359 lines
37 KiB
XML
359 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="0E7B2DEBBE605467F8927CF1C58F1E45" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4017.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="086efdb4-44cf-4c0b-a796-1eb81f2cdd24" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245475" ID-ZooBank="BBFC3D93-6A7E-4862-84EF-021ADE2F4B3A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461250260060" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zuparko, Robert L." docDate="2015" docId="03CC87E4FFBA4364FF02C672895FFE8D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04017p126.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4017 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Tetracnemoidea Howard 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FFF5FF9CFF84435BFF95C5638839FF90" masterDocTitle="Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698607410885" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="FC397580E50783D3D0719BAB3FB0D728" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BA083C406259F1346ACE7046B40F08FB">
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<mods:title id="E8C08788B4A1835BD44D58C4A33C752A">Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D8D8ABA442AA67AB3708362BA845B1B5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C35A1691577546F188AFBDC0D24D7F70">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3C15365F55B923E2B20E6E0696890A7A">Zuparko, Robert L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0A86D2AD8BA581F00E2A4196640594E6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4FA83BFEC85F1C47C95B7CC1574534C3">
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<mods:title id="A292E05D03463AAA1048F4DD1A174D4C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CF0A69F6EE772DBC4E5984096F69E0A0">
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<mods:date id="184DF7DBBA145597EA28226FC399B210">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="42AA8F6E6B09E52F655F9446F32F6BC4" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="219059334E1B3A6FAF7249C999D13957">4017</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="01CD8684541A741744F066DADBEB7AA1" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="688C6153DEA9906070652392F02856D0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="6F83E6A8AD2B732AE046BE942DD2C4BA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5B0051462C1C06574C91349BB04B0AF2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4017.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CC87E4FFBA4364FF02C672895FFE8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6117097" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123206879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6117097" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87E4FFBA4364FF02C672895FFE8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E4FFBA4364FF02C672895FFE8D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF02C6728A19FCE0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF02C6728A2CFCBB" blockId="62.[151,533,785,811]" box="[151,533,785,811]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<heading id="D092819EFFBA4365FF02C6728A2CFCBB" bold="true" box="[151,533,785,811]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FF02C6728A2CFCBB" ID-CoL="63V38" authority="Howard 1898" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,533,785,811]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tetracnemoidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C6728A2CFCBB" bold="true" box="[151,533,785,811]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C6728961FCBB" bold="true" box="[151,344,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tetracnemoidea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FECAC6728A2CFCBB" author="Howard" box="[351,533,785,811]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Howard, L. O. (1898 a) On some new parasitic insects of the subfamily Encyrtinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 21, 231 - 248. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1142.231" type="journal article" year="1898" yearSuffix="a">Howard 1898a</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF02C6348A19FCE0" blockId="62.[151,544,855,880]" box="[151,544,855,880]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C63488D8FCE0" bold="true" box="[151,225,855,880]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Hosts.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FF7DC634895AFCE0" box="[232,355,855,880]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FEF8C6348A19FCE0" box="[365,544,855,880]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF02C6FC8A93FC28" box="[151,682,927,952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF02C6FC8A93FC28" blockId="62.[151,1436,927,1205]" box="[151,682,927,952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7511DCFFBA4365FF02C6FC8A93FC28" box="[151,682,927,952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FF02C6FC8A93FC28" ID-CoL="55LQ7" authority="(Girault 1915e: 174) (Arhopoideus)" authorityName="Girault" authorityPageNumber="174" authorityYear="1915" baseAuthorityName="Girault" baseAuthorityPageNumber="174" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[151,682,927,952]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tetracnemoidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C6FC892CFC28" box="[151,277,927,952]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">brevicornis</emphasis>
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(
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410E3FFBA4365FEB1C6FC89C3FC28" author="Girault" box="[292,506,927,952]" page="174" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1915">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FEB1C6FC89C3FC28" author="Girault" box="[292,506,927,952]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Girault, A. A. (1915 e) New genera of chalcidoid Hymenoptera. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 23, 165 - 173." type="journal article" year="1915" yearSuffix="e">Girault 1915e: 174</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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) (
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD86C6FC8A98FC28" box="[531,673,927,952]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Arhopoideus</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C6A78905FC4C" box="[199,316,964,989]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C6A78905FC4C" blockId="62.[151,1436,927,1205]" box="[199,316,964,989]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<typeStatus id="54DE8850FFBA4365FF52C6A78939FC4D" box="[199,256,964,989]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C6A78939FC4D" bold="true" box="[199,256,964,989]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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. QM
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C6848C64FBB5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C6848BD6FB90" blockId="62.[151,1436,927,1205]" box="[199,1007,999,1024]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C6848959FB90" bold="true" box="[199,352,999,1024]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E (Alameda, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Diego)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C16F8C64FBB5" blockId="62.[151,1436,927,1205]" box="[199,1117,1036,1061]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C16F895AFBB5" bold="true" box="[199,355,1036,1061]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Host/habitat.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FEFFC16F8AA2FBB5" box="[362,667,1036,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calceolariae">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FEFFC16F8AA2FBB5" box="[362,667,1036,1061]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus calceolariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FD3FC16E8B7EFBB5" box="[682,839,1036,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD3FC16E8A81FBB4" box="[682,696,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD53C16F8B7EFBB5" box="[710,839,1036,1061]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">longispinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FCC0C16E8BDAFBB4" box="[853,995,1037,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FCC0C16E8B5AFBB4" box="[853,867,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FCE4C16E8BDAFBB4" box="[881,995,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">maritimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FC65C16E8C64FBB5" box="[1008,1117,1036,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Lichtensia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburni">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FC65C16E8BC7FBB4" box="[1008,1022,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB99C16F8C64FBB5" box="[1036,1117,1036,1061]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">viburni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C14C8C98FB24" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C14C8C98FB24" blockId="62.[151,1436,927,1205]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C14C8902FBD8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1071,1096]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Imported from
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<collectingCountry id="F3727662FFBA4365FD85C14C8A4EFBD8" box="[528,631,1071,1096]" name="Australia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Australia</collectingCountry>
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in
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<quantity id="4C9D9B17FFBA4365FD27C1538B2AFBD8" box="[690,787,1071,1096]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.897119999999999" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="in" value="1928.0">1928 in</quantity>
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a biological control program against
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FB68C14C891AFBFD" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calceolariae">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB68C14C891AFBFD" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus calceolariae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, this species was released at several sites in Southern California, and immediately established (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FAD3C13789CAFB00" author="Bartlett" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Bartlett, B. R. (1978 c) Pseudococcidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Agriculture Handbook 480. Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, pp. 137 - 170." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="c">
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Bartlett 1978c, as
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FE9DC11489CAFB00" box="[264,499,1143,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hungariella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pretiosa">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FE9DC11489CAFB00" box="[264,499,1143,1168]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Hungariella pretiosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FD9FC1148B19FB00" box="[522,800,1143,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comstocki">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD9FC1148B19FB00" box="[522,800,1143,1168]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus comstocki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not a proven host (see Methods). In California, I have found the three described species of the genus can occur sympatrically on urban shade trees.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF02C1868A9DFB6C" box="[151,676,1252,1277]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF02C1868A9DFB6C" blockId="62.[151,1436,1252,1637]" box="[151,676,1252,1277]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7511DCFFBA4365FF02C1868A9DFB6C" box="[151,676,1252,1277]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FF02C1868A9DFB6C" authority="(Compere 1939b: 59) (Tetracnemus)" authorityName="Compere" authorityPageNumber="59" authorityYear="1939" baseAuthorityName="Compere" baseAuthorityPageNumber="59" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[151,676,1252,1277]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hypoxidaceae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asparagales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Peregrina">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C186893DFB6C" box="[151,260,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">peregrina</emphasis>
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(
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410E3FFBA4365FE86C18789CDFB6D" author="Compere" box="[275,500,1252,1277]" page="59" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1939">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FE86C18789CDFB6D" author="Compere" box="[275,500,1252,1277]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Compere, H. (1939 b) Mealybugs and their natural enemies in South America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 7, 57 - 73." type="journal article" year="1939" yearSuffix="b">Compere 1939b: 59</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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) (
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD99C1868AA3FB6C" box="[524,666,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tetracnemus</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C0648959FAB0" box="[199,352,1287,1312]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C0648959FAB0" blockId="62.[151,1436,1252,1637]" box="[199,352,1287,1312]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<typeStatus id="54DE8850FFBA4365FF52C0648939FAB0" box="[199,256,1287,1312]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C0648939FAB0" bold="true" box="[199,256,1287,1312]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED74AE37FFBA4365FE9AC06B8959FAB0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[271,352,1288,1312]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">USNM</collectionCode>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C04F8D5EFAF7" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C04F8C81FAD5" blockId="62.[151,1436,1252,1637]" box="[199,1208,1324,1349]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C04F8959FAD5" bold="true" box="[199,352,1324,1349]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E (Alameda, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C02C8D5EFAF7" blockId="62.[151,1436,1252,1637]" box="[199,1383,1359,1384]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C02C895AFAF8" bold="true" box="[199,355,1359,1384]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Host/habitat.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FEFFC0328A25FAF8" box="[362,540,1361,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ferrisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FEFFC0328A25FAF8" box="[362,540,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Ferrisia virgata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FDBEC02C8B65FAF8" box="[555,860,1359,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calceolariae">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FDBEC02C8B65FAF8" box="[555,860,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus calceolariae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FCFFC0328C3EFAF8" box="[874,1031,1359,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FCFFC0328B41FAF8" box="[874,888,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FC13C02C8C3EFAF8" box="[902,1031,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">longispinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FB80C0328C9AFAF8" box="[1045,1187,1360,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB80C0328C1AFAF8" box="[1045,1059,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FBA4C0328C9AFAF8" box="[1073,1187,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">maritimus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FB24C0328D27FAF8" box="[1201,1310,1359,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Lichtensia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB24C0328C86FAF8" box="[1201,1215,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB58C02C8D27FAF8" box="[1229,1310,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">viburni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FAB9C0328D03FAF8" box="[1324,1338,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
. sp.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C0178BA9F9F4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C0178BA9F9F4" blockId="62.[151,1436,1252,1637]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C0178902FA1D" bold="true" box="[199,315,1396,1421]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|
Imported from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3727662FFBA4365FD92C0178A72FA1D" box="[519,587,1396,1421]" name="Brazil" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|
in 1934 and released in a biocontrol program against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FB68C0178921FA20" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB68C0178921FA20" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus longispinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, this species became established in southern California (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FC58C0F48C42FA20" author="Bartlett" box="[973,1147,1431,1456]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Bartlett, B. R. (1978 c) Pseudococcidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Agriculture Handbook 480. Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, pp. 137 - 170." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="c">Bartlett 1978c</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FB00C0FA8DACFA20" box="[1173,1429,1431,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Dysmicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB00C0FA8DACFA20" box="[1173,1429,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Dysmicoccus brevipes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FF02C0DF8997FA45" box="[151,430,1468,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comstocki">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C0DF8997FA45" box="[151,430,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus comstocki</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FE65C0DE8A48FA45" box="[496,625,1468,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Formicococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="njalensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FE65C0DE89C7FA44" box="[496,510,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD98C0DF8A48FA45" box="[525,625,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">njalensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are not proven hosts (see Methods). Additionally,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FB2DC0DF8DA5FA44" author="Onillon" box="[1208,1436,1468,1493]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Onillon, J. C. (1988) Lutte biologique et integree dans les vergers de citrus en zone Mediterraneenne. Entomophaga, 33, 481 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02373184" type="journal article" year="1988">Onillon (1988: 484)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reports the use of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FEFAC08289C5FA68" box="[367,508,1504,1528]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hypoxidaceae" genus="Pauridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asparagales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FEFAC0828945FA68" box="[367,380,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FE1AC08289C5FA68" box="[399,508,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">peregrina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in a partially successful biocontrol program against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FBFDC0BC8D42FA68" box="[1128,1403,1503,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citriculus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FBFDC0BC8D42FA68" box="[1128,1403,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus citriculus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3727662FFBA4365FF02C36788E1F98D" box="[151,216,1540,1565]" name="Israel" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
|
, citing
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FEBAC36789D9F98D" author="DeBach" box="[303,480,1540,1565]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="DeBach, P. (1964) Successes, trends, and future possibilities. In: DeBach, P. (Ed.), Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Reinhold, New York, pp. 673 - 713." type="book chapter" year="1964">DeBach (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; however
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FDCCC3678B7AF98D" author="DeBach" box="[601,835,1540,1565]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="DeBach, P. (1964) Successes, trends, and future possibilities. In: DeBach, P. (Ed.), Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Reinhold, New York, pp. 673 - 713." type="book chapter" year="1964">DeBach (1964: 681)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reported that parasitoid only in programs against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FA12C3668921F9D0" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FA12C3668DACF98C" box="[1415,1429,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C3448921F9D0" box="[151,280,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">longispinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in California and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3727662FFBA4365FE72C3448A68F9D0" box="[487,593,1575,1600]" name="Bermuda" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FDC8C34A8AC0F9D0" author="Noyes" box="[605,761,1576,1601]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2001) Interactive catalogue of world Chalcidoidea, Taxapad CD. Vancouver, Canada." type="book" year="2001">Noyes (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, citing
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FCD8C3448C09F9D0" box="[845,1072,1575,1600]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Wysoki, M., Swirski, E. & Izhar, Y. (1989) Biological control of avocado pests in Israel. Protection Ecology, 3, 25 - 28." type="journal article">Wysoki et al (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, reported
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FB37C3448D79F9D0" box="[1186,1344,1575,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FB37C3448D79F9D0" box="[1186,1344,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. as a host; however
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FEA9C32F8A18F9F4" box="[316,545,1612,1637]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Wysoki, M., Swirski, E. & Izhar, Y. (1989) Biological control of avocado pests in Israel. Protection Ecology, 3, 25 - 28." type="journal article">
|
|
Wysoki
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FE0DC32E89E9F9F5" box="[408,464,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1989)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
were referring to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FD79C32E8BB0F9F5" box="[748,905,1612,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD79C32E8AC3F9F4" box="[748,762,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FC9DC32F8BB0F9F5" box="[776,905,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">longispinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF02C3F78A8BF93C" box="[151,690,1684,1709]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF02C3F78A8BF93C" blockId="62.[151,1436,1684,2033]" box="[151,690,1684,1709]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7511DCFFBA4365FF02C3F78A8BF93C" box="[151,690,1684,1709]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FF02C3F78A8BF93C" ID-CoL="DGBJ" authority="(Timberlake 1929: 18) (Anarhopus)" authorityName="Timberlake" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="Timberlake" baseAuthorityPageNumber="18" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[151,690,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Anarhopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sydneyensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF02C3F78922F93D" box="[151,283,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">sydneyensis</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<treatmentCitation id="0AC410E3FFBA4365FEBCC3F78A2CF93C" author="Timberlake" box="[297,533,1684,1709]" page="18" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1929">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FEBCC3F78A2CF93C" author="Timberlake" box="[297,533,1684,1709]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Timberlake, P. H. (1929) Three new species of the hymenopterous family Encyrtidae from New South Wales. University of California Publications in Entomology, 5, 5 - 18." type="journal article" year="1929">Timberlake 1929: 18</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</treatmentCitation>
|
|
) (
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FDBAC3F78A90F93D" box="[559,681,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Anarhopus</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C3D48959F940" box="[199,352,1719,1744]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C3D48959F940" blockId="62.[151,1436,1684,2033]" box="[199,352,1719,1744]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<typeStatus id="54DE8850FFBA4365FF52C3D48939F940" box="[199,256,1719,1744]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C3D48939F940" bold="true" box="[199,256,1719,1744]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type</emphasis>
|
|
</typeStatus>
|
|
.
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED74AE37FFBA4365FE9AC3DB8959F940" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[271,352,1720,1744]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4365FF52C3BF8B7EF8AD" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C3BF897BF888" blockId="62.[151,1436,1684,2033]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C3BF8959F965" bold="true" box="[199,352,1756,1781]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
|
E (Alameda, Los Angeles, Marin, Orange, Placer, San Diego, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Ventura)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C2478B7EF8AD" blockId="62.[151,1436,1684,2033]" box="[199,839,1828,1853]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C247895AF8AD" bold="true" box="[199,355,1828,1853]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Host/habitat.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FEFFC2478AA5F8AD" box="[362,668,1828,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calceolariae">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FEFFC2478AA5F8AD" box="[362,668,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus calceolariae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FD3FC2468B7EF8AD" box="[682,839,1828,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD3FC2468A81F8AC" box="[682,696,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FD53C2478B7EF8AD" box="[710,839,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">longispinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37F6579FFBA4364FF52C224895FFE8D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBA4365FF52C2248A6EF861" blockId="62.[151,1436,1684,2033]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FF52C2248902F8F0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1863,1888]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|
Imported from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3727662FFBA4365FE61C2248A63F8F0" box="[500,602,1863,1888]" name="Australia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|
in
|
|
<quantity id="4C9D9B17FFBA4365FD17C22B8AE3F8F0" box="[642,730,1863,1888]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.90982" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="in" value="1933.0">1933 in</quantity>
|
|
a biocontrol program against
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FBA0C22A8CEDF8F0" box="[1077,1236,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FBA0C22A8C7AF8F0" box="[1077,1091,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FBC6C2248CEDF8F0" box="[1107,1236,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">longispinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, this species was released and established in southern California, and in conjunction with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FC50C20E8C77F814" box="[965,1102,1901,1924]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hypoxidaceae" genus="Pauridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asparagales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FC50C20E8BEBF814" box="[965,978,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FC74C20E8C77F814" box="[993,1102,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">peregrina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
provided excellent control of the mealybug (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FFBA4365FEAAC2EC89DFF838" author="Bartlett" box="[319,486,1935,1960]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Bartlett, B. R. (1978 c) Pseudococcidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Agriculture Handbook 480. Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, pp. 137 - 170." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="c">Bartlett 1978c</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FE6CC2EC8B29F838" box="[505,784,1935,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comstocki">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FE6CC2EC8B29F838" box="[505,784,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pseudococcus comstocki</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FCDDC2F28BF0F838" box="[840,969,1935,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Formicococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="njalensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FCDDC2F28B6FF838" box="[840,854,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FCF0C2EC8BF0F838" box="[869,969,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">njalensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are not proven hosts (see Methods). One specimen was reportedly reared from a
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FFBA4365FDE1C2D78B11F85D" box="[628,808,1972,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Protopulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBA4365FDE1C2D78B11F85D" box="[628,808,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Protopulvinaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species in Los Angeles County (UCRC), but this is probably a misidentification of the host.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBB4364FF02C5FB88FCFF3F" blockId="63.[151,1436,152,285]" box="[151,197,152,175]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">spp.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FFBB4364FF52C5DF895FFE8D" blockId="63.[151,1436,152,285]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
|
<emphasis id="B911EAE0FFBB4364FF52C5DF8902FF45" bold="true" box="[199,315,188,213]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|
Specimens from Alameda, Fresno, Santa Barbara and Stanislaus counties (EMEC, RLZC, SBMN) represent an undescribed species, and single specimens from San Diego (UCRC) and Marin (RLZC) represent two additional species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
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</document> |