898 lines
105 KiB
XML
898 lines
105 KiB
XML
<document id="8523771D14C8BD6F2E41C4ABB0252DB1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.201381" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9d27592f-87ad-499e-baea-d95a1fff30a8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="201381" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460336793237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mirande, Juan Marcos, Aguilera, Gastón & Azpelicueta, María De Las Mercedes" docDate="2011" docId="CF555B6DFF9CB842D7E164D1FEA1F116" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02994p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2994" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Oligosarcus itau" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="336C2315FF94B84DD7766226FFB8F24A" masterDocTitle="A threatened new species of Oligosarcus and its phylogenetic relationships, with comments on Astyanacinus (Teleostei: Characidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698260039467" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="893188B1758AFADADA53A1781D1829A4">
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<mods:title id="8ADFAE602372F5E0E873BAB318A61FAE">A threatened new species of Oligosarcus and its phylogenetic relationships, with comments on Astyanacinus (Teleostei: Characidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A243097A64B15F8DBD5BEED21EF1C4B6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2B633DBE81C2BA1CBF33E98405D22A3A">Mirande, Juan Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE4DA39642E6B9BAD94413CA677D8BAA">Aguilera, Gastón</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A187EBCAB7319855620EC8C447BBF916">Azpelicueta, María De Las Mercedes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="712050C1085B1EE837A4CDF8F1BC23CE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DDEA66123BD193A6F4F0763CC125936E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D040328843355B94C2D5F8B8D878414F">
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<mods:date id="B9C1D4AF71AAA0CAB9A23CB1542438BE">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E45D4B8CA4E05B54D2B70D6EBA653318" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="839CD44A9FBDB726253BEA0288647335">2994</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="DF9CF0F74761F6407224A1319A60B69B">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="3B6829C6459D88AF8B2A745902BB3D47">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="70F3FACB54DD2F492A894F118B5FDF95" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.201381</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CDF17DC54F37DB493A5721F08C45F037" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8D1A5BA582B5AE1FD5DC2B6B698C4098" type="Zenodo-Dep">201381</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CF555B6DFF9CB842D7E164D1FEA1F116" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191726" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119405432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6191726" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF555B6DFF9CB842D7E164D1FEA1F116" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF555B6DFF9CB842D7E164D1FEA1F116" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="0FE6B9F0FF9CB845D7E164D1FDFDF55B" box="[151,581,1783,1809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9CB845D7E164D1FDFDF55B" blockId="8.[151,581,1783,1809]" box="[151,581,1783,1809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="1C0B5D17FF9CB845D7E164D1FDFDF55B" bold="true" box="[151,581,1783,1809]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9CB845D7E164D1FDFDF55B" bold="true" box="[151,581,1783,1809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Autapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9CB845D60864D1FDFDF55B" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[382,581,1783,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9CB845D60864D1FDFDF55B" bold="true" box="[382,581,1783,1809]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0FE6B9F0FF9CB844D7E16518FEC3F777" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9CB845D7E16518FC2EF51C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1854,1987]" box="[151,918,1854,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9CB845D7E16518FEE9F51C" box="[151,337,1854,1878]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9CB845D7E16518FEE9F51C" box="[151,337,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has only one autapomorphy in the present analysis:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9CB845D7E16544FC55F588" blockId="8.[151,1437,1854,1987]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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1. The presence of a posterior branch of the posttemporal laterosensory canal (ch. 88, state 0) (
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<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9CB845D39A6544FE89F5D4" author="Mirande" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 47</bibRefCitation>
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). This character-state is present in some characids with a bony supraorbital, but it was found only in
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9CB845D7B1658CFE39F588" box="[199,385,1962,1986]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9CB845D7B1658CFE39F588" box="[199,385,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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among the species lacking the supraorbital (node 170).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="1383BAF3FF9DB844D7E166A7FBE2F6FC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201387/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1131]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7E166A7FBE2F6FC" blockId="9.[151,1436,1153,1206]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D7E166A7FEAAF6DD" bold="true" box="[151,274,1153,1176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D66F66A7FE79F6DD" box="[281,449,1153,1175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D66F66A7FE79F6DD" box="[281,449,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, CI-FML 3858, 61.4 mm SL: Detail of right suspensorium and lower jaw, showing ectopterygoid teeth; medial view. ECP: ectopterygoid, MSP: mesopterygoid, PAL: Palatine. Scale bar=1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7E166FBFD7DF6BF" blockId="9.[151,1436,1245,1630]" box="[151,709,1245,1269]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Synapomorphy of node 236 (
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D6A966FBFDC1F6BF" box="[479,633,1245,1269]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D6A966FBFDC1F6BF" box="[479,633,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7E16727FA23F753" blockId="9.[151,1436,1245,1630]" box="[151,1435,1281,1305]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1. The dorsoventral depression of the epioccipital bridge (ch. 5, state 1). This character state is unique to this node</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7BF6703FEC3F777" blockId="9.[151,1436,1245,1630]" box="[201,379,1317,1341]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">and unreversed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0FE6B9F0FF9DB842D7B1676FFEA1F116" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7B1676FFB9FF417" blockId="9.[151,1436,1245,1630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D7B1676FFEF7F72B" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[199,335,1353,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D7B1676FFEF7F72B" box="[199,335,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the sister group of
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D54B676FFCE3F72B" ID-CoL="N6FC" box="[573,859,1353,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bransfordii">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D54B676FFCE3F72B" box="[573,859,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax bransfordii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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under all the analytical conditions explored, constituting the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D664674BFE14F7CF" ID-CoL="3CSH" box="[274,428,1389,1413]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D664674BFE14F7CF" box="[274,428,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade of
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<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9DB844D557674BFD77F7CF" author="Mirande" box="[545,719,1389,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2009) Weighted parsimony phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Cladistics, 25, 574 - 613." type="journal article" year="2009">Mirande (2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9DB844D5A9674BFCA4F7CF" author="Mirande" box="[735,796,1389,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
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). Relationships of the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D35E674BFB7AF7CF" ID-CoL="3CSH" box="[1064,1218,1389,1413]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D35E674BFB7AF7CF" box="[1064,1218,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade are variable across the different analyses. In the three lowest concavities under implied weighting, these genera are included in a large clade composed of the species of the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D5FC6790FD49F784" ID-CoL="34PZ" box="[650,753,1462,1486]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D5FC6790FD49F784" box="[650,753,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Astyanax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade of
