genus="Hentzi" lsidName="Hentzi" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Hentzi</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be identified by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic char
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<pageBreakToken id="C9F118B59E6CF79F1389DE59A8668355" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">acteristics</pageBreakToken>
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. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName id="62677C7F5CED95F3B27686512351BCEB" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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as a phylogenetically distinct monophyletic lineage (Figs 7-8), supported as a sister lineage to
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<taxonomicName id="B49386983B3E4015226B6B00D7F76AA1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="9A83D618D7F9C9399093579A161573D8" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
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. Female
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<taxonomicName id="CD8427C0E601693B25E9D92E9124A992" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by their noticeably large urticating hair patch (black spot), a less hirsute and more lustrous appearance, and metatarsi I, II, and III that are distinctly flared and wider than other syntopic species (Fig. 15). Male
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<taxonomicName id="689AB320BCCD93AE5EA58B79D5A11DEC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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are generally smaller and less hirsute than other similar looking syntopic species. Setae on the prolateral face of coxa I have a unique pattern that help distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="7BDFB4CC23E6697F184619E1DB0FEB73" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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from all other
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<taxonomicName id="C5E511A52F9D40F2100AE81319A70948" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphonopelma</taxonomicName>
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in the United States (Figs 16-17). Significant measurements that distinguish male
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<taxonomicName id="F9DC2E1329E3EBEBA084B5475E772D06" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are F4, PTl, and extent of metatarsus III scopulation. Male
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<taxonomicName id="DFFC3BD242613B7A9A2B0256D27167F6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger PTl/M1 (≥0.73; 0.73-0.83) than
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<taxonomicName id="249DDBEE776C66B841873F1ED0CEB318" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
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(≤0.68; 0.61-0.68),
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<taxonomicName id="A1D5115626CEE996868F9554CE394EFE" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
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(≤0.69; 0.61-0.69), and
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<taxonomicName id="E3EB60E1432AB236F4C0B578B4F26D5A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤0.69; 0.60-0.69); by possessing a smaller F4/M4 (≤0.92; 0.86-0.92) than
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<taxonomicName id="EA71F8B5782AD2C5F4D7EB0935790E84" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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(≥0.94; 0.94-1.04); and smaller L3 scopulation extent (48%-63%) than
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<taxonomicName id="734DF4BE03E08DA362F65C4EBEF0AFD1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
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(69%-86%). Significant measurements that distinguish female
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<taxonomicName id="BEBFC741246532DF48465CB2DE3021BA" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are P1, Cl, and extent of metatarsus IV scopulation. Female
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<taxonomicName id="FB530C7A389C8606C70BF8B402931CE0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger Cl/A3 (≥2.48; 2.48-2.69) than
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<taxonomicName id="C8C75054F335A34D88252267E7726CDD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
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(≤2.46; 2.25-2.46); a larger P1/F4 (≥0.47;
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<pageBreakToken id="80EA8D313EE29B05390D25912155C7E9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" start="start">0.47</pageBreakToken>
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-0.52) than
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<taxonomicName id="C68C94539DA5120663FE1C52F37F5742" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
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(≤0.46; 0.42-0.46); by possessing a smaller P1/T3 (≤13.84; 9.93-13.84) than
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<taxonomicName id="D7CE39A3B336FC19588CF089060026CF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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(≥13.88; 13.88-19.15); and a smaller L4 scopulation extent (28%-43%) than
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<taxonomicName id="2B5B63F4A4971AA588BE4F2BE33474FD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
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(42%-72%, with slight overlap). Females of
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<taxonomicName id="0AEA158014499F5D4041FDBFC0CA30D8" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
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are unknown and cannot be compared.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="ED76E38448797842A2108059AEEEAFA5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<paragraph id="802E46272E3C8F3C9521B98F918DE131" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Figure 15.
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<taxonomicName id="968144BC03B9F6104AE1B64B2DC1968F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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(Chamberlin, 1940) specimens, live photographs. Male (L) - APH_1064; Female (R) - APH_3214.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="6B1CC513E8FD0BEB1CB8A326ECEB406B" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<paragraph id="E249244D994068A546C8E4512A5736AB" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Figure 16.
