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<document id="BD84DA73920346731756EE83EC1356FB" ID-CLB-Dataset="3532" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5684751" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5ce30349-be7d-41d9-b9c3-3f089552d894" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5684751" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633566623593" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03CC87EC912FFB5DFF07FDBCF62DD395" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mephitidae_0532.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Spilogale gracilis Merriam 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="561" masterDocId="FFF5FF949127FB55FF93FFCCFFC9D551" masterDocTitle="Mephitidae" masterLastPageNumber="562" masterPageNumber="532" pageNumber="561" updateTime="1700280156500" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="D5D24AB03D540E546709D7494348C611" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="459D04FC58E5CA05AF849C232D154832">
<mods:title id="85E293CFFF6674490CE8C1C60CFA855E">Mephitidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="38C36038E4015732083A7ABA632D49EF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F30A3113CB2A8BFD8170F78FAC7B2F53">
<mods:roleTerm id="D8061826BA2F3F6DFF3A71FFDC36CC30">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="54ADFC29E0C869BF4EABC8C825A7B2A8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="334005F7A62EB2A0CD14CD055495E0BA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="74DCF68A316B2AADEE95D54D86CB0BFD">
<mods:roleTerm id="DAA6D26E3AFF5D5A9444C5EEB2BF5F23">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CC905ED2F402FF6E8CFA80F909BAD50F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="57DCA36C555727492C0D9C09EE225A6B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="53DD03C437AB8DB939994CE4E8CA43FC" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="579289B22B3FCF10A01DB96FC26F7530">
<mods:dateIssued id="0F2FAA0A24C505B323853A95A8B2C79E">2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="AC9E23DABAD1606B1DF3AD0C104EE16F" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="A28B99A4DD9D881CB6D09E28D84CADF7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="959D2B7EA920C1AF490AFE1E0C7218DD">
<mods:placeTerm id="73D0A80A2FC6BA5AB5770466873F81B4">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="EE1FE199E23BD5932EC91E279E159AD2">
<mods:title id="250054088716A54DA49211D1F4870BC4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="34498F188B5FEE565333FE568DCF3CC7">
<mods:extent id="6F8BC84AD33D3BFB26C77FA935E72600" unit="page">
<mods:start id="8C058E9E18408F368F5D0D6665DCDA71">532</mods:start>
<mods:end id="A9A1D99A511027171D099BDFD93BCBE9">562</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="28B794859485B937BAAEA2E424C0725F">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="7E8055D36867B24EA68BF0FDC0AB1679" type="CLB-Dataset">3532</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C66D2A047258404957D61CFB234FFC3C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5684751</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A2D338900FACF8785908FB07BACE100E" type="GBIF-Dataset">5ce30349-be7d-41d9-b9c3-3f089552d894</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1B9E90996F2AE5B4BE9735A7CF1A859E" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8E069A816608AB8C4A460E4A97A18D5A" type="Zenodo-Dep">5684751</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03CC87EC912FFB5DFF07FDBCF62DD395" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5700805" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190305736" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5700805" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87EC912FFB5DFF07FDBCF62DD395" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87EC912FFB5DFF07FDBCF62DD395" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF07FDBCFF02D7CF" box="[148,203,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF07FDBCFF02D7CF" blockId="8.[144,1068,624,712]" box="[148,203,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<heading id="D0928196912FFB5DFF07FDBCFF02D7CF" box="[148,203,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<figureCitation id="135E2A7F912FFB5DFF07FDBCFF02D7CF" box="[148,203,624,670]" captionStart="Plate 31: Mephitidae" captionStartId="2.[163,193,3410,3435]" captionTargetBox="[18,2811,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Sunda Stink Badger (Mydaus javanensis), 2. Palawan Stink Badger (Mydaus marchei), 3. American Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus leuconotus), 4. Molina’s Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus chinga), 5. Striped Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus semistriatus), 6. Humboldt’s Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus humboldti), 7. Hooded Skunk (Mephitis macroura), 8. Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephatis), 9. Pygmy Spotted Skunk (Spilogale pygmaea), 10. Eastern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius), 11. Western Spotted Skunk (Spilogale gracilis), 12. Southern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale angustifrons)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6353179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6353179/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">11.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF4AFDBCFD0BD7CF" box="[217,706,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF4AFDBCFD0BD7CF" blockId="8.[144,1068,624,712]" box="[217,706,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<heading id="D0928196912FFB5DFF4AFDBCFD0BD7CF" box="[217,706,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<vernacularName id="056646D4912FFB5DFF4AFDBCFD0BD7CF" box="[217,706,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Western Spotted Skunk</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFD41FDBCFBC1D7CF" box="[722,1032,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFD41FDBCFBC1D7CF" blockId="8.[144,1068,624,712]" box="[722,1032,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<heading id="D0928196912FFB5DFD41FDBCFBC1D7CF" box="[722,1032,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFD41FDBCFBC1D7CF" ID-CoL="4Z3P5" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[722,1032,624,670]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFD41FDBCFBC1D7CF" box="[722,1032,624,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Spilogale gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF02FD7CFBE2D794" box="[145,1067,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02FD7CFBE2D794" blockId="8.[144,1068,624,712]" box="[145,1067,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<heading id="D0928196912FFB5DFF02FD7CFBE2D794" box="[145,1067,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFF02FD7CFF17D794" box="[145,222,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="056646D4912FFB5DFF7BFD7CFE42D794" box="[232,395,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Moufette gracile</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFE33FD7CFE32D794" box="[416,507,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="056646D4912FFB5DFD90FD7CFD37D794" box="[515,766,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Westlicher Fleckenskunk</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFC80FD7CFCA7D794" box="[787,878,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="056646D4912FFB5DFCEBFD7CFBE2D794" box="[888,1067,688,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Mofeta occidental</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFD64FD3BFC88D66A" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFD64FD3BFC88D66A" blockId="8.[758,1345,759,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFD64FD3BFC5BD645" box="[759,914,759,788]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFC25FD3BFCF4D66A" ID-CoL="4Z3P5" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">Spilogale gracilis Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFCC3FCEEFBDED6D8" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFCC3FCEEFBDED6D8" blockId="8.[758,1345,759,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<materialsCitation id="3B0D3CA7912FFB5DFCC3FCEEFBDED6D8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3704616305" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
Grand Canon of the
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFB17FCEEFACFD66A" box="[1156,1286,802,827]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Colorado</collectingRegion>
(altitude
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFCCAFC89FC2AD633" box="[857,995,837,866]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="ft" value="3500.0">3500 feet</quantity>
),
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFB92FC89FBB8D633" box="[1025,1137,837,866]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Arizona</collectingRegion>
, north of San Francisco Mountain.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFD65FC58FC07D127" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFD65FC58FC07D127" blockId="8.[758,1345,759,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Western Spotted Skunks were once considered the same species as Eastern Spotted Skunks. Chromosomal and reproductive data have been used to elevate these skunks to specific status. Seven subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFD6BFB4CFAF7D3CD" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="synonymic_list">
<caption id="DF1A6672912FFB5DFD6BFB4CFAF7D3CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6353173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6353173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6353173/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" targetBox="[143,728,766,1176]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFD6BFB4CFB4ED1CC" blockId="8.[758,1345,759,1181]" box="[760,1159,1152,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFD6BFB4CFB4ED1CC" box="[760,1159,1152,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02FB60FAF5D042" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02FB60FE30D194" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[145,505,1196,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gracilis" subSpecies="gracilis">S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
— W
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFDAFFB60FDB2D194" box="[572,635,1196,1221]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
(from E
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFD64FB60FC57D194" box="[759,926,1196,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Washington</collectingRegion>
&amp; E
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFC72FB60FB85D194" box="[993,1100,1196,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Oregon</collectingRegion>
to NE
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFB3EFB60FAF3D194" box="[1197,1338,1196,1221]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">California</collectingRegion>
, and then E to W
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFE10FB06FDC8D1BA" box="[387,513,1226,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Montana</collectingRegion>
&amp; E
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFDDAFB06FD19D1BA" box="[585,720,1226,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
to C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFC8CFB06FC6AD1BA" box="[799,931,1226,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, and possibly the Black Hills,
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFF03FB3AFE9BD042" box="[144,338,1270,1299]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
. Then S to N
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFD86FB3AFD0AD042" box="[533,707,1270,1299]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
, N
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFD67FB3AFCADD042" box="[756,868,1270,1299]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Arizona</collectingRegion>
, C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFC01FB3AFC30D042" box="[914,1017,1270,1299]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Nevada</collectingRegion>
and E &amp; C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFB0EFB3AFAE6D042" box="[1181,1327,1270,1299]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02FAD5FD5ED030" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02FAD5FDD9D06B" authority="Dickey, 1929" authorityName="Dickey" authorityYear="1929" box="[145,528,1305,1338]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gracilis" subSpecies="amphialus">S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFDFFFAD5FD62D06B" box="[620,683,1305,1338]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
(occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County,
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFE64FA8CFD40D030" box="[503,649,1344,1377]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02FAA4FAC8D0E0" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02FAA4FDC5D0D8" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[145,524,1384,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gracilis" subSpecies="latifrons">S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFDF5FAA4FD19D0D8" box="[614,720,1384,1417]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Canada</collectingCountry>
(SW
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFC8EFAA4FBC5D0D8" box="[797,1036,1384,1417]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
) S and W to NW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFA91FAA4FA88D0D8" box="[1282,1345,1384,1417]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFF0FFA58FE8AD0E0" box="[156,323,1428,1457]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Washington</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFE1EFA58FDC9D0E0" box="[397,512,1428,1457]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Oregon</collectingRegion>
). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02FA73FC1AD0AE" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02FA73FDE3D089" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[145,554,1471,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gracilis" subSpecies="leucoparia">S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
— S
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFDF5FA73FD6CD089" box="[614,677,1471,1496]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
(found from C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFC14FA73FC31D089" box="[903,1016,1471,1496]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Arizona</collectingRegion>
, C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFBB5FA73FB1CD089" box="[1062,1237,1471,1496]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
, and W &amp; C central
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFEAAFA2EFE41D0AE" box="[313,392,1506,1535]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Texas</collectingRegion>
) S to N
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFE6EFA2EFDABD0AE" box="[509,610,1506,1535]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFDE9FA2EFD33D0AE" box="[634,762,1506,1535]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
&amp; C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFCD1FA2EFC0CD0AE" box="[834,965,1506,1535]" country="Mexico" name="Durango" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Durango</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02F9C9FD7ED31F" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02F9C9FDD3D377" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[145,538,1541,1574]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" species="gracilis" subSpecies="lucasana">S. g. lucasana Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
— NW
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFDEFF9C9FD28D377" box="[636,737,1541,1574]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Mexico</collectingRegion>
(S
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFC87F9C9FC2DD377" box="[788,996,1541,1574]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Baja California</collectingRegion>
N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFEEAF9FDFE1AD31F" box="[377,467,1585,1614]" country="Honduras" name="La Paz" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">La Paz</collectingRegion>
on the E coast).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02F994FBECD324" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" box="[145,1061,1624,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02F994FDC8D324" authority="Elliot, 1903" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1903" box="[145,513,1624,1653]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gracilis" subSpecies="martirensis">S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903</taxonomicName>
— NW
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFDF0F994FD01D324" box="[611,712,1624,1653]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Mexico</collectingRegion>
(N &amp; C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFCD2F994FBD1D324" box="[833,1048,1624,1653]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Baja California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF02F9B7FAF7D3CD" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" box="[145,1342,1659,1692]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF02F9B7FE36D3CD" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[145,511,1659,1692]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gracilis" subSpecies="phenax">S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DFDC6F9B7FD5DD3CD" box="[597,660,1659,1692]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
(From
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFD6CF9B7FC42D3CD" box="[767,907,1659,1692]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">California</collectingRegion>
west to crest of Sierra
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFB50F9B7FAF8D3CD" box="[1219,1329,1659,1692]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Nevada</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF1CF96BFCA6DFCB" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF1CF96BFCA6DFCB" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFF1CF96BFE40D395" box="[143,393,1703,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFDD7F96BFD00D395" box="[580,713,1703,1732]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="cm" value="31.0" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="25.0">25-37 cm</quantity>
(males) and
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFC1FF96BFBDBD395" box="[908,1042,1703,1732]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="cm" value="25.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="24.0">24-27 cm</quantity>
(females), tail
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFB63F96BFF71D3BA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="cm" value="15.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="10.0">10-21 cm</quantity>
(males) and 8:
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFE1DF902FDEAD3BA" box="[398,547,1742,1771]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.265" metricValueMax="2.03" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="cm" value="12.65" valueMax="20.3" valueMin="5.0">5-20.3 cm</quantity>
(females); weight
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFCBFF902FC72D3BA" box="[812,955,1742,1771]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.26" metricValueMax="9.97" metricValueMin="2.55" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="g" value="626.0" valueMax="997.0" valueMin="255.0">255-997 g</quantity>
(males) and
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F912FFB5DFBE9F902FACED3BA" box="[1146,1287,1742,1771]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.175" metricValueMax="5.66" metricValueMin="2.69" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" unit="g" value="417.5" valueMax="566.0" valueMin="269.0">269-566 g</quantity>
(females).
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFE90F93DFEBBD243" box="[259,370,1777,1810]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spilogale</taxonomicName>
is more weasel-like in body plan than any of the other genera (Mephatis,
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF78F8D4FEA7D268" box="[235,366,1816,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Conepatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Conepatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFEECF8D4FE22D268" box="[383,491,1816,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mydaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mydaus</taxonomicName>
). Western Spotted Skunks are similar in color pattern to the Eastern Spotted Skunks in that they also have six stripes along the back and sides. One set ofstripes runs parallel to the backbone, and beside those stripes is another set that extends past the shoulders and over the ears. The third set of stripes runs from the shoulder to the abdomen and then curves upwards towards the back. There is also a spot on each of the hips. The color pattern may break up the body outline on moonless nights. Where the two species potentially come together the Western Spotted Skunks tends to have wider white stripes and a larger spot between the eyes. The Western Spotted Skunks is reportedly longer and more slender with a longertail than the Eastern Spotted Skunks. The feet each have five toes and locomotion is plantigrade. Western Spotted Skunks are quite capable climbers. The skull is flatter and wider than that of the Eastern Spotted Skunks, and the front region of the skull is depressed to the level of the cranium. The baculum of the Western Spotted Skunk is shorter than and not as curved as that of the Eastern Spotted Skunk. Western Spotted Skunks also have two muscular musk glands at the base of the tail inside the anal sphincter. These glands are capable of ejecting a noxious yellow fluid that is used in defense to deter a predator. The musk is composed of three major thiols, (E)-2-butene-I-thiol, 3-methyl-1- butanethiol, and 2-phenylethanethiol, and several minor components, including phenylmethanethiol, 2-methyl-quinoline, 2-quinoline methanethiol, bis[(E)-2-butenyl] disulfide, (E)-2-butenyl 3-methylbutyl disulfide, and bis(3-methylbutyl) disulfide. The Western Spotted Skunks does not have the thiol esters associated with the musk as seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFF26F59EFEEBDF22" box="[181,290,2642,2675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mephitis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C654D79912FFB5DFEFFF59EFE26DF22" box="[364,495,2642,2675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Conepatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Conepatus</taxonomicName>
. While the spray is as pungent as in the other skunks it does not have the “staying power” without the thiol esters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF1DF56DFEC7D972" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF1DF56DFEC7D972" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFF1DF56DFF34DF93" box="[142,253,2721,2754]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Habitat.</emphasis>
These skunks are found along streams in riparian thickets composed of willows and cottonwoods or alder, salmonberry, tan oak and other hardwoods. They also occur in all stages of dry forests and pine-oak forests, and use canyons, cliffs, rock piles, lava fields, and dry valleys. They prefer areas where they can find cover protection from predators. These skunks will use tunnels and holes of other animals such as mountain beavers in
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DFE78F4A9FD9EDED7" box="[491,599,2917,2950]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Oregon</collectingRegion>
and wood rats and ground squirrels in other parts of their range. Western Spotted Skunks have been found in older buildings in rural settings, but also have been taken in urban houses and apartments. They also will den around other man-made structures such as dams as long as protective cover is available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF1DF3E5FAF1D991" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF1DF3E5FAF1D991" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFF1DF3E5FE5BD91B" box="[142,402,3113,3146]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Western Spotted Skunks eat a variety of food items. They are omnivores, but tend to have a mostly carnivorous diet. They eat small mammals, birds, and lizards. They consume a number of insects including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, and ants. They also will eat fruits and vegetable matter to supplement their diets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFF1EF30AF9CAD4DA" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFF1EF30AF9CAD4DA" blockId="8.[141,1346,1196,3460]" lastBlockId="8.[1415,2621,284,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFF1EF30AFEB1D9B6" box="[141,376,3270,3303]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
They are generally nocturnal. They prefer to move under the cover of darkness, but have been observed during daylight hours. When nervous they will walk with heavy deliberate steps. Spotted skunks are quite agile and are capable of climbing. Like other spotted skunks, they can perform handstands and walk on only their front paws. When faced with a potential predator, the skunk rushes forward, then stands on its forepaws with its hind end elevated off the ground. It can spray in this position, but usually drops to all fours and faces the predator with both ends before spraying.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFA1BFE5DF842D6DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFA1BFE5DF842D6DB" blockId="8.[1415,2621,284,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFA1BFE5DF7F3D4E3" box="[1416,2106,401,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Western Spotted Skunks usually den alone, but they use multiple dens. Dens may be used by multiple individuals, but not necessarily at the same time. The skunks usually den in areas that provide protective cover, such as under shrubs or prickly pear cactus. During the late summer and early fall months males tend to be captured more than females. This could be due to increased movement of males during the breeding season, which corresponds to these months. Young animals when playing will let out a loud, ear piercing, high pitched screech when excited. Young males of the same litter will wrestle more aggressively than females. They tend to leave the maternal den sooner in order to look for mates. Western Spotted Skunks have a patchy distribution throughout their range and very little study has been done of home range, density, and dispersal. However,in an island population these skunks have a larger home range (about twice the size) in the drier months than during the wet months.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFA1BFC5DFA31D1CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFA1BFC5DFA31D1CC" blockId="8.[1415,2621,284,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFA1BFC5DF9C7D6E3" box="[1416,1550,913,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Breeding.</emphasis>
These skunks breed in September and October and undergo a period of delayed implantation. Although a second period of breeding is possible, this breeding season makes them reproductively isolated from Eastern Spotted Skunks. Western Spotted Skunks give birth in April or May to a litter of 2-6 young. Gestation lasts for about 210-230 days. Young are born blind and naked. Their eyes open after about 28 days and they are weaned after two months. Young begin to disperse after about three months.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFA1BFB68FA37D376" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFA1BFB68FA37D376" blockId="8.[1415,2621,284,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFA1BFB68F924D194" box="[1416,1773,1188,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
. Not listed in CITES. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. The island spotted skunk in
<collectingRegion id="49A1F818912FFB5DF84CFB07F7A3D1BD" box="[2015,2154,1227,1260]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">California</collectingRegion>
is listed as a subspecies of special concern. Several larger carnivores such as domestic dogs, coyotes, foxes, feral cats, bobcats, and birds of prey such as owls are known to prey on spotted skunks. Various intestinal parasites including tapeworms, roundworms, and coccidia have been found in spotted skunks. They also are susceptible to fleas and ticks. Humans have been known to trap and shoot spotted skunks for fur and they have been poisoned as non target animals during predator control efforts. In the
<collectingCountry id="F372766A912FFB5DF713FA7BF709D089" box="[2176,2240,1463,1496]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
, rabies has been reported, butit is rare. Western Spotted Skunks have been reported to survive over ten years in captivity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6571912FFB5DFA1BF9FAF62DD395" pageId="8" pageNumber="561" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA912FFB5DFA1BF9FAF62DD395" blockId="8.[1415,2621,284,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B911EAE8912FFB5DFA1BF9FAF9D6D31E" box="[1416,1567,1590,1615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="561">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bailey (1905, 1931, 1936), Carey &amp; Kershner (1996), Crooks &amp; Van Vuren (1995), Dickey (1929), Doty &amp; Dowler (2006), Genoways &amp; Jones (1968), Grinnell et al. (1937), Hall (1926), Hall &amp; Kelson (1952), Howell (1906), Mead (1968b), Merriam (1890a, 1890b), Neiswenter &amp; Dowler (2007), Neiswenter et al. (2006), Patton (1974), Seton (1926), Van Gelder (1959), Verts &amp; Carraway (1998), Verts et al. (2001), Wood et al. (1991).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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