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<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9DB844D42F6793FBB4F787" author="Mirande" box="[857,1036,1461,1485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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. In the remaining concavities under both implied weighting and self-weigthed optimization, the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D43A67FFFC5EF7BB" ID-CoL="3CSH" box="[844,998,1497,1521]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D43A67FFFC5EF7BB" box="[844,998,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade is not included in the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D24367FFFA24F7BB" ID-CoL="34PZ" box="[1333,1436,1497,1521]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D24367FFFA24F7BB" box="[1333,1436,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Astyanax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade and it is instead related to the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D53A67DBFD6EF45F" box="[588,726,1533,1557]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
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and the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D43567D8FC40F45C" ID-CoL="6ZJC" box="[835,1016,1534,1558]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D43567D8FC40F45C" box="[835,1016,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade (
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<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9DB844D32767DBFAB9F45F" author="Mirande" box="[1105,1281,1533,1557]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). In the final hypothesis, herein proposed, the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D5706407FD18F473" ID-CoL="3CSH" box="[518,672,1569,1593]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D5706407FD18F473" box="[518,672,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade forms a trichotomy with a clade composed of the
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D2646407FA24F473" box="[1298,1436,1569,1593]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D7B06460FEC3F414" ID-CoL="6ZJC" box="[198,379,1606,1630]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D7B06460FEC3F414" box="[198,379,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade and a large clade composed of most characids (
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<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9DB844D4A26463FBA0F417" box="[980,1048,1605,1629]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1732,1755]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1709]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,195,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Consensus tree between most parsimonious trees obtained under implied weighting showing all the species in the clade of characids lacking a bony supraorbital. Added species relative to Mirande (2010) and clades in which they are included are highlighted. Number of nodes as used in the text are shown above branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201390/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7E164ABFD38F4EF" blockId="9.[151,1436,1677,1989]" box="[151,640,1677,1702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Synapomorphies of node 311 (
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<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D69964A8FDCFF4EC" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[495,631,1678,1702]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D69964A8FDCFF4EC" box="[495,631,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7E16497FA9DF57F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1677,1989]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
1. The well developed temporal fossa (ch. 13, state 0) (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9DB844D4566497FCDFF483" box="[800,871,1713,1737]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1420,1443]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,337,1399]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Oligosarcus itau, CI-FML 3858, 61.4 mm SL: Detail of neurocranium from lateral view; right side, reversed image. 13 (0): presence of temporal foramen, 48 (0): rhinosphenoid not proyected between olfactory nerves, 366 (0): sphenotic spine not notched, LAP: levator arcus palatini, OLN: olfactory nerve, PTO: pterotic, SPH: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201385/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|
). The temporal fossa was described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9DB844D25D6497FEB7F4A7" author="Weitzman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Weitzman, S. H. (1962) The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 8, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1962">Weitzman (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D63664F1FCBFF4A7" ID-CoL="NH7T" authority="Eigenmann & Hildebrand" authorityName="Eigenmann & Hildebrand" box="[320,775,1749,1774]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meeki">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D63664F1FE61F4A4" box="[320,473,1750,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brycon meeki</emphasis>
|
|
Eigenmann & Hildebrand
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and it was observed herein occurring as parallelisms with this node in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D62E64DCFD2CF55B" ID-CoL="68SRK" box="[344,660,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emperador">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D62E64DCFD2CF55B" box="[344,660,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bryconamericus emperador</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D5D364DFFC40F55B" ID-CoL="NHCR" authority="Gery" authorityName="Gery" box="[677,1016,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juruenae">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D5D364DFFC0CF55B" box="[677,948,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bryconexodon juruenae</emphasis>
|
|
Géry
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D34C64DFFA20F55B" ID-CoL="79D93" authority="Cuvier" authorityName="Cuvier" box="[1082,1432,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D34C64DFFA93F55B" box="[1082,1323,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salminus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
|
(Cuvier)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This synapomorphy is reversed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D5316538FCAFF57C" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[583,791,1822,1846]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D5316538FCAFF57C" box="[583,791,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oligosarcus pintoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in which the temporal fossa is absent (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9DB844D3A5653BFAAFF57F" box="[1235,1303,1821,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1266]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oligosarcus pintoi, CI-FML 4015, 28.4 mm SL: Detail of neurocranium from lateral view; right side, reversed image. 13 (1): absence of temporal foramen, 366 (1): sphenotic spine notched, PTO: pterotic, SPH: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201386/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9DB844D7E16567FE3AF58F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1677,1989]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
2. The absence of a dorsal expansion of the rhinosphenoid (ch. 48, state 0) (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9DB844D48F6567FB86F513" box="[1017,1086,1857,1881]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1420,1443]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,337,1399]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Oligosarcus itau, CI-FML 3858, 61.4 mm SL: Detail of neurocranium from lateral view; right side, reversed image. 13 (0): presence of temporal foramen, 48 (0): rhinosphenoid not proyected between olfactory nerves, 366 (0): sphenotic spine not notched, LAP: levator arcus palatini, OLN: olfactory nerve, PTO: pterotic, SPH: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201385/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|
). This character-state occurs as parallelisms in node 196 and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D55F6540FC09F537" ID-CoL="6659D" authority="Eigenmann. In" authorityName="Eigenmann. In" box="[553,945,1893,1918]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Agoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anchovia">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D55F6540FCBEF534" box="[553,774,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Agoniates anchovia</emphasis>
|
|
Eigenmann. In
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9DB844D4CE6540FB6DF534" ID-CoL="N6FC" box="[952,1237,1894,1918]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bransfordii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9DB844D4CE6540FB6DF534" box="[952,1237,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bramocharax bransfordii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, as in many other characids, the rhinosphenoid instead have a dorsal expansion projected between the olfactory nerves (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9DB844D24265AFFECDF58F" author="Mirande" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 24</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="1383BAF3FF9EB847D7E165E7FB99F5BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201388/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[167,1426,187,1960]" targetPageId="10">
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9EB847D7E165E7FB99F5BC" blockId="10.[151,1436,1985,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9EB847D7E165E7FEADF59D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1985,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
|
Known geographical distribution of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9EB847D5D565E7FCF6F59D" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[675,846,1985,2007]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9EB847D5D565E7FCF6F59D" box="[675,846,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, Río Bermejo, Salta, northwestern Argentina, composed only by its type locality. Satellital image at bottom amplifies highlighted area at top right.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="1383BAF3FF9FB846D7E1664EFF7CF6D7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201389/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[181,1416,177,1103]" targetPageId="11">
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9FB846D7E1664EFF7CF6D7" blockId="11.[151,1436,1128,1181]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D7E1664EFEAAF637" bold="true" box="[151,274,1128,1151]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
|
Unnamed stream where
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D579664EFD00F634" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[527,696,1128,1150]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D579664EFD00F634" box="[527,696,1128,1150]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was captured, tributary to the Río
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D361664FFBF9F634" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[1047,1089,1129,1150]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">Itau</taxonomicName>
|
|
, Río Bermejo basin, Salta, Argentina.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9FB846D7E166E2FC9DF7DA" blockId="11.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
3. The posteroventrally angled articulation between the second and third infraorbitals (ch. 62, state 2) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9FB846D24366E2FEC6F74A" author="Mirande" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 39</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This character-state is paralleled in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D41166CEFC5DF74A" box="[871,997,1256,1280]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Characinae">Characinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 169), in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D3D566CFFEA5F76E" ID-CoL="NHDB" authority="Bloch" authorityName="Bloch" class="Actinopterygii" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D3D566CFFA24F74A" box="[1187,1436,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bryconops melanurus</emphasis>
|
|
(Bloch)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D628672AFCE9F76E" ID-CoL="3M86Y" authority="Eigenmann" authorityName="Eigenmann" box="[350,849,1292,1316]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hollandichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multifasciatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D628672AFD08F76E" box="[350,688,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hollandichthys multifasciatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Eigenmann)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Usually, this character-state is associated with the elongation of the maxilla and predatory habits. However,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D4296716FBC7F702" ID-CoL="N6FC" box="[863,1151,1328,1352]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bransfordii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D4296716FBC7F702" box="[863,1151,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bramocharax bransfordii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which shares these features, has the state 0 of this character. This character is unreversed in the analyzed species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D3BA6773FAECF727" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[1228,1364,1365,1389]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D3BA6773FAECF727" box="[1228,1364,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and is shared by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D64E675FFE08F7DA" ID-CoL="496YN" box="[312,432,1400,1424]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdido">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D64E675FFE08F7DA" box="[312,432,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF9FB846D64E675FFEF7F7DA" box="[312,335,1401,1424]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. perdido
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9FB846D6C8675EFD25F7DA" author="Ribeiro" box="[446,669,1400,1424]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D56A675FFDECF7DA" box="[540,596,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figure 2A).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9FB846D7E167BAFD5CF46A" blockId="11.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
4. The presence of a row of ectopterygoid teeth (ch. 159, state 1) (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9FB846D4D367BAFC53F7FE" box="[933,1003,1436,1460]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1153,1176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1131]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1132]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Oligosarcus itau, CI-FML 3858, 61.4 mm SL: Detail of right suspensorium and lower jaw, showing ectopterygoid teeth; medial view. ECP: ectopterygoid, MSP: mesopterygoid, PAL: Palatine. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201387/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|
). The ectopterygoid teeth are present, among the characids lacking a supraorbital bone, only in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D43467E6FC72F792" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[834,970,1472,1496]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D43467E6FC72F792" box="[834,970,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D48967E7FB2FF792" ID-CoL="88JZ" box="[1023,1175,1473,1496]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Xenagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D48967E7FB2FF792" box="[1023,1175,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Xenagoniates</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, among the taxa herein analyzed. This character was considered as potentially supporting the monophyly of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D30D67C3FABBF7B7" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[1147,1283,1509,1533]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D30D67C3FABBF7B7" box="[1147,1283,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9FB846D25A67C2FE8EF46A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D2FE67C0FF5AF46A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, fact that is corroborated in this paper.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9FB846D7E1640AFABBF4FA" blockId="11.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
5. The laterally displaced position of the cartilage situated dorsal to the ectopterygoid (ch. 161, state 1) (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9FB846D24D640AFA37F40E" box="[1339,1423,1580,1604]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1011,1034]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1010]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1018]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Oligosarcus jenynsii, CI-FML 3943, 60.8 mm SL: Detail of right suspensorium and lower jaw; laterodorsal view, reversed image. 161 (1) laterally displaced cartilage dorsal to ectopterygoid, ECP: ectopterygoid, MSP: mesopterygoid. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201391/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
|
). Paralleled in a clade composed of the genera
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D5B26476FCC4F422" ID-CoL="MN4" box="[708,892,1616,1640]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Acestrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D5B26476FCC4F422" box="[708,892,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Acestrocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D4FD6476FC67F422" ID-CoL="3M8D" box="[907,991,1616,1640]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D4FD6476FC67F422" box="[907,991,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Charax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D4986477FB30F422" ID-CoL="3YL4" box="[1006,1160,1617,1640]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Cynopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D4986477FB30F422" box="[1006,1160,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cynopotamus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D3E06476FA90F422" ID-CoL="62T4P" box="[1174,1320,1616,1640]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Galeocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D3E06476FA90F422" box="[1174,1320,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Galeocharax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D2116477FEB6F4C7" ID-CoL="6444T" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D2116477FEB6F4C7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Roeboides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D6176453FC3AF4C6" ID-CoL="3DNBM" authority="Muller & Troschel. Reversed" authorityName="Muller & Troschel. Reversed" box="[353,898,1652,1677]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D6176453FD8CF4C7" box="[353,564,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Exodon paradoxus</emphasis>
|
|
Müller & Troschel. Reversed
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D4D16453FBCFF4C7" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[935,1143,1653,1677]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D4D16453FBCFF4C7" box="[935,1143,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus pintoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in which this cartilage, as usual in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D63B64BEFE76F4FA" ID-CoL="7ZZ" box="[333,462,1688,1712]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, is parallel and close to the lateral margin of the mesopterygoid (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9FB846D3D564BEFB4EF4FA" box="[1187,1270,1688,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,928]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,181,946]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. Oligosarcus pintoi, CI-FML 4015, 28.4 mm SL: Detail of right suspensorium and lower jaw; laterodorsal view, reversed image. 161 (0) cartilage dorsal to ectopterygoid parallel and close to mesopterygoid margin, ECP: ectopterygoid, MSP: mesopterygoid. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201392/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9FB846D7E1649AFC4FF52E" blockId="11.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
6. The presence of paired bony lamellae bordering the laterosensory canal of the suprapreopercle (ch. 176, state 1) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9FB846D79D64C6FDB1F4B2" author="Mirande" box="[235,521,1760,1784]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 34</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This character-state is only paralleled in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D49564C6FAFDF4B2" ID-CoL="3Y7PY" authority="Perugia" authorityName="Perugia" box="[995,1349,1760,1784]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D49564C6FB6BF4B2" box="[995,1235,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Markiana nigripinnis</emphasis>
|
|
(Perugia)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, among the examined taxa, and it is unreversed among the analyzed species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D3656523FB23F557" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[1043,1179,1797,1821]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D3656523FB23F557" box="[1043,1179,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, such bony lamellae are apparently absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D54C650FFD0AF50A" ID-CoL="496YN" box="[570,690,1832,1856]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdido">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D54C650FFD0AF50A" box="[570,690,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF9FB846D54C650FFDE9F50A" box="[570,593,1833,1856]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. perdido
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9FB846D5B6650EFC26F50A" author="Ribeiro" box="[704,926,1832,1856]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D46A650FFCECF50A" box="[796,852,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figure 2C), not analyzed herein, and it would constitute the single known reversal of this character within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D41E656BFC48F52F" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[872,1008,1869,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D41E656BFC48F52F" box="[872,1008,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9FB846D7E16557FB9FF5BE" blockId="11.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
7. The presence of two pairs of uroneurals (ch. 306, state 1). This is a relatively highly homoplastic character within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D64B65B2FE07F5E6" ID-CoL="7ZZ" box="[317,447,1940,1964]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Paralleled in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D5FE65B0FC6AF5E7" ID-CoL="NHC4" box="[648,978,1941,1965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scleroparius">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D5FE65B0FC6AF5E7" box="[648,978,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bryconamericus scleroparius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade (node 244), in the node composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D790659EFE4DF59A" ID-CoL="NHCR" box="[230,501,1976,2000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juruenae">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D790659EFE4DF59A" box="[230,501,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bryconexodon juruenae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D547659EFCBEF59A" ID-CoL="3DNBM" box="[561,774,1976,2000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D547659EFCBEF59A" box="[561,774,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Exodon paradoxus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 276 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9FB846D4D8659EFBE2F59A" author="Mirande" box="[942,1114,1976,2000]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D3E6659EFED7F5BE" ID-CoL="3F3L2" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Galeocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D3E6659EFA24F59A" box="[1168,1436,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Galeocharax humeralis</emphasis>
|
|
(Valenciennes)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D6B365FBFD0EF5BF" ID-CoL="3Y7PY" box="[453,694,2013,2037]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D6B365FBFD0EF5BF" box="[453,694,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Markiana nigripinnis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Reversed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9FB846D42665FBFBA7F5BF" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[848,1055,2013,2037]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9FB846D42665FBFBA7F5BF" box="[848,1055,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oligosarcus pintoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="1383BAF3FF98B841D7E164E2FC78F552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201390/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1709]" targetPageId="12">
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF98B841D7E164E2FC78F552" blockId="12.[151,1436,1732,1816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D7E164E2FEABF490" bold="true" box="[151,275,1732,1755]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
|
Consensus tree between most parsimonious trees obtained under implied weighting showing all the species in the clade of characids lacking a bony supraorbital. Added species relative to Mirande (2010) and clades in which they are included are highlighted. Number of nodes as used in the text are shown above branches.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF98B841D7E16563FCF1F517" blockId="12.[151,1436,1861,2029]" box="[151,841,1861,1885]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
|
Synapomorphies of node 310 (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D6866563FDC0F517" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[496,632,1861,1885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D6866563FDC0F517" box="[496,632,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
excepting
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D5856560FCF9F517" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[755,833,1862,1885]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D5856560FCF9F517" box="[755,833,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF98B841D5856560FCB2F517" box="[755,778,1862,1885]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. itau
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF98B841D7E1654EFBA6F5A7" blockId="12.[151,1436,1861,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
|
1. The posterior expansion of the fourth infraorbital (ch. 68, state 1) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF98B841D4C4654EFB6AF5CA" author="Mirande" box="[946,1234,1896,1920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 34</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Paralleled in the clades composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D6DF65ABFDD9F5EF" ID-CoL="MN4" box="[425,609,1933,1957]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Acestrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D6DF65ABFDD9F5EF" box="[425,609,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Acestrocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D50665A8FCB2F5EF" ID-CoL="3YL4" box="[624,778,1934,1957]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Cynopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D50665A8FCB2F5EF" box="[624,778,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cynopotamus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D43E65ABFC62F5EF" ID-CoL="62T4P" box="[840,986,1933,1957]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Galeocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D43E65ABFC62F5EF" box="[840,986,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Galeocharax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 210 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF98B841D30E65ABFAA7F5EF" author="Mirande" box="[1144,1311,1933,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D22865ABFEF3F583" ID-CoL="MN5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" genus="Acestrorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D22865ABFEF3F583" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Acestrorhynchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D6F66597FDB1F583" ID-CoL="8V62C" box="[384,521,1969,1993]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Rhaphiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D6F66597FDB1F583" box="[384,521,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rhaphiodon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 174 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF98B841D5D56596FCF4F582" author="Mirande" box="[675,844,1968,1992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This character-state is shared with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF98B841D3966597FF4FF5A7" ID-CoL="496YN" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdido">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D3966597FF4FF5A7" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oligosarcus perdido</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF98B841D67365F3FE5CF5A7" author="Ribeiro" box="[261,484,2005,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF98B841D61465F0FE22F5A7" box="[354,410,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figure 2A), which would be included in this node.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="1383BAF3FF99B840D7E161D5FEBFF60D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201391/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1010]" targetPageId="13">
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF99B840D7E161D5FEBFF60D" blockId="13.[151,1436,1011,1095]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D7E161D5FEA7F643" bold="true" box="[151,287,1011,1034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D65361D2FE4CF640" ID-CoL="6SL3P" box="[293,500,1012,1034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jenynsii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D65361D2FE4CF640" box="[293,500,1012,1034]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oligosarcus jenynsii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, CI-FML 3943, 60.8 mm SL: Detail of right suspensorium and lower jaw; laterodorsal view, reversed image. 161(1) laterally displaced cartilage dorsal to ectopterygoid, ECP: ectopterygoid, MSP: mesopterygoid. Scale bar=1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF99B840D7E16655FB89F699" blockId="13.[151,1436,1139,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
2. The presence of seven or more pores in the laterosensory canal of the dentary (ch. 80, state 1). Paralleled in a clade including most members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D51166B1FD5DF6E5" box="[615,741,1175,1199]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Characinae">Characinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 167) and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D4C066BEFAFBF6E5" ID-CoL="4S4GB" authority="Agassiz. This" authorityName="Agassiz. This" box="[950,1347,1175,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Rhaphiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D4C066BEFB1DF6FA" box="[950,1189,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhaphiodon vulpinus</emphasis>
|
|
Agassiz. This
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
character-state is apparently shared with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D533669AFD05F69E" ID-CoL="496YN" box="[581,701,1212,1236]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdido">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D533669AFD05F69E" box="[581,701,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF99B840D533669AFDE4F699" box="[581,604,1212,1235]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. perdido
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D5BA669DFC13F699" author="Ribeiro" box="[716,939,1211,1236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D45F669BFCD9F69E" box="[809,865,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figure 2C).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF99B840D7E166F9FCEEF775" blockId="13.[151,1436,1139,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
3. The presence of a pair of large conical premaxillary teeth (ch. 121, state 1) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D35266F9FAFCF6BD" author="Mirande" box="[1060,1348,1247,1271]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 51</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Paralleled in the clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D5596722FD52F756" ID-CoL="MN5" box="[559,746,1284,1308]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" genus="Acestrorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D5596722FD52F756" box="[559,746,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Acestrorhynchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D4526722FC15F756" ID-CoL="8V62C" box="[804,941,1284,1308]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Rhaphiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D4526722FC15F756" box="[804,941,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhaphiodon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 174 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D3226725FAB8F751" author="Mirande" box="[1108,1280,1283,1307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Also shared with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D78B670EFE5AF70A" ID-CoL="496YN" box="[253,482,1320,1344]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdido">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D78B670EFE5AF70A" box="[253,482,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oligosarcus perdido</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D6876701FD68F775" author="Ribeiro" box="[497,720,1319,1344]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D538670FFD3EF70A" box="[590,646,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figure 2B).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF99B840D7E1676DFD52F481" blockId="13.[151,1436,1139,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
4. The aligned cusps in the teeth of the inner premaxillary series, when present (ch. 128, state 1) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D39B676DFE88F7CD" author="Mirande" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 67</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This is a highly homoplastic character. The acquisition of this state is paralleled in the clade composed of the subfamilies
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D69767B5FD10F7E1" box="[481,680,1427,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphyocharacinae">Aphyocharacinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D5C267B5FCE4F7E1" box="[692,860,1427,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphyoditeinae">Aphyoditeinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D4EF67B5FBFDF7E1" box="[921,1093,1427,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 208), in the clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D646679EFE2DF79A" ID-CoL="35G9" box="[304,405,1464,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D646679EFE2DF79A" box="[304,405,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Attonitus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D6A6679EFDFEF79A" ID-CoL="35RN" box="[464,582,1464,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Aulixidens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D6A6679EFDFEF79A" box="[464,582,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aulixidens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 245 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D59D6791FC2EF785" author="Mirande" box="[747,918,1463,1487]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D4806791FB39F785" box="[1014,1153,1463,1487]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhoadsiinae">Rhoadsiinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 249), in the clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D62A67FAFE56F7BE" ID-CoL="3TSD" box="[348,494,1500,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Coptobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D62A67FAFE56F7BE" box="[348,494,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Coptobrycon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D68A67FAFDCCF7BE" ID-CoL="4R8Z" box="[508,628,1500,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Grundulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D68A67FAFDCCF7BE" box="[508,628,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Grundulus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D5C467FAFCC7F7BE" ID-CoL="4RSJ" box="[690,895,1500,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocharacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D5C467FAFCC7F7BE" box="[690,895,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gymnocharacinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 280 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D36B67FDFB7FF7B9" author="Mirande" box="[1053,1223,1499,1523]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D38167FBFE62F45D" ID-CoL="6LPR9" authority="Gery & Mahnert" authorityName="Gery & Mahnert" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bleheri">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D38167FBFEACF452" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hemigrammus bleheri</emphasis>
|
|
Géry & Mahnert
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D5446426FBAAF45D" ID-CoL="48RNH" authority="Gomes. This" authorityName="Gomes. This" box="[562,1042,1535,1560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethostigmus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D5446426FCC4F452" box="[562,892,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Odontostoechus lethostigmus</emphasis>
|
|
Gomes. This
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
character is optimized in this node with the state present in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D6A86402FD6BF476" ID-CoL="496YK" box="[478,723,1572,1596]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menezesi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D6A86402FD6BF476" box="[478,723,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oligosarcus menezesi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D47B6402FCCAF476" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[781,882,1572,1596]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D47B6402FCCAF476" box="[781,882,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF99B840D47B6402FC9CF471" box="[781,804,1572,1595]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. pintoi
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
because the remaining species in this clade lack teeth unambiguously attributable to those of the second row. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D4D2646EFB21F42A" ID-CoL="496YK" box="[932,1177,1608,1632]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menezesi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D4D2646EFB21F42A" box="[932,1177,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oligosarcus menezesi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D3A2646EFA82F42A" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[1236,1338,1608,1632]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D3A2646EFA82F42A" box="[1236,1338,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF99B840D3A2646EFB53F415" box="[1236,1259,1608,1631]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. pintoi
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the premaxillary teeth of both rows are condensed in a single row, but some of them were observed to have extraosseous development and slightly posterior implantation than the remaining teeth. These teeth are, therefore, attributed to the posterior premaxillary row.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF99B840D7E164FEFB30F5A1" blockId="13.[151,1436,1139,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
5. The presence of four or fewer teeth in the inner premaxillary series, when present (ch. 129, state 0). Paralleled in the clade composed of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D54364DBFC3EF55E" ID-CoL="NHC4" box="[565,902,1788,1812]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scleroparius">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D54364DBFC3EF55E" box="[565,902,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bryconamericus scleroparius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade and the subfamilies
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D3A764DDFA20F559" box="[1233,1432,1787,1811]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphyocharacinae">Aphyocharacinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D7B36506FED5F572" box="[197,365,1824,1848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphyoditeinae">Aphyoditeinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D60A6506FD93F572" box="[380,555,1824,1848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D54C6506FCB1F572" box="[570,777,1824,1848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gymnocharacinae">Gymnocharacinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D43A6506FC60F572" box="[844,984,1824,1848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 193), in the clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D7B36563FEDEF516" ID-CoL="5SWK" box="[197,358,1861,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D7B36563FEDEF516" box="[197,358,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D6ED6562FDC2F516" ID-CoL="6ZR9" box="[411,634,1860,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudocorynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D6ED6562FDC2F516" box="[411,634,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudocorynopoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 235 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF99B840D4606565FC06F511" author="Mirande" box="[790,958,1859,1883]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D4986562FB66F516" ID-CoL="3Y7PY" box="[1006,1246,1860,1884]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D4986562FB66F516" box="[1006,1246,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Markiana nigripinnis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D24E6562FDF5F5CA" ID-CoL="4MLYY" authority="Eigenmann. This" authorityName="Eigenmann. This" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Probolodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterostomus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D24E6562FE3FF5CA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Probolodus heterostomus</emphasis>
|
|
Eigenmann. This
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
character is coded in the members of this clade only in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D3C8654EFF5CF5EE" ID-CoL="496YK" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menezesi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D3C8654EFF5CF5EE" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oligosarcus menezesi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with three teeth in a presumably posterior row, and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF99B840D41765AAFC7EF5EE" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[865,966,1932,1956]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF99B840D41765AAFC7EF5EE" box="[865,966,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF99B840D41765AAFCC0F5E9" box="[865,888,1932,1955]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. pintoi
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with four. The remaining species in this clade have a single row of differently sized and shaped premaxillary teeth which are not easily attributable to neither premaxillary tooth rows, and this character was coded as inapplicable to them.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="1383BAF3FF9AB843D7E16187FE5FF1BF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201392/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[151,1436,181,928]" targetPageId="14">
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9AB843D7E16187FE5FF1BF" blockId="14.[151,1437,929,1013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D7E16187FEA7F1FD" bold="true" box="[151,287,929,952]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D6506184FE5BF1F2" ID-CoL="496YP" box="[294,483,930,952]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D6506184FE5BF1F2" box="[294,483,930,952]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oligosarcus pintoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, CI-FML 4015, 28.4 mm SL: Detail of right suspensorium and lower jaw; laterodorsal view, reversed image. 161(0) cartilage dorsal to ectopterygoid parallel and close to mesopterygoid margin, ECP: ectopterygoid, MSP: mesopterygoid. Scale bar=1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9AB843D7E1663AFC57F6EA" blockId="14.[151,1436,1052,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
6. The abrupt decrease in size of the dentary teeth (ch. 148, state 1). Paralleled in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D31F6638FB59F67F" ID-CoL="3DKJ" box="[1129,1249,1054,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D31F6638FB59F67F" box="[1129,1249,1054,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bryconops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade (node 278 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D7936666FE28F612" author="Mirande" box="[229,400,1088,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), a clade including most species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D4206666FB99F612" box="[854,1057,1088,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetragonopterinae">Tetragonopterinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 223 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D3B06666FAC9F612" author="Mirande" box="[1222,1393,1088,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D7B36643FEF7F637" ID-CoL="637JK" box="[197,335,1125,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D7B36643FEF7F637" box="[197,335,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 255 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D69B6642FD2EF636" author="Mirande" box="[493,662,1124,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D5806643FC1FF637" ID-CoL="5W7DP" box="[758,935,1125,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latens">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D5806643FC1FF637" box="[758,935,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astyanax latens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D4C36643FA20F636" ID-CoL="687DT" authority="Azpelicueta, Almiron & Casciotta" authorityName="Azpelicueta, Almiron & Casciotta" box="[949,1432,1124,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paris">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D4C36643FBB7F637" box="[949,1039,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. paris</emphasis>
|
|
Azpelicueta, Almirón & Casciotta
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D7B366ACFE45F6EB" ID-CoL="68SRK" box="[197,509,1161,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emperador">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D7B366ACFE45F6EB" box="[197,509,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bryconamericus emperador</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D54C66AFFC57F6EA" ID-CoL="3NRXQ" authority="Gery." authorityName="Gery." box="[570,1007,1160,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herbertaxelrodi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D54C66AFFC13F6EB" box="[570,939,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi</emphasis>
|
|
Géry.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9AB843D7E1668BFB56F71E" blockId="14.[151,1436,1052,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
7. The anterodorsal portion of the quadrate equal or longer than its ventral region (ch. 150, state 1) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D242668AFEC1F6A2" author="Mirande" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010: figure 73</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This character-state is present in several species with predatory habits and elongated jaws, being acquired as parallelisms among the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D5DD66D2FC91F746" ID-CoL="7ZZ" box="[683,809,1268,1292]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in a clade including most members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D26866D2FA24F746" box="[1310,1436,1268,1292]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Characinae">Characinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 211 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D613673EFDAAF77A" author="Mirande" box="[357,530,1304,1328]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D501673FFC93F77B" ID-CoL="6ZJC" box="[631,811,1305,1329]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D501673FFC93F77B" box="[631,811,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pseudochalceus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade (node 289), in the clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D248673FFE93F71F" ID-CoL="MN5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acestrorhynchidae" genus="Acestrorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D248673FFE93F71F" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Acestrorhynchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D64F671BFE11F71F" ID-CoL="629DT" box="[313,425,1341,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Triportheidae" genus="Agoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D64F671BFE11F71F" box="[313,425,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agoniates</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D690671BFDD7F71F" ID-CoL="8V62C" box="[486,623,1341,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Rhaphiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D690671BFDD7F71F" box="[486,623,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rhaphiodon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 175 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D47A671AFC0DF71E" author="Mirande" box="[780,949,1340,1364]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D362671BFB5FF71F" ID-CoL="3DNBM" box="[1044,1255,1341,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D362671BFB5FF71F" box="[1044,1255,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Exodon paradoxus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9AB843D7E16746FCDAF7AE" blockId="14.[151,1436,1052,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
8. The absent or reduced in size bony lamellae associated with the supraneurals (ch. 282, state 0). Paralleled in the clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D6A767A0FCF7F7D6" ID-CoL="KQ45" authority="Eigenmann" authorityName="Eigenmann" box="[465,847,1412,1437]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Bario" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steindachneri">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D6A767A0FD0AF7D7" box="[465,690,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bario steindachneri</emphasis>
|
|
(Eigenmann)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D4FC67A3FA23F7D6" ID-CoL="73MYW" authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" box="[906,1435,1412,1437]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctaefilomenae">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D4FC67A3FB56F7D7" box="[906,1262,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae</emphasis>
|
|
(Steindachner)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 272 of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D615678EFDB5F78A" author="Mirande" box="[355,525,1448,1472]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and independently in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D46E678FFB25F78A" ID-CoL="959C" authority="Fowler" authorityName="Fowler" box="[792,1181,1448,1473]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Acestrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sardina">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D46E678FFB97F78B" box="[792,1071,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Acestrocephalus sardina</emphasis>
|
|
(Fowler)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D3DD678FFA2DF78B" ID-CoL="J5PK" box="[1195,1429,1449,1473]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D3DD678FFA2DF78B" box="[1195,1429,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astyanacinus moorii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D78267EBFCDAF7AE" ID-CoL="466SW" authority="Weitzman, Menezes & Britski." authorityName="Weitzman, Menezes & Britski." box="[244,866,1484,1509]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Nematocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venustus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D78267EBFDB8F7AF" box="[244,512,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nematocharax venustus</emphasis>
|
|
Weitzman, Menezes & Britski.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9AB843D7E167D6FDBFF596" blockId="14.[151,1436,1052,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
9. The notched distal tip of the sphenotic spine (ch. 366, state 1) (
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9AB843D4E767D6FC6EF442" box="[913,982,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1266]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oligosarcus pintoi, CI-FML 4015, 28.4 mm SL: Detail of neurocranium from lateral view; right side, reversed image. 13 (1): absence of temporal foramen, 366 (1): sphenotic spine notched, PTO: pterotic, SPH: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201386/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|
). Paralleled in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D3F467D7FAE3F443" ID-CoL="4T8YC" box="[1154,1371,1521,1545]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geryi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D3F467D7FAE3F443" box="[1154,1371,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Roeboexodon geryi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This character is herein added relative to the phylogeny by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D4436432FC5FF466" author="Mirande" box="[821,999,1556,1580]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and defined as: “Form of distal tip of sphenotic spine: (0) slender or somewhat expanded; (1) notched, limiting
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D362641FFAB2F41B" box="[1044,1290,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
|
|
anterior and posterodorsally”. In most characids the sphenotic has a lateroventral projection, the sphenotic spine, limiting anteriorly and/or laterally the
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D56E64A7FCB4F4D3" box="[536,780,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
|
|
muscle. In those species the sphenotic spine is slender or somewhat expanded from lateral view, limiting the
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D47C6483FC44F4F7" box="[778,1020,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
|
|
anteriorly and, in some species, also laterally (state 0;
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9AB843D6FC64EEFE68F4AA" box="[394,464,1736,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1420,1443]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,337,1399]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Oligosarcus itau, CI-FML 3858, 61.4 mm SL: Detail of neurocranium from lateral view; right side, reversed image. 13 (0): presence of temporal foramen, 48 (0): rhinosphenoid not proyected between olfactory nerves, 366 (0): sphenotic spine not notched, LAP: levator arcus palatini, OLN: olfactory nerve, PTO: pterotic, SPH: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201385/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|
). In most examined species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D45864EFFC0EF4AB" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[814,950,1737,1761]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D45864EFFC0EF4AB" box="[814,950,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and apparently also in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D3C864EFFA8FF4AB" ID-CoL="496YN" box="[1214,1335,1737,1761]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdido">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D3C864EFFA8FF4AB" box="[1214,1335,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF9AB843D3C864EFFB6DF4AA" box="[1214,1237,1737,1760]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. perdido
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9AB843D23064EEFEF3F54E" author="Ribeiro" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Ribeiro, A. C., Cavallaro, M. R. & Froehlich, O. (2007) Oligosarcus perdido (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species of freshwater fish from Serra da Bodoquena, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 43 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|
Ribeiro
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D7B364C8FF47F54F" box="[197,255,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
, 2007
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figure 1), the sphenotic spine is distally notched in lateral view (state 1;
|
|
<figureCitation id="DFC7F6FEFF9AB843D3E164CAFB65F54E" box="[1175,1245,1772,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1266]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oligosarcus pintoi, CI-FML 4015, 28.4 mm SL: Detail of neurocranium from lateral view; right side, reversed image. 13 (1): absence of temporal foramen, 366 (1): sphenotic spine notched, PTO: pterotic, SPH: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201386/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|
). In this state an anterior projection of the sphenotic spine limits anteriorly the
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D40C6537FBD3F563" box="[890,1131,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
|
|
, whereas the posterior section limits it posterodorsally. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D5596513FD52F507" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[559,746,1845,1869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau" status="sp. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D5596513FD52F507" box="[559,746,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oligosarcus itau</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6EBB8B12FF9AB843D5876513FC88F507" box="[753,816,1845,1869]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D5876513FC88F507" bold="true" box="[753,816,1845,1869]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
the sphenotic spine is expanded from lateral view, and it limits the
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D624657FFDFDF53B" box="[338,581,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">adductor mandibulae</emphasis>
|
|
anterior and laterally, but lacks a posterior projection limiting that muscle posterodorsally. A distally notched sphenotic spine was only observed among the characids in the remaining species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D6366587FE70F5F3" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[320,456,1953,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D6366587FE70F5F3" box="[320,456,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9AB843D5526587FCECF5F3" ID-CoL="4T8YC" authority="Myers" authorityName="Myers" box="[548,852,1953,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geryi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9AB843D5526587FCB8F5F3" box="[548,768,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Roeboexodon geryi</emphasis>
|
|
Myers
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; all the remaining species in the dataset are coded with state 0 of this character.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9BB842D7B162B1FD9BF356" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Character 12 refers to the relative position of the sphenotic spine relative to the orbit (see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9BB842D3C762B1FAE3F2E5" author="Mirande" box="[1201,1371,151,175]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Differing from
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9BB842D654629AFE6EF29E" author="Mirande" box="[290,470,188,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, it was herein coded as inapplicable to the species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D349629AFB7FF29E" ID-CoL="67QY" box="[1087,1223,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D349629AFB7FF29E" box="[1087,1223,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
excepting
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D233629BFA2CF29E" ID-CoL="496YC" box="[1349,1428,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itau">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D233629BFA2CF29E" box="[1349,1428,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<collectingCountry id="3FEBAAEBFF9BB842D233629BFAE4F29E" box="[1349,1372,189,212]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">O</collectingCountry>
|
|
. itau
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, because in those species the anterior branch is aligned with the anterior margin of the infraorbitals but the posterior one is clearly displaced posteriorly.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4743EA7BFF9BB842D7B16301FEA1F116" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D7B16301FD34F30A" bold="true" box="[199,652,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
|
Relationships of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D6E26301FD3DF30A" ID-CoL="J5PK" box="[404,645,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D6E26301FD3DF30A" bold="true" box="[404,645,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanacinus moorii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
In all the performed analyses
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D486630EFB62F30A" ID-CoL="J5PK" box="[1008,1242,296,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D486630EFB62F30A" box="[1008,1242,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanacinus moorii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is deeply nested into the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D783636AFEE4F32E" ID-CoL="34PZ" box="[245,348,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D783636AFEE4F32E" box="[245,348,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236D978AFF9BB842D6D8636AFDE2F32E" author="Mirande" box="[430,602,332,356]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): From characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 385 - 568." type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In the proposed hypothesis
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D4D1636AFBAAF32E" ID-CoL="J5PK" box="[935,1042,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D4D1636AFBAAF32E" box="[935,1042,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. moorii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the sister group of a clade composed of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D78B6356FD97F3CD" ID-CoL="J5PP" authority="Jenyns" authorityName="Jenyns" box="[253,559,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D78B6356FE7FF3C2" box="[253,455,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanax abramis</emphasis>
|
|
(Jenyns)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D54C6356FC8EF3CD" ID-CoL="J5Q9" authority="Gery" authorityName="Gery" box="[570,822,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asuncionensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D54C6356FD4EF3C2" box="[570,758,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. asuncionensis</emphasis>
|
|
Géry
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D4376356FB93F3CD" ID-CoL="J5SZ" authority="Perugia" authorityName="Perugia" box="[833,1067,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D4376356FC00F3C2" box="[833,952,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. lineatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Perugia)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D3406356FAFCF3CD" ID-CoL="67VDS" authority="Eigenmann" authorityName="Eigenmann" box="[1078,1348,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pelegrini">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D3406356FB02F3C2" box="[1078,1210,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. pelegrini</emphasis>
|
|
Eigenmann
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D2386356FEF4F3E6" ID-CoL="3Y7PY" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D2386356FEF4F3E6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Markiana nigripinnis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D6EA63B2FCD9F3E6" ID-CoL="4NFXZ" authority="Eigenmann" authorityName="Eigenmann" box="[412,865,404,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Psellogrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kennedyi">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D6EA63B2FD06F3E6" box="[412,702,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Psellogrammus kennedyi</emphasis>
|
|
(Eigenmann)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(node 216). According to the present results,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D7E1639EFE95F39A" ID-CoL="34PY" box="[151,301,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D7E1639EFE95F39A" box="[151,301,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanacinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
should be synonymized with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D509639EFD5EF39A" ID-CoL="34PZ" box="[639,742,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D509639EFD5EF39A" box="[639,742,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, this issue have to be addressed in a more comprehensive phylogeny of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D6B763FAFD90F3BE" ID-CoL="34PZ" box="[449,552,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D6B763FAFD90F3BE" box="[449,552,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade. The synapomorphies relating
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D4A763FAFB02F3BE" ID-CoL="J5PK" box="[977,1210,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D4A763FAFB02F3BE" box="[977,1210,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanacinus moorii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with node 216 are: The relatively short frontal fontanel (ch. 23, state 0), the squared or longer than deeper fourth infraorbital (ch. 67, state 0), the presence of a posteriorly oriented branch of the laterosensory system of the fourth or fifth infraorbital (ch. 74, state 1), the presence of only three cusps in the outer premaxillary teeth (ch. 125, state 0), the presence of a single developed autogenous block of cartilage in front of the basihyal (ch. 188, state 0), and the presence of circuli extended to the posterior field of the scales (ch. 319, state 0). Most of those features are rather highly homoplastic within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D6646092FE28F086" ID-CoL="7ZZ" box="[274,400,692,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
lacking a supraorbital, excepting character 319. The circuli on the posterior field of scales are absent in most species in the clade of characids lacking a supraorbital bone. The presence of those circuli occurs as parallelisms in this node and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D56960DAFD4AF15E" ID-CoL="3DNBM" box="[543,754,764,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D56960DAFD4AF15E" box="[543,754,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Exodon paradoxus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D47760DAFA93F15E" ID-CoL="4G2QB" authority="Meek & Hildebrand" authorityName="Meek & Hildebrand" box="[769,1323,764,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Phenagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D47760DAFB93F15E" box="[769,1067,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Phenagoniates macrolepis</emphasis>
|
|
(Meek & Hildebrand)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D21160DBFE5EF17D" ID-CoL="4T8Z6" authority="Reinhardt" authorityName="Reinhardt" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D21160DBFEE3F172" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Roeboides microlepis</emphasis>
|
|
(Reinhardt)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, while it is reversed within the node including
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D49A6106FB6BF172" ID-CoL="J5PK" box="[1004,1235,800,824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moorii">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D49A6106FB6BF172" box="[1004,1235,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astyanacinus moorii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
only in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="80FC91F8FF9BB842D25B6106FEAAF116" ID-CoL="3Y7PY" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">
|
|
<emphasis id="75883669FF9BB842D25B6106FEAAF116" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Markiana nigripinnis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |