378 lines
46 KiB
XML
378 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="FDD03924464EC63AD03A9C28CC6F90AF" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4171.2.4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4171.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9529a751-bd3c-46a8-83d7-ea7641844e11" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="158885" ID-ZooBank="CDE07944-2354-477E-A3DA-61B713858D0C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475141582315" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander, Arteaga, Alejandro, Echevarría, Lourdes Y. & Torres-Carvajal, Omar" docDate="2016" docId="03CC87CB7062FFDEFF2BA216FAA5FA77" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4171.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4171 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Synophis plectovertebralis Sheil & Grant 2001" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="309" masterDocId="FFF5FFB3706DFFCEFFBCA642FFCEFFB7" masterDocTitle="A revision and key for the tribe Diaphorolepidini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) and checklist for the genus Synophis" masterLastPageNumber="320" masterPageNumber="293" pageNumber="308" updateTime="1698388130514" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="18324F07075F669B3207348AE0943D76" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6044C49FA9CC675F7B3834F0FAB7A82F">
|
||
<mods:title id="A1B83C9C76E4CAB498D1C8F0FFF32F05">A revision and key for the tribe Diaphorolepidini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) and checklist for the genus Synophis</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="3CDC287FB1601F849A3274EFC3EC3794" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="540E8EA4DDAEBC33DDCA0831D49A051D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="7B486679EB0273C0DA081E16AB8C8DF7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8A567AD7D356A37370A2EB80F14F9089">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="07630EB13F8B3DABA381E5C3AAD61278" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="DCD8148B5C45C48C540768AB7C1466ED">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B2CBA5625345FD856E69E16DA638D314">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="517A8807CC4584F884502C8F0B26EA30">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E784060D6FB24F8A630DC5214B29C4EE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="EBDEFFCFA4BC94D0A2FC1BD204F449D4">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="98C02D2CAB89956686FFECBA5B75D6F0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="AA02BCFBC3A62CB2C408B2E02807BF29">Echevarría, Lourdes Y.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="1EA6116345E124CBF23B68E0AB0637D4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3A802B87783AD14F7A179E2A1FE0856B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EA42753D69948C2DC99988CA55167091">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F95CFBB952474D957E7023AB4BCA4EBD">Torres-Carvajal, Omar</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="3E74DA6BCDD5BEA4FB9099C4EDDB342E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="00668978C144D48291CE36AF1C9D3712" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5B09FF82E8FC37F1FC54D57DB5AC05F6">
|
||
<mods:title id="58381AB3D8167B9D73064EE4AE7A75EF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="C6D49140AA8469A2FE43B810128B170F">
|
||
<mods:date id="96BBBDCACA847F0D087F5BA783775018">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A5E9F85CF13B026063AC36DBD535FC7C" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="784AD0F5F96A0055197D6C9884410A20">4171</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="48E46CCA32AAE06166DF91160E991E77" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="40677BB9A29330BE3445E875ABAFDCDA">2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="6249B79708B2BFFA359DB3277AC6023F" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="EEFFA358895118549E0F6B3702502CB2">293</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="8EF34C359A54F757FCD565CBC652CF37">320</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="974A23492CC36A9469D3A46ECEE184E6">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1E9EA25B14B9D058A1B9C1EE332FB07C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4171.2.4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="653852B660D419BE12DFCEEA20C817A8" type="GBIF-Dataset">9529a751-bd3c-46a8-83d7-ea7641844e11</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="497BF95FA9655190251EA25A61F8F3D0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1E761FF85EEA99BE384F9AA41971C41D" type="Zenodo-Dep">158885</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3FE4EE1BC6A3876AEE420C1A44AD06F4" type="ZooBank">CDE07944-2354-477E-A3DA-61B713858D0C</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03CC87CB7062FFDEFF2BA216FAA5FA77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6056287" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124556790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6056287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87CB7062FFDEFF2BA216FAA5FA77" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87CB7062FFDEFF2BA216FAA5FA77" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F65567062FFC1FF2BA216FD3DFBD9" box="[151,755,1108,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7062FFC1FF2BA216FD3DFBD9" blockId="15.[151,755,1108,1134]" box="[151,755,1108,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<heading id="D09281B17062FFC1FF2BA216FD3DFBD9" bold="true" box="[151,755,1108,1134]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF2BA216FD3DFBD9" bold="true" box="[151,755,1108,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FF08A216FD3DFBD9" authority="Sheil & Grant, 2001" authorityName="Sheil & Grant" authorityYear="2001" box="[180,755,1108,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plectovertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF08A216FE3EFBD9" bold="true" box="[180,496,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Synophis plectovertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7062FFC1FE44A216FD3DFBD9" author="Sheil" box="[504,755,1108,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" refString="Sheil, C. A. & Grant, T. (2001) A new species of colubrid snake (Synophis) from western Colombia. Journal of Herpetology, 35, 204 - 209. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1566109" type="journal article" year="2001">Sheil & Grant, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F65567062FFDEFF2BA2D8FAA5FA77" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7062FFC1FF2BA2D8FC7BFB04" blockId="15.[151,1437,1178,2031]" box="[151,949,1178,1203]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0D3C807062FFC1FF2BA2D8FC7BFB04" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1315932662" box="[151,949,1178,1203]" country="Colombia" elevation="1800" location="Valle del Cauca" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Valle del Cauca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF2BA2D8FF24FB04" bold="true" box="[151,234,1178,1203]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Pacific Andean slopes of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7062FFC1FDAAA2D8FD07FB04" box="[534,713,1178,1203]" country="Colombia" name="Valle del Cauca" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Valle del Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F372764D7062FFC1FD68A2D8FC8BFB04" box="[724,837,1178,1203]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ~
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B387062FFC1FCE3A2D9FC7FFB04" box="[863,945,1179,1203]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="1800.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0048D1EE7062FFC1FCE3A2D9FC7FFB04" box="[863,945,1179,1203]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7062FFC1FF7BA2FCFC92FAA8" blockId="15.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF7BA2FCFE97FB60" bold="true" box="[199,345,1214,1239]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult size ~
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B387062FFC1FE40A2FDFD45FB60" box="[508,651,1215,1239]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="205.0" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="200.0">200–210mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL and ~
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B387062FFC1FC9DA2FDFC6DFB60" box="[801,931,1215,1239]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="90.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="80.0">80–100mm</quantity>
|
||
TL, smooth nuchal scales; nuchal collar; intranasals in contact; 1 postocular; 7–8 infralabials; 7–8 supralabials; 144–147 ventrals; 79–91 subcaudals; and 19-19-19 dorsal scale-rows at midbody, with single, weak keel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7062FFC1FF7BA368FE1EFAD0" blockId="15.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF7BA368FEDFFAF4" bold="true" box="[199,273,1322,1347]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from the holotype and paratype. Not included in our phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FA9EA368FAA8FAF4" box="[1314,1382,1322,1347]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[249,1321,203,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[249,1333,195,1898]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility phylogeny for Diaphorolepidini, summarized from 15 million post-burnin generations in MrBayes 3.2. 5. Support values> 50 % are shown. Clades of primarily North American (NA), Central American (CA), and South American (SA) species other than Diaphorolepidini are collapsed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158886/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
); its placement is thus unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7062FFC1FF7BA330FCD5F9AC" blockId="15.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
With this re-assessment of species boundaries and taxonomic reassignment of nearly all known specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FF2BA3D4FF32FA18" box="[151,252,1430,1455]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF2BA3D4FF32FA18" box="[151,252,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Synophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FEB0A3D4FEB6FA18" box="[268,376,1430,1455]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1957,1979]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,250,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox-0="[249,1321,203,1894]" captionTargetBox-1="[195,1377,193,1930]" captionTargetBox-2="[238,1343,215,1955]" captionTargetBox-3="[216,1373,193,1894]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[249,1333,195,1898]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[195,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[218,1365,193,1956]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[216,1374,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility phylogeny for Diaphorolepidini, summarized from 15 million post-burnin generations in MrBayes 3.2. 5. Support values> 50 % are shown. Clades of primarily North American (NA), Central American (CA), and South American (SA) species other than Diaphorolepidini are collapsed." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Holotype (MHUA 14577) of Synophis niceforomariae in life." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Paratype (MHUA 14133) of Synophis niceforomariae in preservative." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Map of verified localities for the 9 known, extant species of Synophis. Circles are colored by species: S. niceforomariae (purple), S. lasallei (yellow), S. plectovertebralis (black), S. bicolor (green), S. calamitus (teal), S. bogerti (orange), S. zamora (pink), S. zaheri (red), and S. insulomontanus (blue)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/158886/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/158887/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/158888/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/158889/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
|
||
, Tables 1,2), the morphological limits and geographic ranges of the known, extant species are tentatively stabilized. There are likely additional cryptic species in some taxa (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FB8BA3F9FB6AFA64" box="[1079,1188,1466,1491]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FB8BA3F9FB6AFA64" box="[1079,1188,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and there are almost certainly additional new species to be discovered. Our results here should clarify lingering confusion over most species limits, and provide a robust basis for future work.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7062FFC1FF7BA064FDE2F858" blockId="15.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
The known species can be informally grouped into at least three species groups. The first is the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FA90A065FA52F988" box="[1324,1436,1574,1599]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FA90A065FA52F988" box="[1324,1436,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF56A009FDE2F9D4" box="[234,556,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FF56A009FE96F9D4" box="[234,344,1610,1635]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">S. bicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FED8A009FDE2F9D4" box="[356,556,1611,1635]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niceforomariae">S. niceforomariae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), distributed in the northern Andes, with higher ventral and subcaudal counts (174–193 and 127–143), weak keels, more slender bodies and lighter colorations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FB8FA02CFB4DF930" box="[1075,1155,1646,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1957,1979]" captionTargetBox="[195,1377,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[195,1378,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype (MHUA 14577) of Synophis niceforomariae in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158887/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FB33A02DFB51F930" box="[1167,1183,1647,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[238,1343,215,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[218,1365,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paratype (MHUA 14133) of Synophis niceforomariae in preservative." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158888/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">3</figureCitation>
|
||
; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FB64A02CFAD7F930" box="[1240,1305,1646,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[216,1374,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of verified localities for the 9 known, extant species of Synophis. Circles are colored by species: S. niceforomariae (purple), S. lasallei (yellow), S. plectovertebralis (black), S. bicolor (green), S. calamitus (teal), S. bogerti (orange), S. zamora (pink), S. zaheri (red), and S. insulomontanus (blue)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158889/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B387062FFC1FAB7A02DFAD7F930" box="[1291,1305,1647,1671]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" unit="in" value="4.0">4</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7062FFC1FA82A02DFF39F91C" author="Pyron" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" refString="Pyron, R. A., Guayasamin, J. M., Penafiel, N., Bustamante, L. & Arteaga, A. (2015) Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador. Zookeys, 109 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 541.6058" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FA34A02DFF7AF91C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The second is the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FE6CA0D1FD97F91C" box="[464,601,1682,1707]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FE6CA0D1FD97F91C" box="[464,601,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. calamitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FD0CA0D1FCDFF91C" box="[688,785,1682,1707]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FD0CA0D1FCDFF91C" box="[688,785,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. zaheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FCA3A0D1FC69F91C" box="[799,935,1682,1707]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FCA3A0D1FC69F91C" box="[799,935,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. calamitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), distributed on the Pacific Andean slopes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F372764D7062FFC1FF2BA0F4FF38F978" box="[151,246,1718,1743]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with intermediate counts (157–169 and 96–125), stronger keels, more robust bodies, and both lighter (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FA3BA0F5FF13F944" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FA3BA0F5FF13F944" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. zaheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and darker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FEC5A099FDCAF944" box="[377,516,1754,1779]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FEC5A099FDCAF944" box="[377,516,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. calamitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) colorations (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FD6DA098FCEFF944" box="[721,801,1754,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[238,1343,215,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[218,1365,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paratype (MHUA 14133) of Synophis niceforomariae in preservative." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158888/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, 8, & 9 from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7062FFC1FC7DA099FB49F944" author="Pyron" box="[961,1159,1754,1779]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" refString="Pyron, R. A., Guayasamin, J. M., Penafiel, N., Bustamante, L. & Arteaga, A. (2015) Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador. Zookeys, 109 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 541.6058" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FBB0A09EFB88F944" box="[1036,1094,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Fig. 5 from Torres- Carvajal
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF42A0BDFEF9F8A0" box="[254,311,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015). The third is the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FDF9A0BDFD7BF8A0" box="[581,693,1790,1815]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FDF9A0BDFD7BF8A0" box="[581,693,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FCACA0BDFB2AF8A1" box="[784,1252,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FCACA0BDFC4CF8A0" box="[784,898,1790,1815]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">S. lasallei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FC33A0BDFBAEF8A0" box="[911,1120,1790,1815]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insulomontanus">S. insulomontanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FBD0A0BDFB2FF8A1" box="[1132,1249,1791,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zamora">S. zamora</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FAA1A0BDFA42F8A0" box="[1309,1420,1790,1815]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bogerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FAA1A0BDFA42F8A0" box="[1309,1420,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. bogerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with lower to intermediate counts (144–168 and 88–126), heavy keels, and darker colorations (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A587062FFC1FB5FA160FAE1F88C" box="[1251,1327,1826,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[238,1343,215,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[218,1365,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paratype (MHUA 14133) of Synophis niceforomariae in preservative." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158888/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
& 9 from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7062FFC1FF2BA105FE94F8E8" author="Pyron" box="[151,346,1862,1887]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" refString="Pyron, R. A., Guayasamin, J. M., Penafiel, N., Bustamante, L. & Arteaga, A. (2015) Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador. Zookeys, 109 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 541.6058" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FF5EA105FED5F8E8" box="[226,283,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Fig. 5 from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7062FFC1FDA7A104FC81F8E8" author="Torres-Carvajal" box="[539,847,1862,1887]" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" refString="Torres-Carvajal, O., Echevarria, L. Y., Venegas, P. J., Chavez, G. & Camper, J. D. (2015) Description and phylogeny of three new species of Synophis (Colubridae, Dipsadinae) from the tropical Andes in Ecuador and Peru. Zookeys, 153 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 546.6533" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Torres-Carvajal
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FD6EA105FCC5F8E8" box="[722,779,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FB8CA105FAC4F8E8" box="[1072,1290,1862,1887]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plectovertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FB8CA105FAC4F8E8" box="[1072,1290,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">S. plectovertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is uncertain, and we suggest it may form a fourth group with small body sizes (~
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B387062FFC1FC27A129FC3AF834" box="[923,1012,1899,1923]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="200.0">200mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL), low counts (144–147 and 79– 91), nuchal collars, and weak keels. The phylogenetic placement of this group is not known, and it could potentially include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FECFA1F0FDEFF87C" box="[371,545,1970,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Emmochliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FECFA1F0FDEFF87C" box="[371,545,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Emmochliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FD88A1F6FD56F87C" box="[564,664,1972,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Emmochliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FD88A1F6FD56F87C" box="[564,664,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">E. miops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7062FFC1FC63A1F0FB8AF87C" box="[991,1092,1970,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF7062FFC1FC63A1F0FB8AF87C" box="[991,1092,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="308">Synophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which also have low counts and nuchal collars, but lack a loreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD707DFFDEFF7BA6D5FE61FE3F" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">
|
||
The first three groups are also at least partially distinguishable by hemipenial morphology. In all known diaphorolepidine species, the hemipenis is bilobed, semicalyculate, and semicapitate, relatively stout and bulbous, and covered in large spines or hooks near the base. The organ is not markedly different between
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB47A69DFE04FEAA" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFB47A69DFF38FEAB" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Diaphorolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wagneri">Diaphorolepis wagneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFEBBA746FE04FEAA" box="[263,458,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bogerti">Synophis bogerti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFDB1A747FD4FFEAA" box="[525,641,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFDB1A747FD4FFEAA" box="[525,641,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFD2AA746FCE2FEAA" author="Bogert" box="[662,812,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Bogert, C. M. (1964) Snakes of the genera Diaphorolepis and Synophis and the colubrid subfamily Xenoderminae. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 45, 509 - 531." type="journal article" year="1964">Bogert 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFC82A746FC07FEAB" author="Zaher" box="[830,969,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1 - 168." type="book chapter" year="1999">Zaher 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and thus does not appear to strongly differentiate individual species, though no quantitative analysis sampling multiple individuals per species has been performed. The organ has also not been described in detail or illustrated for any species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFB50A70FFA92FED2" box="[1260,1372,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB50A70FFA92FED2" box="[1260,1372,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFA3BA70FFE9BFE3F" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plectovertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFA3BA70FFE9BFE3F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. plectovertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD707DFFDEFF7BA7D7FAE7FD32" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">
|
||
In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFEB2A7D7FE59FE1A" box="[270,407,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFEB2A7D7FE59FE1A" box="[270,407,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. calamitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFE53A7D7FDB6FE1A" box="[495,632,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFE53A7D7FDB6FE1A" box="[495,632,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. calamitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
QCAZ452;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFCB8A7D7FCA8FE1A" box="[772,870,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFCB8A7D7FCA8FE1A" box="[772,870,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. zaheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
MZUTI3353, 3355), the lobes are stout and blunt, approximately one-half the length of the hemipenial body, which is ornamented with numerous spines, none of which are noticeably enlarged. In contrast, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFD19A79FFCDBFE42" box="[677,789,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFD19A79FFCDBFE42" box="[677,789,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is diagnosed by lobes which are more slender than the hemipenial body, and approximately equal to its length. All species have a significantly enlarged spine near the base of the hemipenial body, either on the right side in sulcate view (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFC0AA467FBE9FD8A" box="[950,1063,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFC0AA467FBE9FD8A" box="[950,1063,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USN233062;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFB70A467FA52FD8A" box="[1228,1436,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insulomontanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB70A467FA52FD8A" box="[1228,1436,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. insulomontanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
CORBIDI13940) or the left side (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFD9CA40AFD5DFDD7" box="[544,659,584,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zamora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFD9CA40AFD5DFDD7" box="[544,659,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. zamora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
QCAZ9174;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFC8EA40AFC6CFDD7" box="[818,930,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bogerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFC8EA40AFC6CFDD7" box="[818,930,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. bogerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
QCAZ12791). An extensive comparison of more hemipenial material may reveal more significant differences that are useful for diagnosing species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD707DFFDEFF7BA4CDFD26FCEA" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">
|
||
Similarly, the vertebral condition of many of the newer species is not known. Diaphorolepidine species are generally characterized by heavy modification of the pre- and post-zygapophyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFBEEA4F6FB2BFD7A" author="Bogert" box="[1106,1253,692,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Bogert, C. M. (1964) Snakes of the genera Diaphorolepis and Synophis and the colubrid subfamily Xenoderminae. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 45, 509 - 531." type="journal article" year="1964">Bogert 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFB48A4F6FF1DFD47" author="Fritts" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Fritts, T. H. & Smith, H. N. (1969) A new genus and species of snake from western Ecuador. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 72, 60 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3627049" type="journal article" year="1969">Fritts & Smith 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFF5FA495FE42FD47" author="Savitzky" box="[227,396,727,752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Savitzky, A. H. (1974) The relationships of the xenodontine colubrid snakes related to Ninia. MS thesis. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 64 pp." type="book" year="1974">Savitzky 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFE21A495FDEAFD47" author="Hillis" box="[413,548,727,752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Hillis, D. M. (1990) A new species of xenodontine colubrid snake of the genus Synophis from Ecuador and the phylogeny of the genera Synophis and Emmochliophis. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 135, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1990">Hillis 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFD88A495FCEAFD47" author="Sheil" box="[564,804,727,752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Sheil, C. A. & Grant, T. (2001) A new species of colubrid snake (Synophis) from western Colombia. Journal of Herpetology, 35, 204 - 209. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1566109" type="journal article" year="2001">Sheil & Grant 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Examining this condition requires either destructive dissection, or expensive microCT scanning. A comparative analysis of material using the latter technique will likely prove invaluable for diagnosing species and determining species boundaries, as well as perhaps understanding the function of this unique adaptation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD707DFFDEFF7BA525FE04FBEF" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">
|
||
Finally, snakes in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFDB2A525FDBDFC37" box="[526,627,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFDB2A525FDBDFC37" box="[526,627,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">Synophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have recently been referred to as "fishing snakes" by various sources, such as the Reptile Database (http://www.reptile-database.org/), the IUCN Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFF2BA5EDFE15FC7F" box="[151,475,943,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Torres-Carvajal, O., Echevarria, L. Y., Venegas, P. J., Chavez, G. & Camper, J. D. (2015) Description and phylogeny of three new species of Synophis (Colubridae, Dipsadinae) from the tropical Andes in Ecuador and Peru. Zookeys, 153 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 546.6533" type="book chapter">
|
||
Torres-Carvajal
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFEF2A5F3FE49FC7F" box="[334,391,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and various news outlets covering the discoveries of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFB82A5F2FADAFC7F" box="[1086,1300,943,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Pyron, R. A., Guayasamin, J. M., Penafiel, N., Bustamante, L. & Arteaga, A. (2015) Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador. Zookeys, 109 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 541.6058" type="book chapter">
|
||
Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB34A5F3FB0FFC7F" box="[1160,1217,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Torres- Carvajal
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFF42A597FEF9FC5A" box="[254,311,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015). However, the origin of this name is unclear, as no known species are ichthyophagous. The name appears to originate from
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFE47A5B5FC4BFBA7" box="[507,901,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">The Elsevier Dictionary of Reptiles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFC2FA5B5FBE5FBA7" author="Wrobel" box="[915,1067,1015,1040]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Wrobel, M. (2004) Elsevier's dictionary of reptiles: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, Amsterdam; Oxford, 758 pp." type="book" year="2004">Wrobel 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but no etymology is given. The only known diet items are gymnophthalmid lizards in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFD44A25EFC3EFB83" box="[760,1008,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Emmochliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFD44A25EFC3EFB83" box="[760,1008,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">Emmochliophis miops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFB9BA25EFA9CFB82" box="[1063,1362,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plectovertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB9BA25EFA9CFB82" box="[1063,1362,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">Synophis plectovertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFADDA25EFF1CFBEF" author="Sheil" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Sheil, C. A. (1998) Emmochliophis miops: Redescription of Synophis miops (Boulenger, 1898). Journal of Herpetology, 32, 604 - 607. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1565222" type="journal article" year="1998">Sheil 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C707DFFDEFF61A27DFE70FBEF" author="Sheil" box="[221,446,1087,1112]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" refString="Sheil, C. A. & Grant, T. (2001) A new species of colubrid snake (Synophis) from western Colombia. Journal of Herpetology, 35, 204 - 209. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1566109" type="journal article" year="2001">Sheil & Grant 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD707DFFDEFF7BA226FAA5FA77" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">
|
||
Thus, we suggest the Standard English Name Andean Shadow Snakes and Standard Spanish Name Culebras Andinas de la Sombra for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFD93A2C5FD5AFB17" box="[559,660,1159,1184]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFD93A2C5FD5AFB17" box="[559,660,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">Synophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on their dark color, nocturnal habits, and secretive nature. For the species, the Standard English Names would be Nicéforo María's Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFBECA2EFFAD9FB73" box="[1104,1303,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niceforomariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFBECA2EFFAD9FB73" box="[1104,1303,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. niceforomariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Bicolored Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFEE1A292FE03FB5F" box="[349,461,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFEE1A292FE03FB5F" box="[349,461,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Zaher's Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFCB5A292FCA0FB5F" box="[777,878,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFCB5A292FCA0FB5F" box="[777,878,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. zaheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Calamitous Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFB64A292FAAAFB5F" box="[1240,1380,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB64A292FAAAFB5F" box="[1240,1380,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. calamitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), La Salle's Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFE17A2B7FDD2FABA" box="[427,540,1268,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasallei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFE17A2B7FDD2FABA" box="[427,540,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Mountain Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFCD1A2B7FBF2FABA" box="[877,1084,1268,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insulomontanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFCD1A2B7FBF2FABA" box="[877,1084,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. insulomontanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Zamoran Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFA3BA2B7FF25FA87" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zamora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFA3BA2B7FF25FA87" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. zamora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Bogert's Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFD87A35AFD63FA87" box="[571,685,1303,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bogerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFD87A35AFD63FA87" box="[571,685,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. bogerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Braided Shadow Snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFB91A35AFAC2FA87" box="[1069,1292,1303,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="309" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plectovertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EACF707DFFDEFB91A35AFAC2FA87" box="[1069,1292,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="309">S. plectovertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Suggested Standard Names in Spanish are, respectively, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra de Nicéforo María, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra bicolores, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra de Zaher, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra calamitosas, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra de La Salle, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra monteses, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra de
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E707DFFDEFEAAA3EBFEBEFA77" box="[278,368,1449,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zamora">Zamora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Culebras Andinas de la Sombra de Bogert, and Culebras Andinas de la Sombra trenzadas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |