445 lines
58 KiB
XML
445 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="BF304D2E5C337B06CFFE842AA1CE633D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191718" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8559fceb-9835-4f07-9ab9-461a148e50ed" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191718" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461131312825" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rodríguez, Mariana S., Paggi, Analía C. & Medina, Ana" docDate="2009" docId="03E887F40557A446F49EFBADE2154391" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02300p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2300" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Parochlus carolinae Rodríguez, Paggi & Medina, 2009, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFD1FF8C0556A440F409FFD4E3574276" masterDocTitle="A new Neotropical species of the genus Parochlus Enderlein, 1912 (Chironomidae: Podonominae) and new distribution in Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698597836893" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="61528D5337161B27F7E17AC8BFE8836B">
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<mods:title id="AACDC206683D9199FDC4EFD4EB6B7C9D">A new Neotropical species of the genus Parochlus Enderlein, 1912 (Chironomidae: Podonominae) and new distribution in Argentina</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="49B4C5AA7BB5D4838DF4CBDB9575ED8D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F36C3A9D91C63C7BEB6CC38D7EB4A333">Rodríguez, Mariana S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="F4D75362A122963FBFC5EE95C3BF4457" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DD8520471352708DD2AE8E3564AA4955">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2E1226B7EC6F5B810557A1C5E879E33E">Paggi, Analía C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F48E851D70519FE4E367F63120CD98FA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AA993B3B6565F32923BB29F1855C6EB6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7476FA2E81DCA2DD1AF54B8EE5AC01CF">Medina, Ana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="227A67679B8C858A315BE0D8F7410021">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="24C27E9254F57C434A006BD69E4CBBA5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2E8EF8F07D431FF1EDF2B98723969310">
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<mods:date id="4EB126EC2E6D7ACB6916D46D498AA183">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3552538120D985922319E83A005D17D4" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8BF79E4A6B5CABD4A582B2A98C7C8745">2300</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0D5F68B41BEB561929E2B971F8A0C803">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BF970882F40D155462309321A02D7755" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.191718</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5BB94C85444B136CF092EE663A694FFA" type="GBIF-Dataset">8559fceb-9835-4f07-9ab9-461a148e50ed</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="87F393E2DDBB014969CBAC48ACCD9575" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="46F0CF49222AE6EC7DED30388A73F21C" type="Zenodo-Dep">191718</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E887F40557A446F49EFBADE2154391" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6218725" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119627112" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6218725" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E887F40557A446F49EFBADE2154391" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E887F40557A446F49EFBADE2154391" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="C35B65690557A441F49EFBADE28246E4" box="[151,469,1144,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36E20557A441F49EFBADE28246E4" blockId="1.[151,469,1144,1171]" box="[151,469,1144,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="D0B6818E0557A441F49EFBADE28246E4" bold="true" box="[151,469,1144,1171]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F49EFBADE28246E4" bold="true" box="[151,469,1144,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F49EFBADE2DB46E5" ID-CoL="9HWQH" box="[151,396,1145,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F49EFBADE2DB46E5" bold="true" box="[151,396,1145,1171]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Parochlus carolinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206578B0557A441F59AFBACE28246E4" box="[403,469,1144,1170]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B65690557A441F49EFB16E03B4726" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36E20557A441F49EFB16E03B4726" blockId="1.[151,1437,1218,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F49EFB16E23746AA" bold="true" box="[151,352,1218,1244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<typeStatus id="54FA88400557A441F49EFB16E38F46AA" box="[151,216,1218,1244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54FA88400557A441F560FB16E2B746AA" box="[361,480,1218,1244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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male:
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<collectingCountry id="F35676720557A441F633FB16E18546AA" box="[570,722,1218,1244]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">ARGENTINA</collectingCountry>
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, San Luis Province, Carolina stream,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7550250557A441F0CCFB16E64D46AA" box="[1221,1306,1218,1244]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" precision="925" value="-66.03333">66º2'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7550250557A441F123FB16E6CF46AA" box="[1322,1432,1218,1244]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" precision="925" value="-32.833332">32º50'W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFFF10220557A441F49EFB3DE2754775" box="[151,290,1257,1283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" value="2006-11-17">17.XI.2006</date>
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, entomological net, M. Donato col. (
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE270557A441F6D6FB3DE0744775" box="[735,803,1257,1283]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">MLP</collectionCode>
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).
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<typeStatus id="54FA88400557A441F73EFB3DE0E74775" box="[823,944,1257,1283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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: 1 larval exuviae and pupa,
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<date id="FFFF10220557A441F10BFB3DE6C04775" box="[1282,1431,1257,1283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" value="2006-07-13">13.VII.2006</date>
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, drift net, (
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE270557A441F51BFAC4E201475C" box="[274,342,1296,1322]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">MLP</collectionCode>
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); 1 pupal exuviae, same data as
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<typeStatus id="54FA88400557A441F6E9FAC4E019475C" box="[736,846,1296,1322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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; 1 pupal exuviae and
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<specimenCount id="9D47FD6B0557A441F051FAC4E7ED475C" box="[1112,1210,1296,1322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="pupa">2 pupae</specimenCount>
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, Rio Grande river, upstream,
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<date id="FFFF10220557A441F518FAE2E2DD4726" box="[273,394,1334,1360]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" value="2006-09-07">7.IX.2006</date>
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, drift net, Medina & Paggi col. (
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE270557A441F70FFAE2E0374726" box="[774,864,1334,1360]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vigw-e8ax" name="Museo de La Plata, Instituto de Limnologia" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">ILPLA</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B65690557A446F4CFFA89E2154391" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36E20557A441F4CFFA89E08F4701" blockId="1.[151,1437,1218,2024]" box="[198,984,1373,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F4CFFA89E2044701" bold="true" box="[198,339,1373,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The name of the new species refers to its
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<typeStatus id="54FA88400557A441F749FA89E0244701" box="[832,883,1373,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE36E20557A441F4CFFA57E089453B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1218,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F4CFFA57E2B647EB" bold="true" box="[198,481,1411,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
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As in
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F632FA50E08747E8" authority="Brundin 1966" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1966" box="[571,976,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duseni">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F632FA50E05D47EB" box="[571,778,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Parochlus duseni</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130557A441F717FA50E09F47E8" author="Brundin" box="[798,968,1412,1438]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Brundin, L. (1966) Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges. With a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 11, 1 - 492." type="journal article" year="1966">Brundin 1966</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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the male adult of
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F0B3FA50E61D47EB" box="[1210,1354,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F0B3FA50E61D47EB" box="[1210,1354,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. carolinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F15CFA57E6CB47EB" bold="true" box="[1365,1436,1411,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206578B0557A441F15CFA57E6CB47EB" box="[1365,1436,1411,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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differs from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F579FA7FE2B047B2" box="[368,487,1451,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F579FA7FE2B047B2" box="[368,487,1451,1476]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Parochlus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species by having hairy eyes over the whole surface and could be distinguished from
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F4D5FA05E21E479C" box="[220,329,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. d u s e n i</emphasis>
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by the following characters: a fully developed antennae with 14 flagellomeres (reduced antennae with 12 flagellomeres in
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F63AFA2CE1C94467" box="[563,670,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duseni">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F63AFA2CE1C94467" box="[563,670,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. duseni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), wing cell r1 extremely narrow (wing cell r1 broad in
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F12EFA2CE6C54467" box="[1319,1426,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duseni">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F12EFA2CE6C54467" box="[1319,1426,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. duseni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and costa long, reaching wing tip (costa short, not reaching wing tip in
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F7D2F9F5E714444C" box="[987,1091,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duseni">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F7D2F9F5E714444C" box="[987,1091,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. duseni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The male is separable from
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F49EF99CE26F4417" box="[151,312,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucanus">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F49EF99CE26F4417" box="[151,312,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. araucanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having a lower length ratio value between 13–14 flagellomeres and a lower number of supraalar, scutellar and prealar setae. It differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F711F9BBE0D944FE" box="[792,910,1647,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kiefferi">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F711F9BBE0D944FE" box="[792,910,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. kiefferi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having a smaller overall size, distinctly shorter wing, non dusky halteres, no anepisternal or preepisternal setae, shorter and narrower antennal segments, the last flagellomere without apical bristle, shorter palpomeres, lower VR, shorter tibial spurs, lower BV and SV of fore, mid and hind legs, lower HR and HV, wing with M1+2 and Cu1 straight, narrower basal portion of apical lobe and broader distal portion of gonostylus, shorter gonostylus, with shorter
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F13BF8D8E6174553" box="[1330,1344,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">p</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F146F8D8E6004553" box="[1359,1367,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">t</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F186F8D8E6CB4553" box="[1423,1436,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">y</emphasis>
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setae, lower number of prealar, scutellar and scale setae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130557A441F738F8E7E086453B" author="Saether" box="[817,977,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Saether, O. A. (1967) Descriptions of Lasiodiamesa bipectinata spec. nov. and Parochlus kiefferi (Garrett) Brundin. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 17, 235 - 249." type="journal article" year="1967">Saether 1967</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE36E20557A442F4CCF88EE2B24305" blockId="1.[151,1437,1218,2024]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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The pupae of the new species have a well developed distinct thoracic horn, broader at the apex than at the base. The porous plate has a coup-shaped form, somewhat longer than broad and its surface is provided with very small well-marked 5–6 porous groups, like in
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F6FCF873E0D845B6" box="[757,911,1959,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucanus">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F6FCF873E0D845B6" box="[757,911,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. araucanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. It also has an additional reticulate structure beneath the porous plate upper surface, as in
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D610557A441F6ACF81AE0FC459E" authority="Brundin, 1966" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1966" box="[677,939,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rieki">
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<emphasis id="B935EAF00557A441F6ACF81AE1AF4591" box="[677,760,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">P. rieki</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130557A441F6F6F81AE0FC459E" author="Brundin" box="[767,939,1998,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Brundin, L. (1966) Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges. With a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 11, 1 - 492." type="journal article" year="1966">Brundin, 1966</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Some specimens present a lobe and sharp incisures apical margin of the porous plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F695FF4CE04542C4" box="[668,786,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), which resembles the
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F028FF4CE7E042C7" box="[1057,1207,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">trigonocerus</emphasis>
|
||
group as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610554A442F18FFF4CE2E042AE" authority="Brundin 1966" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kiefferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F18FFF4CE3B942AE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">P. kiefferi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130554A442F4F6FF6AE2F842AE" author="Brundin" box="[255,431,190,216]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" refString="Brundin, L. (1966) Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges. With a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 11, 1 - 492." type="journal article" year="1966">Brundin 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The stalk is always considerably shorter than the plate, tapering proximally, and dorsally showing weakly developed transverse furrows and spines. The felt chamber does not end at the border between the stalk and the porous plate, but it extends into the porous plate. The setae of the anal spurs are also specific. The median seta is shorter than the lateral seta and the spur; the lateral seta is placed in the distal third of the anal spurs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFE54E26D4042" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
The pupae from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610554A442F585FE54E14B43EF" box="[396,540,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F585FE54E14B43EF" box="[396,540,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">P. carolinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610554A442F76AFE54E0A943EF" box="[867,1022,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F76AFE54E0A943EF" box="[867,1022,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">P. araucanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a stouter thoracic horn, with a shorter and more serrated stalk, a triangular porous plate, much shorter anal spur median setae and longer lateral setae that is never terminally inserted. The pupa differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610554A442F01DFE19E7D14390" box="[1044,1158,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kiefferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F01DFE19E7D14390" box="[1044,1158,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">P. kiefferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having its anal spur with two well developed setae, the lateral setae never being in terminal position and a shorter stalk of the thoracic horn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CFFD95E1CD402D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" box="[198,666,576,603]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Description.
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F554FD94E2CA402C" bold="true" box="[349,413,576,602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(n = 1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F60AFD95E1C6402D" box="[515,657,577,603]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figures 1–8</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFDBCE2BB40DE" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070554A442F56AFDBCE2FA40F4" box="[355,429,616,642]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; wing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070554A442F65CFDBCE19340F4" box="[597,708,616,642]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.51">1.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070554A442F716FDBCE0C740F4" box="[799,912,616,642]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.41">0.41 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body length/wing length ratio 1.32. Wing length/wing width ratio 3.66.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFD61E138416A" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Coloration. Coloration uniformily dark brown; head dark brown; thorax slightly shining, mesonotum, preepisternum and postnotum dark brown, scutellum yellowish; abdomen and legs uniformily light brown, wings grayish, halteres yellowish pallid.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFCFDE74B465D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F51AFCFDE22F4135" box="[275,376,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Height
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070554A442F5E2FCFDE10E4135" box="[491,601,809,835]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Eyes reniform, with a dorsomedial extension, hairy. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres, each one with dense setae. Length of antennal segments: 72, 48, 36, 28, 29, 40, 40, 40, 40, 42, 40, 39, 40, 144, 87. Diameters of scapus and segments 2–5: 142, 30, 25, 25, 26. Last segment with bristles 45– 60 µm long whorl and 20 µm long strongly curved distally hyaline sensory bristles at apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F0CAFC49E67D41C1" box="[1219,1322,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). AR 0.5; setae of head: temporals 16, frontals 8, postorbitals 8, clypeals 7; frontal tubercles absent; clypeus width 120 µm; tentorium 140 µm long; palpomere lengths: 34, 61, 91, 81, 106; first palpomere hyaline, remaining palpomeres pigmented. Proboscis extended; mandibles serrated, 65 µm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFBECE0FB460E" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F523FBECE2C34624" box="[298,404,1080,1106]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antepronotum notched at middle. Chaetotaxy: Aps 4, Dc 44, Pa 24, Su 2, Scts 8, Ac 18, Pscts 4. Anapleural suture 165.6 µm long; pleura without setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFB51E7B1471F" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Wings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F528FB51E2DD46E9" box="[289,394,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070554A442F634FB51E1FC46E9" box="[573,683,1157,1183]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.51">1.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
; membrane and veins with c. 4 µm long microtrichia and c. 37 µm long macrotrichia. R1 ending in distal third of the wing and more than half as long as R4+5. Costal extension
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070554A442F507FB01E2214699" box="[270,374,1237,1263]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, reaching tip of to wing tip, R2+3 absent with thickening on R1 and R4+5, R4+5 close to R1 and curving gently to terminate close to wing apex, rm and mcu equal in length. Squama with 4 setae, alula bare, brachiolum with 2 setae. C, R, R1, R4+5, M and Cu setose. Anal lobe not right-angle. RL 628 µm, Cu 538 µm long; VR 0.86. Halteres covered totally with microtrichia, only visible at 400X resolution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F4CCFAA2E1E2440E" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Legs. Lengths and proportions as in Table. Bristles mostly uniformly dispersed reaching 0.5–1.5 the width of segment on front femora, 0.5–2 on middle and hind femora, 1–2 on front and middle tibiae, 1–2.5 on hind tibia. Spur of front tibia 36 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F650FA17E19347AB" box="[601,708,1475,1501]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); spurs of middle tibia 30 µm and 22 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F10BFA17E63C47AB" box="[1282,1387,1475,1501]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
); of hind tibia 30 µm and 20 µm long. All tibial spurs with lateral spinules, bearing an annular mark situated at c. 1/4 length from its base. Comb of hind tibia with 10 setae 26–44 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670554A442F025F9C5E7CF445D" box="[1068,1176,1553,1579]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Empodium present, reaching 40 µm on front legs. Pulvilli lacking. Claws c. 27.2 µm long, with 3 long ventral hairs at base, 4–5 shorter dorsal hairs and 4–5 blunt apical teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A442F49EF97DE0E344B7" blockId="2.[151,1373,1705,1920]" box="[151,948,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F49EF97DE3A344B7" bold="true" box="[151,244,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">TABLE.</emphasis>
|
||
Length (in µm) and leg proportions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610554A442F690F97EE02544B7" box="[665,882,1706,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F690F97EE02544B7" box="[665,882,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Parochlus carolinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00554A442F771F97DE0E344B7" bold="true" box="[888,948,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206578B0554A442F771F97DE0E344B7" box="[888,948,1705,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20554A443F53DF908E2AF42AE" blockId="2.[151,1373,1705,1920]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,216]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4 ta5 LR BV SV p1 530 538 318 171 90 57 65 0.59 3.62 3.36 p2 595 538 245 163 82 57 65 0.45 3.75 4.62 p3 653 702 351 204 122 57 65 0.5 3.8 3.86 Abdomen. Tergites and sternites covered with dense setae concentrated primarily at lateral side on tergites and in the middle on sternites.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3E666A0555A443F49EF8ACE17645A3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20555A443F49EF8ACE17645A3" blockId="3.[151,1436,1912,2005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00555A443F49EF8ACE21545E6" bold="true" box="[151,322,1912,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 1–8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610555A443F540F8ADE17645E6" box="[329,545,1913,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00555A443F540F8ADE17645E6" box="[329,545,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Parochlus carolinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00555A443F621F8ACE13345E6" bold="true" box="[552,612,1912,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206578B0555A443F621F8ACE13345E6" box="[552,612,1912,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1–5, 7–8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3E666A0552A444F49EF88FE0D645E2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20552A444F49EF88FE0D645E2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1883,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00552A444F49EF88FE2034505" bold="true" box="[151,340,1883,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 9–14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610552A444F555F88FE16E4504" box="[348,569,1883,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00552A444F555F88FE16E4504" box="[348,569,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Parochlus carolinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00552A444F648F88FE1284505" bold="true" box="[577,639,1883,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206578B0552A444F648F88FE1284505" box="[577,639,1883,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFF4CE13443EE" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Hypopygium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F57DFF4CE28942C4" box="[372,478,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1912,1936]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,292,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,274,1887]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Male imago (1) head, frontal view; (2) thorax, lateral view; (3) hypopygium, dorsal view; (4) spur of front tibia; (5) spur of middle tibia; (6) spur and comb of hind tibia; (7) antenna; (8) wing. Scale bars: (1 – 5, 7 – 8) 100 µm; (6) 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191719/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tergite IX 146 µm long with 42 setae. Coxite with many bristles dorsally on inner side. Apodemes strongly sclerotised, phallapodeme 77 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 51 µm long. Gonocoxite 150 µm long; gonostylus 81 µm long, swollen and setose at base, with c. 7 setae 61 µm long. extended into a pair of lobes; basis of gonostylus 38 µm long; apical lobe 60 µm long, subapical lobe 38 µm long; podonomine seta (
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F5B2FEE6E29D433D" box="[443,458,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">p</emphasis>
|
||
) 60 µm, terminal seta of the apical lobe (
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F7C8FEE6E09E433D" box="[961,969,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
|
||
) 10 µm, terminal seta of the subapical lobe (
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F4D2FE8CE3B44307" box="[219,227,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
|
||
) 4 µm, ventral seta of the apical lobe (
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F6BBFE8CE1E84307" box="[690,703,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">x</emphasis>
|
||
) 17.5 µm, dorsal seta of the subapical lobe (
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F0D8FE8CE7894307" box="[1233,1246,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">y</emphasis>
|
||
) 12.5 µm. Anal point and virga absent. HR 1.85; HV 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFE70E79843C9" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" box="[197,1231,420,447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F4CCFE70E25143C8" bold="true" box="[197,262,420,446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(n = 5,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D47FD6B0553A445F56BFE71E2E943C9" box="[354,446,421,447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="pupa">3 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
and 2 pupal exuviae except when otherwise stated) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F020FE71E79143C9" box="[1065,1222,421,447]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figures 9–12</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFE1FE0814393" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" box="[197,982,459,485]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Total length 2.7–3.4,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F5B6FE1FE1544393" box="[447,515,459,485]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(3). Pale brown with darker apophyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFE26E0A140DE" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Cephalothorax. Frontal apotome with pair of short lateral setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F7BEFE26E749407A" box="[951,1054,498,524]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thoracic horn well developed, 248–331, 293 µm long (5); porous plate 162–203, 193 µm wide (5); porous plate 207–257, 230 µm long (5); stalk 61–87, 71 µm long (5) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F60CFDEBE1D7402F" box="[517,640,575,601]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior pronotal setae present. Frontal setae 10 µm long (1). Anterior dorsocentral (Dc1) 10 µm (2); Dc
|
||
<date id="FFFF10220553A445F698FDA1E04D4009" box="[657,794,613,643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="1913-02-10" valueMax="1913-02-16" valueMin="1913-02-10">2 10–16, 13</date>
|
||
µm (2); Dc3 7 µm (1) and Dc
|
||
<date id="FFFF10220553A445F075FDA1E6544009" box="[1148,1283,613,643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="1925-04-20" valueMax="1925-04-30" valueMin="1925-04-20">4 20–30, 25</date>
|
||
µm (2) long and distance from Dc1–Dc3 to Dc4 193 µm. Precorneals up to 16 µm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFD6CE0724133" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Abdomen. Light brown, margins darker, shagreen uniformly coloured. Number of setae on tergite
|
||
<date id="FFFF10220553A445F15AFD6CE6CB40A4" box="[1363,1436,696,722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">VIII 5</date>
|
||
(4). Conjunctives broad without setae. Ventral lamella on second segment. Anal spurs of anal lobe 41–61, 54 µm long (4). Two anal macrosetae 315–331, 323 µm long (4). The median seta of the anal spurs 8–12, 8 µm long (2); lateral seta 28–32, 30 µm long (3) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F6A8FCFFE04F4133" box="[673,792,811,837]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFC85E17B411A" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" box="[197,556,849,876]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F4CCFC85E246411D" bold="true" box="[197,273,849,875]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
(n = 1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F571FC86E174411A" box="[376,547,850,876]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figures 13–14</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFCACE09541CF" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Head. Dark brown to black head with much darker mentum and mandible. Eye spot single and compact. Head capsule 373 µm long; 265 µm wide. Postmentum 206 µm long.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFC11E136465A" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Antenna with third segment annulated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F693FC11E04641A9" box="[666,785,965,991]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
); length of articles: 60, 20, 8, 2, 4 µm; AR 1.76; blade broad 24 µm long, accessory blade narrower 4 µm long. Mandible length 81 µm. Mentum width 69 µm, median tooth width 14 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A670553A445F5D7FBC6E103465A" box="[478,596,1042,1068]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[161,1420,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Parochlus carolinae sp. n. Pupa (9) frontal apotome, dorsal view; (10) anal segment; (11) and (12) thoracic horns. Larva (13) antenna; (14) mentum. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191720/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CFFBECE61A4715" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F4CFFBECE1F94624" bold="true" box="[198,686,1080,1106]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Geographical distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The studied region is a part of the San Luis hills which belong to the Pampasic Hills System, located in the north-central area of San Luis Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35676720553A445F118FB8BE6CF460F" box="[1297,1432,1119,1145]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, corresponding to the Chaco wetland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F65AFB51E01B46E9" author="Canevari" box="[595,844,1157,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Canevari, P., Blanco, D., Bucher, E., Castro, G. & Davidson, I. (1998) Los humedales de la Argentina. Clasificacion, situacion actual, conservacion y legislacion. Wetlands International Publication 46, Buenos Aires, 208 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
||
Canevari
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F6C1FB52E1AB46E9" box="[712,764,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Carolina stream is a tributary of the Grande River and is situated in the centre-north part of the province, at altitude of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F7F7FB78E70046B0" box="[1022,1111,1196,1222]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6199999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="1620.0">1620 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. It rises in La Carolina village and presents a dense drainage network made up of a series of tributaries of different size, some of which are temporary and flow only during the rainy season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F75EFB2DE7614765" author="Tripole" box="[855,1078,1273,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Tripole, E. S., Vallania, E., Adriana, E., Garbagnati, M. & Mallea, M. A. (2000) Aguas acidas y fauna asociada. In: Memorias del XVIII Congreso Nacional del Agua, Instituto de Recursos Hidricos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, pp. 307 - 308." type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
||
Tripole
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F7BCFB2DE0BF4764" box="[949,1000,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Grande River belongs to the upper valley of the Rio Quinto River and drains over the oriental slope of the San Luis hills. It rises at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F49EFA9DE3A74715" box="[151,240,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2160.0">2160 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l., run over around
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F5F7FA9DE11F4715" box="[510,584,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
|
||
and its average annual flow is
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F7BDFA9DE7504715" box="[948,1031,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2.81">2.81 m</quantity>
|
||
³s -1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F03FFA9DE6164715" author="Medina" box="[1078,1345,1353,1379]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Medina, A. I. & Paggi, A. C. (2004) Composicion y abundancia de Chironomidae (Diptera) en un rio serrano de zona semiarida (San Luis, Argentina). Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 63, 107 - 118." type="journal article" year="2004">Medina & Paggi 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCFABBE094445F" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Both lotic systems present their own hydrological characteristics of headwaters, in which a thick pebble and gravel substratum prevails, having an
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F6A0FA4CE05747C4" box="[681,768,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="0.14">0.14 m</quantity>
|
||
average depth, an 0.18 ms -1 average speed, a 14.8 °C average temperature, a 266.25 µScm -1 average conductivity, a 10.4 mgl -1 dissolved oxygen average and 3 (FTU) average turbidity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F5C0FA3CE1E24474" author="Medina" box="[457,693,1512,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Medina, A. I., Scheibler, E. E. & Paggi, A. C. (2008) Distribucion de Chironomidae (Diptera) en dos sistemas fluviales ritronicos (andino-serrano) de Argentina. Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 67, 69 - 79." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Medina
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F627FA3DE1344474" box="[558,611,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The climate is semiarid, with estival rainfalls and an annual average precipitation of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B070553A445F5BDF9DBE107445F" box="[436,592,1551,1577]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="550.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="500.0">500–600 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Ceci & Cruz
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F6F5F9DBE0E1445F" author="Coronado" box="[764,950,1551,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Ceci, J. & Coronado, M. (1981) Recursos Hidricos Subterraneos. In: Irigoyen M. (Ed.), Geologia de la Provincia de San Luis. Relatorio VIII Congreso Geologico Argentino, pp 301 - 322." type="book chapter" year="1981">Coronado 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCF9E1E0D5452A" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Brundin claimed in 1966 that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610553A445F63AF9E1E1FD4439" box="[563,682,1589,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parochlus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a successful genus, showing great adaptation to different
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA88400553A445F49EF98FE3824403" box="[151,213,1627,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of habitats: from running waters to still and shallow ones at low temperatures (0.5–8.8 °C) both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The new species was recorded at higher water temperature (14.8 °C average) as those stated by Brundin showing a new kind of adaptation for this genus. Other members of the subfamily such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610553A445F566F91BE2AD449F" box="[367,506,1743,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Podonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Podonomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are also present in these environments and have recently been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35676720553A445F4BFF921E3A84579" box="[182,255,1781,1807]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
under similar ecological factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F69BF921E7744579" author="Roque" box="[658,1059,1781,1807]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Roque, F. O. & Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2004) Podonomus pepinellii n. sp., first record of the genus and subfamily from Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Podonominae). Zootaxa, 689, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2004">Roque & Trivinho-Strixino 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the highest sites (Monte and higher Yungas) from Northwestern Argentinean stream systems has firstly recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610553A445F0F2F8C8E6CB4540" box="[1275,1436,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Podonominae">Podonominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa also at high temperature ratios (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F649F896E022452A" author="Tejerina" box="[576,885,1858,1884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Tejerina, E. G. & Molineri, C. (2007) Comunidades de Chironomidae (Diptera) en arroyos de montana del NOA: comparacion entre Yungas y Monte. Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 66, 169 - 177." type="journal article" year="2007">Tejerina & Molineri 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20553A445F4CCF8BDE38E4580" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
If we seek to find out why this kind of adaptation has occurred we must consider the fact that this new record appeared in a transitional geographical zone, between a moderately high altitude and relatively low latitude, as is the San Luis Hills System. A good characterization of this zone is discussed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130553A445F0F5F862E3824580" author="Medina" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Medina, A. I., Scheibler, E. E. & Paggi, A. C. (2008) Distribucion de Chironomidae (Diptera) en dos sistemas fluviales ritronicos (andino-serrano) de Argentina. Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 67, 69 - 79." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Medina
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00553A445F156F862E6C345B9" box="[1375,1428,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36E20550A446F4CCFF4CE2154391" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Several studies have shown the dominance of warm eurythermal taxa in tropical-subtropical zones and the dominance of a cold stenothermal fauna in templated Andean Patagonian zones, including the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610550A446F0F3FF6AE6CB42AE" box="[1274,1436,190,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Podonominae">Podonominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F496FF31E2074289" author="Cranston" box="[159,336,229,255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Cranston, P. S. (1995) Biogeography. In: Armitage, P, Cranston P. S. & Pinder L. C. V. (Eds.), The Chironomidae. The biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Chapman & Hall, London, Glasgow, Weinheim, N. Y., Melbourne, Madras., pp. 62 - 84." type="book chapter" year="1995">Cranston 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F554FF31E1034289" author="Lobinske" box="[349,596,229,255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Lobinske, R. J., Ali, A. & Stout, J. (1996) Qualitative and quantitative studies on Chironomidae and selected physicochemical parameters in two tributaries of the Wekiva River, Central Florida. Florida Entomologist, 79, 531 - 542." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Lobinske
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00550A446F5DAFF31E1504288" box="[467,519,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F669FF31E0634289" author="Higuti" box="[608,820,229,255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Higuti, J., Takeda, A. M. & Paggi, A. C. (1993) Distribucao espacial das larvas de Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) do rio Baia (MS-Brasil). UNIMAR, 15, 65 - 81." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Higuti
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00550A446F6BDFF31E1BF4288" box="[692,744,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F74BFF31E71D4289" author="Corigliano" box="[834,1098,229,255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Corigliano, M., Gualdoni, C., Oberto, A. & Raffaini, G. (1996) Macroinvertebrados acuaticos de Cordoba. In: Tada, I. E. & Bucher E. H. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de la provincia de Cordoba. Fauna. Cordoba, Volumen I, pp. 119 - 165." type="book chapter" year="1996">
|
||
Corigliano
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00550A446F7CEFF31E0AC4288" box="[967,1019,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D610550A446F12DFF31E25F4353" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00550A446F12DFF31E25F4353" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Parochlus carolinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206578B0550A446F519FEDFE2044353" box="[272,339,267,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EAF00550A446F519FEDFE2044353" bold="true" box="[272,339,267,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in San Luis Province constitutes an Andean-Patagonian element in a zone of transition and biogeographic mix between the big dry lands of the south and the west (Patagonia, Monte, Puna) with the wetlands of north and the east of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35676720550A446F665FE8DE1864305" box="[620,721,345,371]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Chaco). The “Monte” Biogeographic Province was defined as an ecotone between the “Brazilian and Patagonian regions” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F789FE54E76743EC" author="Morrone" box="[896,1072,384,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2004) Panbiogeografia, componentes bioticos y zonas de transicion. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 48, 149 - 162." type="journal article" year="2004">Morrone 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This biogeographic system is very important for migration and colonization of species in this part of the continent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F072FE72E64243B6" author="Bucher" box="[1147,1301,422,448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Bucher, E. (1982) Chaco and Caatinga: South American arid savannas, woodlands and tickets. In: Huntley, B. & B. Walker (Eds.), Ecology of tropical savannas. Ecological studies 42, 48 - 79." type="journal article" year="1982">Bucher 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B130550A446F128FE72E2624391" author="Cabrera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Cabrera, A. L. & Willink, A. (1973) Biogeografia de America Latina. Monografia de la Secretaria General de la OEA, Serie Biologia. Monografia N ° 13, pp. 120." type="journal article" year="1973">Cabrera & Willink 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |