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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA74FF9ACAF234C8FE56FE2A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Neovison vison" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="656" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="655" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>564</mods:start>
<mods:end>656</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714237" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714237" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA74FF9ACAF234C8FE56FE2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA74FF9ACAF234C8FE56FE2A" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="656" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<heading pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<subSubSection box="[151,208,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="36.[149,1028,2240,2322]" box="[151,208,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<figureCitation box="[151,208,2240,2278]" captionStart="Plate 36: Mustelidae" captionStartId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="39. Amazon Weasel (Mustela africana), 40. Altai Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), 41. Ermine (Mustela erminea), 42. Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanai), 43. Colombian Weasel (Mustela feliper), 44. Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), 45. Japanese Weasel (Mustela itatsi), 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), 47. European Mink (Mustela lutreola), 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina), 49. Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), 50. Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 51. Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes), 52. European Polecat (Mustela putorius), 53. Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), 54. Back-striped Weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), 55. Egyptian Weasel (Mustela subpalmata), 56. American Mink (Neovison vison), 57. Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">56.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[222,551,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="36.[149,1028,2240,2322]" box="[222,551,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<vernacularName box="[222,551,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">American Mink</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[565,846,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="36.[149,1028,2240,2322]" box="[565,846,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[565,846,2240,2278]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vison">
<emphasis box="[565,846,2240,2278]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Neovison vison</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[150,1027,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="36.[149,1028,2240,2322]" box="[150,1027,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[150,227,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[235,413,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Vison d’Amérique</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis box="[434,525,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[533,742,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Amerikanischer Nerz</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis box="[763,854,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[862,1027,2296,2317]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Visén americano</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[764,919,2365,2398]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[936,1343,2365,2398]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vison">Mustela vison Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806351" box="[765,991,2407,2436]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
Eastern
<collectingCountry box="[880,987,2407,2436]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" box="[765,1241,2443,2476]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Fifteen subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714279/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" targetBox="[147,731,2375,2784]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" box="[764,1163,2487,2516]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[764,1163,2487,2516]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[765,1119,2527,2556]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="vison">N. v. vison Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
— E
<collectingCountry box="[1182,1287,2527,2556]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
and NE
<collectingCountry box="[818,881,2565,2594]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
(Allegheny Mts).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Grinnell, 1916" authorityName="Grinnell" authorityYear="1916" box="[764,1191,2609,2634]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="aestuarina">N. v. aestuarina Grinnell, 1916</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry box="[1287,1350,2609,2634]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[776,918,2644,2673]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">California</collectingRegion>
&amp; W
<collectingRegion box="[997,1107,2644,2673]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Nevada</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" box="[764,1310,2688,2713]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Burns, 1964" authorityName="Burns" authorityYear="1964" box="[764,1143,2688,2713]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="aniakensis">N. v. aniakensis Burns, 1964</taxonomicName>
— W
<collectingRegion box="[1214,1306,2688,2713]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Alaska</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[763,1350,2365,2790]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1896" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1896" box="[764,1170,2719,2752]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="energumenos">N. v. energumenos Bangs, 1896</taxonomicName>
— W
<collectingCountry box="[1243,1349,2719,2752]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
and NW
<collectingCountry box="[888,952,2748,2790]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[148,858,2799,2828]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1932" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1932" box="[148,450,2799,2828]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="evagor">N. v. evagor Hall, 1932</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry box="[541,647,2799,2828]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
(Vancouver I).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[148,949,2838,2867]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Hamilton, 1948" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1948" box="[148,608,2838,2867]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="evergladensis">N. v. evergladensis Hamilton, 1948</taxonomicName>
— SE
<collectingCountry box="[689,752,2838,2867]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode box="[773,821,2838,2867]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">SW</collectionCode>
Florida).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[147,1334,2874,2907]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Osgood, 1900" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1900" box="[147,501,2874,2907]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="ingens">N. v. ingens Osgood, 1900</taxonomicName>
— most of Alaska and NW
<collectingCountry box="[872,978,2874,2907]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
(N Mackenzie &amp;
<collectingRegion box="[1223,1321,2874,2907]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Yukon</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[147,1261,2922,2947]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Preble, 1902" authorityName="Preble" authorityYear="1902" box="[147,505,2922,2947]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="lacustris">N. v. lacustris Preble, 1902</taxonomicName>
— C
<collectingCountry box="[570,676,2922,2947]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
(Keewatin Region,
<collectingRegion box="[956,1089,2922,2947]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion box="[1131,1247,2922,2947]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Ontario</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[147,832,2960,2985]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Hollister, 1913" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1913" box="[147,513,2960,2985]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="letifera">N. v. letifera Hollister, 1913</taxonomicName>
— Great Plains of
<collectingCountry box="[764,828,2960,2985]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[147,1002,2996,3025]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Anderson, 1945" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1945" box="[147,507,2996,3025]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="low">N. v. low Anderson, 1945</taxonomicName>
— E
<collectingCountry box="[571,677,2996,3025]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Canada</collectingCountry>
(Labrador &amp;
<collectingRegion box="[874,989,2996,3025]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Quebec</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[147,920,3034,3063]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1898" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1898" box="[147,488,3034,3063]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="lutensis">N. v. lutensis Bangs, 1898</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry box="[523,586,3034,3063]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
(S Carolina to Florida).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[147,939,3074,3103]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Elliot, 1903" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1903" box="[147,545,3074,3103]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="melampeplus">N. v. melampeplus Elliot, 1903</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingRegion box="[578,668,3074,3103]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Alaska</collectingRegion>
(Kenai Peninsula).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[146,905,3113,3142]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Peale &amp; Palisot de Beauvois, 1796" authorityName="Peale &amp; Palisot de Beauvois" authorityYear="1796" box="[146,757,3113,3142]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="mink">N. v. mink Peale &amp; Palisot de Beauvois, 1796</taxonomicName>
— SE
<collectingCountry box="[838,902,3113,3142]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[146,693,3152,3181]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Heller, 1909" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1909" box="[146,509,3152,3181]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="nesolestes">N. v. nesolestes Heller, 1909</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingRegion box="[597,689,3152,3181]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Alaska</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" box="[146,962,3188,3221]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1895" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1895" box="[146,519,3188,3221]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vison" subSpecies="vulgivaga">N. v. vulgivaga Bangs, 1895</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry box="[554,617,3188,3221]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[638,763,3188,3221]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion box="[806,948,3188,3221]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
Introduced to
<collectingCountry box="[354,459,3236,3261]" name="Belarus" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Belarus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[476,595,3236,3261]" name="Belgium" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Belgium</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[613,698,3236,3261]" name="China" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[717,939,3236,3261]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[957,1090,3236,3261]" name="Denmark" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Denmark</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1108,1213,3236,3261]" name="Estonia" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Estonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1230,1339,3236,3261]" name="Finland" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[145,242,3271,3300]" name="France" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[265,393,3271,3300]" name="Germany" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Germany</collectingCountry>
, Great Britian,
<collectingCountry box="[631,736,3271,3300]" name="Iceland" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Iceland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[760,863,3271,3300]" name="Ireland" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Ireland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[886,944,3271,3300]" name="Italy" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[961,1045,3271,3300]" name="Japan" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[1075,1222,3271,3300]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry box="[1254,1338,3271,3300]" name="Latvia" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Latvia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[145,282,3310,3339]" name="Lithuania" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[299,473,3310,3339]" name="Netherlands" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[490,595,3310,3339]" name="Norway" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Norway</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[611,711,3310,3339]" name="Poland" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Poland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[727,847,3310,3339]" name="Portugal" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[864,952,3310,3339]" name="Russia" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[969,1049,3310,3339]" name="Spain" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Spain</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[1127,1236,3310,3339]" name="Sweden" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Sweden</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="36.[144,1344,2799,3457]" lastBlockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[144,393,3349,3378]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body
<quantity box="[567,700,3349,3378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="cm" value="38.0" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="33.0">33-43 cm</quantity>
(males),
<quantity box="[837,969,3349,3378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="cm" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30-40 cm</quantity>
(females), tail
<quantity box="[1187,1343,3349,3378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.835" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.67" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="cm" value="18.35" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.7">16.7-20 cm</quantity>
(males),
<quantity box="[277,465,3389,3418]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.685" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="cm" value="16.85" valueMax="18.5" valueMin="15.2">15.2-18.5 cm</quantity>
(females); weight
<quantity box="[739,902,3389,3418]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3275" metricValueMax="1.805" metricValueMin="0.85" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="g" value="1327.5" valueMax="1805.0" valueMin="850.0">850-1805 g</quantity>
(males),
<quantity box="[1044,1189,3389,3418]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.45" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="g" value="645.0" valueMax="840.0" valueMin="450.0">450-840 g</quantity>
(females), adult males are generally 10% longer and 100% heavier than females. The American Mink has a long body and short limbs. The pelage is soft and luxurious; it is brown throughout, but white markings on the chest, throat and chin are common. The feet are fully furred and the claws are short and sharp. There are three pairs of mammae. The skull is long and flat, with a small sagittal crest. Dental formula: 1 3/3, C1/1, P 3/3,M1/2=34.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[1432,1543,490,515]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Habitat.</emphasis>
American Mink are found along the edges of small creeks, streams, rivers, lakes, and in wetlands, swamps, marshes, and along coastal beaches. They prefer densely vegetated areas and are sometimes found far from water. Females have been found to prefer small streams, whereas males prefer large streams.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[1431,1699,639,672]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The diet includes small mammals,fish, birds, eggs, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates, such as crustaceans, molluscs, insects, and earthworms. In much of North America, the American Mink is a major predator of Muskrats; fluctuations in Muskrat populations have a direct effect on American Mink abundance. In Eurasia, where the American Mink has been introduced, the staple food items on rivers and streamsare fish (average, 27%), mammals (30%), and amphibians (17%), whereas on lakes and ponds,it is predominantly birds (33%) and fish (28%). On the upper reaches of the Lovatriver, north-east
<collectingCountry box="[2125,2231,915,948]" name="Belarus" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Belarus</collectingCountry>
, three out of ten American Mink were found to be small mammal specialists; 86-92% of their scats contained remains of small rodents (mostly the Water Vole and microtines), and small mammals constituted 83-88% of the food biomass consumed; the other seven were generalist predators. In western
<collectingCountry box="[1752,1853,1072,1105]" name="Poland" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Poland</collectingCountry>
, the diet of American Mink consists mainly of mammals, birds, and fish. In autumn-winter, mammals constitute up to 56%, fish up to 62%, and birds 4-16%, of the biomass consumed. In spring and summer, however, birds form 45-60% of the biomass eaten; the common coot (Fulica atra) is the most frequently consumed prey. Scat analysis in eastern
<collectingCountry box="[2176,2275,1229,1262]" name="Poland" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Poland</collectingCountry>
revealed that American Mink relied on three prey groups: fish (40% in spring-summer and 10% in autumnwinter), frogs (32% and 51%, respectively), and small mammals (21% and 36%). Of the available small mammal species, American Mink strongly selected the Root Vole (Microtus oeconomus). The cold season diet depended on river size. On small rivers with forested valleys, American Mink fed nearly exclusively on amphibians (72-90% of food biomass). As the size of a river increases and riverside habitat becomes more open (sedge and reed marshes instead of forest), American Mink shift to preying on small mammals (up to 65% in the diet). The stomach contents of 211 individuals in Thy,
<collectingCountry box="[1500,1634,1583,1616]" name="Denmark" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, revealed that the diet was mostly mammals (55% occurrence), followed by amphibians (36%), birds (33%), and fish (30%). In Bornholm,
<collectingCountry box="[2486,2621,1627,1656]" name="Denmark" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, American Mink prey mostly on birds (50%), followed by mammals (42%), fish (25%) and amphibians (4%). In
<collectingCountry box="[1810,1868,1701,1734]" name="Italy" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Italy</collectingCountry>
, the diet is mainly fish, followed by small mammals and birds. American Mink spend most of their time hunting near water, but can also hunt underwater. In a coastal environment of
<collectingCountry box="[2070,2194,1788,1813]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Scotland</collectingCountry>
, radio-tracked American Mink were found to forage selectively at low or mid-tide and within the core areas of their home range; they showed no preference for areas rich in prey when foraging at high tide and between core areas. They also avoided areas with freshwater streams and preferred foraging in the mid-tide zone. Prey on land are detected by sight or sound. Surplus food is sometimes cached.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[1422,1659,2016,2049]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Mainly nocturnal, but with frequent periods of daytime activity, especially in areas away from humans. Den/rest sites are in burrows, hollow logs, hollow trees, rock crevices, old buildings, or abandoned dwellings of Muskrats, American Beavers, or Woodchucks (Marmota sp.). Burrows may be about
<quantity box="[2253,2304,2138,2167]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
long and
<quantity box="[2451,2499,2138,2167]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
beneath the surface, and have one or more entrancesjust above the water level. On the northern Iberian Peninsula, radio-collared American Mink selected resting places within dense scrub,close to deep water. Both sexes also used underground dens, but during cold days females rested in buildings much more often than males. Active females used areas of dense scrub, and males used large scrub patches.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[1422,2149,2374,2403]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
American Mink are good swimmers. They can dive to depths of
<quantity box="[1902,1987,2410,2443]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5-6 m</quantity>
and swim underwater for about
<specimenCount box="[2462,2539,2410,2443]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="generic">
<quantity box="[2462,2535,2410,2443]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
They are also agile climbers and occasionally forage in trees. Movements are either short foraging excursions or long travel movements between areas. Daily movements may reach up to
<quantity box="[1592,1679,2528,2561]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
, but usually are less than
<quantity box="[2039,2109,2528,2561]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
. American Mink are solitary outside of the breeding season. Females have home ranges of about 8-20 ha; the ranges of males are larger, sometimes up to 800 ha. Home ranges include 1-8-7-
<quantity box="[2503,2579,2606,2639]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
of shoreline for males and 1-4-
<quantity box="[1843,1921,2649,2678]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
for females. In the prairies, the average home range of males was 7-
<quantity box="[1719,1789,2685,2718]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
*. The home ranges of males overlap with those of females, but there is little overlap with other males. Population densities of 1-8 per km? have been recorded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[1419,1556,2807,2836]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Breeding.</emphasis>
Females are polyestrous but only have one litter per year. Mating occurs from February to April. Implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterus undergoes a short and variable delay, and gestation may last from 39 to 78 days (average 51 days). Actual embryonic development takes 30-32 days. Births occur in April to June. Litter size ranges from two to ten, with an average offive. The young are born blind; their eyes open after five weeks and weaning occursat five to six weeks. They leave the nest and begin to hunt at seven to eight weeks, and separate from the mother in the autumn. Females reach adult weight at four months and sexual maturity at twelve months; males reach adult weight at 9-11 months and sexual maturity at 18 months.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="36.[1412,2635,285,3472]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis box="[1417,1764,3199,3228]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern in The
<collectionCode box="[2255,2335,3199,3228]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">IUCN</collectionCode>
Red List. The American Mink is considered common throughoutits range. It is harvested in the wild forits fur, particularly in North America; however, most of the mink fur used in commerce is produced on farms and American Mink are intensively raised in captivity. Most of the conservation issues with this species relate to its introduction to countries outside its natural distribution and the impacts on native fauna. Major threats to American Mink are linked with water pollution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="656" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="37.[186,1391,292,441]" pageId="37" pageNumber="656">
<emphasis box="[188,341,297,318]" pageId="37" pageNumber="656">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Aulerich &amp; Ringer (1979), Aulerich et al. (1974), Bartoszewicz &amp; Zalewski (2003), Birks &amp; Linn (1982), Bonesi et al. (2000), Dunstone (1979, 1983, 1993), Enders (1952), Errington (1954), Hammershoj et al. (2004), Lariviere (1999a, 2003b), Sidorovich et al. (2001), Wozencraft (2005), Zabala et al. (2007a, 2007b), Zuberogoitia et al. (2006).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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