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<taxonomicName id="B655B20EB0E803108DBEF8A157CFCBC7" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
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(Chamberlin, 1940).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="57609E238DBE8480FEB49B9ECD8EB8B5" originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
male specimen, APH_0950 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="85E362E78933D633C60D533445D96B29" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F06B02B5E55A6ED991881A2F82ACC7D" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figure 17.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F5BDF2E61CCC4D3564AC292BE7DB9E1B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chamberlin, 1940).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2A466A44574CB3767DC70F0677300657" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
female specimen, APH_0848 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D3D81D66803A16F4FC611FA9E79A31D3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD8670E6008666078FE951772A8A3CE2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B8236686582ADCAD41FF329EE8B74FD9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Female originally described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A0D9EB68D9AAC577BFC6FDDDF166DBA" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Chamberlin (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="818B3CB0EDFA40129AF1D546B0BA8CAE" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description of male exemplar">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF10173BA3ED551FEED7D6FE572C4C3C" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Description of male exemplar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C99DEA1E8BEA7FE255201ADA3A2DA69" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
(APH_0950; Fig. 16). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live crossing road, preserved in 80% ethanol; deposited in AUMNH; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Generally black or faded to brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 14.59 mm long, 13.42 mm wide; Very hirsute, densely clothed with brown/golden iridescent pubescence appressed to surface; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER slightly procurved, PER slightly recurved; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus extends forward on a slight curve; LBl 2.09, LBw 2.42; sternum hirsute, clothed with medium length black/brown, densely packed setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black/brown pubescence with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); possessing a dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2F14ECDA0CD93AEB2D0BA79DADFEACD4" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Legs: Hirsute, densely clothed in a mix of short black/brown pubescence with longer ventral setae. Metatarsus I slightly curved. F1 15.16; F1w 3.72; P1 6.29; T1 11.1; M1 10.31; A1 7.88; F3 12.04; F3w 3.49; P3 5.26; T3 8.89; M3 11.36; A3 7.68; F4 14.12; F4w 3.58; P4 5.76; T4 13.16; M4 15.28; A4 8.03; femur III is normal - not noticeably swollen or wider than other legs. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 63.4%; leg IV (SC4) = 37.1%. Three ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; six ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like, very thick tapered, and stout setae with a unique placement around the anterior, prolateral margin. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; two spinose setae on the prolateral tibia; PTl 8.554, PTw 2.668. When extended, embolus tapers with a gentle curve to the retrolateral side near apex; embolus very slender, no keels; distinct ventral shift from the bulb to the embolus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9EE9B4E9D4997AD7DE9A5F9C4EABF2C2" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Variation (5).Cl 13.19-16.38 (14.614
|
||
<normalizedToken id="621E37AE872E10C27DF74F3AC9D15DCD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.61), Cw 11.37-13.88 (12.912
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E78ADC14F96F367BEA6D0FC3D423855D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.48), LBl 1.79-2.09 (1.956
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5DFF1D4B2A90DCE2C4804491C3382669" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), LBw 2.04-2.51 (2.28
|
||
<normalizedToken id="645D8C425DD76B6A73F9D3530FD67054" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), F1 13.7-15.67 (14.656
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E6E9E88AD4E8CAE69E491E474F4D45F7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4), F1w 3.27-3.97 (3.688
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F64610E2DC5F94B022C9BC0379556803" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), P1 4.61-6.91 (6.056
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A37100BF2D691ED6BBF1DC3D22E71C6C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.38), T1 11.1-12.48 (11.724
|
||
<normalizedToken id="60BA5AD82461E540C593D9982E17D2D8" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.23), M1 9.28-11.36 (10.386
|
||
<normalizedToken id="67BB00AE4C67CFDEA812786B6EEA4604" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.39), A1 7.13-8.51 (7.76
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A45A3717BFFAD5CF68A1528DC5399A31" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.25), L1 length 46.14-53.64 (50.582
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A4B8D7CADE967D8CDE78F01F2B81F88B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.41), F3 10.81-12.46 (11.742
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0E350FE3D748BA140D120D563AC42795" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.31), F3w 3.18-3.97 (3.546
|
||
<normalizedToken id="17642B75884DA51323658D42A361A093" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), P3 4.99-5.48 (5.236
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8708EE0D33A9960CA01B999D1AEBA1F5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), T3 8.26-9.35 (8.806
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B80CF84188C316861ACF6F903F07BEBE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.22), M3 10.78-12.26 (11.414
|
||
<normalizedToken id="227DBA3682FD333532455983ED466AF0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.29), A3 6.68-7.72 (7.25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E987732F9D51AA201FA355E08FFC04F7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.21), L3 length 41.97-46.59 (44.448
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EE6BBE10DAE675D16EAFEAE2E01BDC0F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.02), F4 12.85-14.12 (13.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E87B2AEE24B1357B5B04A75D9C0FB3B3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.24), F4w 3.17-3.66 (3.474
|
||
<normalizedToken id="021565987C07F225524ED089B3964405" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), P4 4.73-5.96 (5.476
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7A9A691F823DC0D61B87BCCB689B3736" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.22), T4 10.95-13.16 (11.896
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CD6C4060D542C1BB232B5B80E50F23F3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.36), M4 14.18-15.5 (14.95
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DDE5D38FC133FC536C7869C6C5C304CC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.23), A4 7.37-8.77 (8.15
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A85042C3C6FD989DA7A5D4461A44ACA2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.24), L4 length 51.3-56.35 (53.872
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F7E84D7D77F1F539ED1BC5FF59B3B80D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.03), PTl 7.053-8.554 (8.061
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A1CD4731265F1A9A9DB0E40FCC9F7BC9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.28), PTw 2.372-
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="F48D0671E66FC7CAF8042A7D0048E521" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">2.756</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(2.578
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C4FF18D5EB340B2EE7E4367FEBE0701D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), SC3 ratio 0.483-0.634 (0.566
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8F5BCF66808F708672153E0A34729949" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), SC4 ratio 0.292-0.371 (0.328
|
||
<normalizedToken id="07913774715D2580A9BFB6E9F04A6CEB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), Coxa I setae = very thick tapered & stout, F3 condition = normal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="36299A78475425BF37D55464C628597C" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="redescription of female exemplar">
|
||
<paragraph id="035C9E6222981AF6A4BF66AFF4A93CE3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Redescription of female exemplar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C0C322159FD00B74EDFBFA7F85BDBCD" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
(APH_0848; Figs 17-18). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol; deposited in AUMNH; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Faded black and brown, medium length setae cover body. Cephalothorax: Carapace 16.71 mm long, 14.08 mm wide; densely clothed with light brown pubescence closely appressed to surface; fringe densely covered in medium setae; foveal groove medium deep and slightly procurved; pars cephalica region rises from thoracic furrow more steeply than male, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER slightly procurved, PER recurved; clypeus mostly straight; LBl 2.4, LBw 2.4; sternum hirsute, clothed with brown, medium length and shorter, dense setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short black/brown setae with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F490E979B2B4B841786A4D878FE1BE4" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); ventral side with shorter brown setae. Spermathecae: Paired and separate, tapering to capitate bulbs, possessing a secondary bulge near the interior
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="4F4BC92BF77B8FCD4C9FE52375520CCC" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the base, with wide bases that are not fused. Legs: Hirsute, particularly ventrally; densely clothed in a mix of short, brown pubescence with longer setae interspersed. F1 12.9; F1w 4.36; P1 6.08; T1 9.69; M1 7.27; A1 5.97; F3 10.68; F3w 3.65; P3 5.22; T3 6.69; M3 7.79; A3 6.21; F4 12.46; F4w 4.03; P4 5.82; T4 10.34; M4 10.63; A4 7.12. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 60.5%; leg IV (SC4) = 28.2%. Two ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; seven ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like, very thick tapered, and stout setae with a unique placement around the anterior and ventral, prolateral margin. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; one spinose seta on the apical, prolateral femur and five spinose setae on the prolateral tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E77B69943B09480724A85F8034BB74E0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<paragraph id="D19A46D6802CA146683D037B2BBE3ED8" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Figure 18.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F26079BC34D33FD63620593047ED72" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chamberlin, 1940).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5C2005AD1DF51D7537B3889B7438B46E" originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
cleared spermathecae A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0068D37488EB780B3614F82F913EF78" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae armada" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="armada">armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype B APH_0547 C APH_0548 D APH_0807 E APH_0848 F APH_1049 G APH_1068.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D247482FFAB5F152BB94A40CD04169EF" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Variation (6).Cl 11.96-16.76 (14.852
|
||
<normalizedToken id="37520C6515AE285D194F62B252B9EC71" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.78), Cw 9.64-14.64 (12.702
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9831FE22457C1400DEBD869D03D6A130" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.78), LBl 1.7-2.4 (2.107
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B0863D237B89AA188E293E6C81FD47F3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.11), LBw 1.93-2.97 (2.45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="47CF37EFBFD00B83ABFD80A25BDB1572" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), F1 9.847-13.69 (11.846
|
||
<normalizedToken id="233BD2D901B3E867E81940FCBB325143" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.56), F1w 3.31-4.45 (3.908
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F2A65E8E9A9C155EF010EE36E0BCA642" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19), P1 4.427-6.51 (5.481
|
||
<normalizedToken id="428F9B9F2590FDA2E6609CDF94FCEFFC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.33), T1 7.642-10.33 (9.015
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F3134B082BCE7233FEAB5F1A0E1C0519" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4), M1 5.741-7.44 (6.824
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B3EBCBBE26675605BEF3496CCAC7FEC6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27), A1 4.659-6.84 (5.905
|
||
<normalizedToken id="055F453554D6A72765D5A485E2027D1C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.3), L1 length 32.316-44.74 (39.071
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3E46DEEDE89F64EFF5BFCC0D48096892" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.79), F3 7.03-11.18 (9.385
|
||
<normalizedToken id="16FF84FC05E4D324652E3A698824B05C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.63), F3w 2.62-3.72 (3.192
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3966B99519029A2573E54187738385DE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19), P3 3.31-5.63 (4.588
|
||
<normalizedToken id="55D6F395012A4416A528F0AB451C9512" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.33), T3 5.51-7.33 (6.422
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3D1C0A0B8FFA970ADEF8A734BA7DB9F3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.27), M3 5.66-8.73 (7.21
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7F742CC4DE194C2C2E4CD46BA1B0B2E6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.41), A3 4.81-6.5 (5.732
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1086E9D5F4D1A3E9304664475C0A5025" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.26), L3 length 26.32-39.37 (33.337
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7058C0204CA7571AA077593DD60FA02A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.84), F4 9.11-12.55 (11.117
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D951BEE7A0F6652E8C0F130874449914" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.56), F4w 2.72-4.03 (3.41
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F32CB24D98893F55AA1DC2707510BF19" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.21), P4 3.85-5.82 (4.963
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8AF75CE6C335D0A858C78A17479147E9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.3), T4 7.67-10.35 (9.172
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D0083E3E6C74E356BF85CC4657763B1D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.43), M4 7.81-11.74 (10.153
|
||
<normalizedToken id="95FE6664C2FE62CB965A25AECDDD0F9B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.58), A4 5.58-7.59 (6.528
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1BB2D676D562FADA120E953BC72A4608" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.32), L4 length 34.02-47.93 (41.933
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D73AEE25E3A293EC756950D97DE1802B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.09), SC3 ratio 0.566-0.737 (0.629
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C6DC664785CB2C21C76BC742EA80955A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), SC4 ratio 0.282-0.429 (0.356
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C70C585A27918D842E884EC1585C23E4" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), Coxa 1 setae = very thick tapered & stout. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figure 18.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="56C36E25D2D5BD1A148EDF862A4AF9EB" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="AED20861172D5F001C7227BE8E223B0C" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="27086FE0E1A1953E8FE06280853B2F33" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
United States: Texas: Andrews: SW4001 and SW7000, 32.131369 -102.621689 1, 3152ft., [APH_1049, 6/7/2010, 1♀, Skyler Stevens, AUMNH]; SW4001, 32.113981 -102.615814 1, 3140ft., [APH_1052, 6/7/2010, 1♂, Skyler Stevens, AUMNH]; Briscoe: Caprock Canyons State Park, Honey Flat camping area (site 4), 34.419514 -101.056081 1, 2611ft., [APH_0551-0554, 7/6/2009, 4 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; Burleson: Caldwell, 30.49425 -96.6921 5, 373ft., [APH_0944, 7/2008, 1♂, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; Coleman: O.H. Ivie reservoir, Coleman Lake at Hords Creek, 31.842967 -99.5696 1, 1936ft., [APH_0840, 9/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; O.H. Ivie reservoir, 31.57695 -99.66065 1, 1571ft., [APH_0950, 9/2008, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Crosby: 0.2 miles N US-82 on FM 2591 (E of Crosbyton), 33.669122 -101.175656 1, 2802ft., [APH_0547-0550, 7/6/2009, 4 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Courtney Dugas, Sloan Click, AUMNH]; DeWitt: Westhoff, Meyer Rd off Hwy 240 and County Rd 142, 29.136983 -97.497033 1, 342ft., [APH_0922-0923, 9/2008, 2♂, Dan Lewis, AUMNH]; Ector: Cowden H Ranch, 32.076633 -102.789983 5, 3320ft., [APH_0855, 2006, 1♀, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; [APH_0965-0967, 2006, 3♂, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; [APH_0977, 2006, 1♀, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH]; Fayette: La Grange, 29.914433 -96.866317 1, 321ft., [APH_0807, 5/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Glasscock: E of Midland, off Hwy 137, 31.94904 -101.72346 2, 2569ft., [APH_1468, 19/6/2012, 1♂, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; Hall: Hulver Cemetery, 5.9 miles W US-287 on Hwy-86, 34.522756 -100.534382 2, 1955ft., [APH_1460,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="0F052342FEDD9C51F168FAE3C86D8A1E" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" start="start">27</pageBreakToken>
|
||
/5/2012, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Howard: Big Spring, at miniature golf course, 32.200567 -101.47715 1, 2701ft., [APH_0841-0844, 9/2008, 4♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_0945, 9/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Kimble: Texas Tech Field Station, Junction, 30.472222 -99.780833 1, 1718ft., [APH_1067, 24/6/2010, 1♂, Skyler Stevens, AUMNH]; [APH_1068, 16/6/2010, 1♀, Bryce Hubbell, AUMNH]; [APH_1069, 17/6/2010, 1♀, Travis Fisher, AUMNH]; Kinney: 0.59 miles E US-277 on FM-693, 29.17044 -100.673259 1, 972ft., [APH_1164, 17/3/2010, 4 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Gerri Wilson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; Midland: Midland, 31.924217 -102.0583 1, 2784ft., [APH_0953, 9/2008, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; W County Rd 54, 32.027933 -102.206853 1, 2883ft., [APH_1056-1059, 5/7/2010, 4♂, Skyler Stevens, AUMNH]; CR60, 32.010556 -102.2275 1, 2888ft., [APH_1061-1062, 2/7/2010, 2♂, Skyler Stevens, AUMNH]; near Midland, along Hwy-158, 31.999899 -102.180216 1, 2862ft., [APH_1172-1173, 21/7/2010, 1♀, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, Brendon Barnes, Nate Davis, AUMNH]; near Midland, along CR-60, 32.003836 -102.256184 1, 2890ft., [APH_1174, 21/7/2010, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, Brendon Barnes, Nate Davis, AUMNH]; 0.5 miles S CR 118W on Hwy-349, 31.58789 -101.9704 2, 2793ft., [APH_1462, 13/6/2012, 1♂, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; 0.3 miles S FM-1787 on FM-1492, 31.66265 -102.20689 2, 2876ft., [APH_1466, 17/6/2012, 1♂, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; Reagan: Hwy 137, 31.343611 -101.495833 1, 2617ft., [APH_1064-1065, 30/6/2010, 2♂, Skyler Stevens, AUMNH]; off Hwy 67, 31.23071389 -101.7264444 2, 2715ft., [APH_1385, 19/9/2011, 1 juv, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; Scurry: Snyder, 32.682133 -100.925483 1, 2353ft., [APH_0845-0849, 9/2008, 5♀, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; Tom Green: San Angelo, approx. 1 miles N of W Hwy-67, 31.46431 -100.49511 4, 1922ft., [APH_0010, 23/6/2005, 1♂, Kati and Martha Mayfield, AUMNH]; Upton: oil fields W of Hwy 329, 31.28048056 -102.0802 2, 2605ft., [APH_1374, 17/6/2011, 1♀, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; [APH_1375, 16/6/2011, 1 juv, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; [APH_1377, 19/7/2011, 1 juv, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; [APH_1379, 6/9/2011, 1 juv, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; [APH_1381, 10/9/2011, 1♀, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; FM 1492, 31.56408333 -102.1742556 2, 2855ft., [APH_1384, 11/9/2011, 1♀, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; [APH_1387, 31/8/2011, 1 juv, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; [APH_1388, 11/9/2011, 1 juv, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; oil fields E of Hwy 329, 31.35340556 -102.0877333 2, 2695ft., [APH_1389, 30/8/2011, 1♀, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; FM 1492, 31.56408333 -102.1742556 2, 2855ft., [APH_1391, 23/8/2011, 1♀, Darryl Burton, AUMNH]; Val Verde: Del Rio, near River Rd, 29.35553 -100.972297 5, 885ft., [APH_0593-0594, Spring 2009, 2 juv, unknown, AUMNH]; 2.2 miles off Hwy 90 on spur 406, N of Del Rio, 29.574484, -101.041898 1, 1195ft., [APH_3124, 15/6/2014, 1♀, Dave Moellendorf, AUMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3643D78AD2025777656E5558363E86A8" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution and natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="C808356859DA8882F6C4526D5446CBB7" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1813F1D7E722DF68DFDB492179AAFDE1" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA856F0F303FAC91CD4D24539FB6CB6E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a wide distribution across Texas and can be found inhabiting these Level III Ecoregions: Chihuahuan Deserts, High Plains, Southwestern Tablelands, Central Great Plains, Edwards Plateau, Southern Texas Plains, Texas Blackland Prairies, and East Central Texas Plains (Fig. 19).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DE84111F02C5ACBF7BE765B1519E487" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in syntopy with a number of other species across its distribution:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="927682F33E1DC327897319FD8E60B7EF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8B6FC045E3EF792E2DA4DCA980444144" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">Aphonopelma</pageBreakToken>
|
||
anax
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="360628E443E57A26EFC93A86EE707D67" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A98FCEDBB4E584820302268E01D9E1C" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="406FB6A164038C566DD937963C2CDDD0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418EBA61DBC8C93F3608B74F986DBC14" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mating season, when mature males emerge, is similar to the other syntopic species (i.e., males are more active during the evenings and early mornings from late spring to early summer).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F0A6D69AE5AAF7D57192F36F8F883A37" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="0FA128343B6BE4AF4DC02D476E4ED75B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Figure 19.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F317D17A0B11A41C02209D14F97A66BF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chamberlin, 1940). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ADFA7EE618B17E11E4B81EA3836E76E0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB2EF623CD92DD589486F6A86FCF7D65" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="01AC36FC6E028E2CA1D661109997251D" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5177005B4CA8A89EBC91DF7F18758F75" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very common throughout its distribution in South and West Texas. The species is likely secure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15ED70C8537BB307380B9FA21249EFA3" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="7830A8E06EFB3D1E32406F5ED784A18D" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BB36529F91FCF91B721C37C50EAB8C0C" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The type locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65A4E040148BE8D2825D63B0C1DD665E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
is vague (Austin, Texas) and despite much fieldwork in the region, we have never been able to find specimens referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93A0C72068064B5B73148CEAC9C7AFAC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
in or around the Austin city limits (this area is dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC75E64E520C35BCE1F86CB3F067F2BD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We have, however, found the species in counties to the south and east of Austin and note that it has a crescent-
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="10009B7FA1FF220EEE6C3AB128B8B7D3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">like</pageBreakToken>
|
||
distribution around Austin and becomes more common to the west (Fig. 19). Other important ratios that distinguish males:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F6197025FEF2679EF5120A50206F161" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a larger CL/M1 (≥1.36; 1.36-1.47) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="66533659726AEEEFAEBDC133CADBD27D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.30; 1.13-1.30), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DE3EC270E2CC2265B0553A33F607E0D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.31; 1.10-1.31); as well as possessing a smaller F4/M4 (≤0.92; 0.86-0.92) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB0D193B3959A8208C0AF1D244FEAE20" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥0.92; 0.92-1.03). Other important ratios distinguish females:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3524B4FDFEA4FD047F58C172541F89F5" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a smaller T3/T4 (≤0.73; 0.64-0.73) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67589F7DA065501B6F40DFEECCC82DA4" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥0.73; 0.73-0.78); as well as possessing a smaller L4/Cl (≤2.89; 2.73-2.89) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA237E959EE0EB1F3C71A7D6D0E0109B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥2.89; 2.89-3.09). Due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and/or the small differences between species no others are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of traditional PCA morphospace, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03B7AD20F0CAF8E2B8F9B6E2E32F21F6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE5803430CFC824523C35B8BCA0DB19F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3AE7ECAA455B887A382513A74CE7D4F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C08129C2ADD43E4D016F200E2D0785B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
along PC1~2, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D09324418F0E8D8B996344F54B552554" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF8C7E77BE5C3BE91A99901604FB9882" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Females do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9159BFE8D5EA583F28F554C5EBF77A2E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DA38CE41E75D49DACF0DDDB45FB9FBF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F5D0B3F3276691D14E8C64862D512AF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6BF6F32ED73FF84703C1F4F78C19C51" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8839A0600388242901D71D4C7B6E2D6C" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown and cannot be compared. Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17543DE66020333A5933721AECB6B8AA" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
males separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C8D887EAAE9394E40D1BC05E60E56DB" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2523F9BE91F2BE511124B051D9A4CC0D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BD28F61B807F1BE36EDE855CA39C475" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moellendorfi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moellendorfi">Aphonopelma moellendorfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
in three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98D11AD6639EF32FC0E782EF8A7602D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D23DBE65FA1124EE1D2B600461EE4CD" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8DCEDDA764F90F41BA5D8D1CA18ABC9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
females separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="250B4D7CC076D2D3F94755F25AFDA4B4" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4692FF9A8CC33D434F692400087E024A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma gabeli" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabeli">Aphonopelma gabeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D85A1EA174F16A832DC54A78C69FE955" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma hentzi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hentzi">Aphonopelma hentzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06BCD6762D88033771AB64E0C87B3864" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma moderatum" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moderatum">Aphonopelma moderatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥87% of the variation in male analyses and ≥96% of the variation in female analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1BE94C64F1D8B15003FE008049BBBF54" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
We did not examine the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0AE71C728788757FF2157F47BB36E052" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma arnoldi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">Aphonopelma arnoldi</taxonomicName>
|
||
but we did have the opportunity to study freshly collected topotypic material of the species from Crosbyton, Texas. Our morphological and molecular analyses fail to recognize this species as a separate, independently evolving lineage. As a consequence, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54A269C2B4CFF4459C31950FFD41FF3D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma arnoldi" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">Aphonopelma arnoldi</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ADC9FF27FF9BA4F6CCA38E635F0B92EE" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma armada" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">Aphonopelma armada</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |