567 lines
63 KiB
XML
567 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document id="52B088A4A5AAAB9BBABC1B187D1CFF0B" ID-CLB-Dataset="45991" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.279133" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2453101f-9c36-4f85-bfc3-8f2953c2e6f3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="279133" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460409374691" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Beljaev, Evgeny A." docDate="2011" docId="03DF87BF114B954FFF29F8E8FA830966" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03097p067.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3097" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Holarctias" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="FFE6FFC7114C9546FFBEFFD2FFF70C32" masterDocTitle="Redescription of Holarctias rufinularia (Staudinger, 1901), with notes on the taxonomy and relationships of Holarctias Prout, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698300246018" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1121DE0DE976C5BD4F25C3C662FB924A">
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<mods:title id="9727E968A1CB6249F1BD34663ED69DBA">Redescription of Holarctias rufinularia (Staudinger, 1901), with notes on the taxonomy and relationships of Holarctias Prout, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="256FBAC0B6B540BCB3B6D6FFE7F2BD83">Beljaev, Evgeny A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1559B315538A2AA58AD5AB7448365836">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="57561048800531FC67A968622C0350C7">
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<mods:date id="DCB47148E59093409A7242F2515BCCD6">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2751AE1C603938590D9B3CA348D595EB">3097</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BF739B692EAEE9308AFC38C376653A3E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9A444D3F13ED9AE787E0CDD2B8C9DE86" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.279133</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="912A9EF567A876D08B466CACE20372A9" type="Zenodo-Dep">279133</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DF87BF114B954FFF29F8E8FA830966" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6185870" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119422918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6185870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87BF114B954FFF29F8E8FA830966" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87BF114B954FFF29F8E8FA830966" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="C36C6522114B9541FF29F8E8FE100B67" box="[151,487,1850,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC936A9114B9541FF29F8E8FE100B67" blockId="7.[151,487,1850,1877]" box="[151,487,1850,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="D08181C5114B9541FF29F8E8FE100B67" bold="true" box="[151,487,1850,1877]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB114B9541FF29F8E8FE100B67" bold="true" box="[151,487,1850,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
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Relationships of
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A114B9541FED9F8E9FE100B67" ID-CoL="92BNV" box="[359,487,1851,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB114B9541FED9F8E9FE100B67" bold="true" box="[359,487,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Holarctias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C6522114B954FFF29F853FA830966" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC936A9114B954EFF29F853FD7C0CE6" blockId="7.[151,1436,1921,2018]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
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The phylogenetic position of
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A114B9541FE5CF850FDAE0BA8" box="[482,601,1922,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB114B9541FE5CF850FDAE0BA8" box="[482,601,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Holarctias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was not especially considered in Sihvonen's (2005) phylogenetic research on the
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A114B9541FF5DF877FEA60B8F" box="[227,337,1957,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
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, but the
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<typeStatus id="54CD880B114B9541FE0CF874FE150B8C" box="[434,482,1958,1982]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A114B9541FD67F875FC990B8C" box="[729,878,1959,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sentinaria">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB114B9541FD67F875FC990B8C" box="[729,878,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">H. sentinaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A114B9541FC22F874FB870B8C" box="[924,1136,1958,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sentinaria">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB114B9541FC22F874FB870B8C" box="[924,1136,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Scopula sentinaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), was included to the phylogenetic analysis. Because of the new data on morphology in the genus, I would like to discuss the possible relationships of this genus in the tribe. Morphological data on the compared genera are taken from the cited paper of Sihvonen and from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B581144954EFECAFF6FFDC00CE6" author="Hausmann" box="[372,567,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Hausmann, A. (1994) Dritter Beitrag zur Revision der Gattung Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 nebst Beschreibung zweier neuer Gattungen (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Nota lepidopterologica, 17 (1), 195 - 211." type="journal article" year="1994">Hausmann (1994</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B581144954EFDFDFF6EFD770CE6" author="Hausmann" box="[579,640,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Hausmann, A. (2004) Sterrhinae. In: Hausmann, A. (ed.). The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 1. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC936A91144954EFF7BFF32FE4B0EB6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
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In Sihvonen's phylogenetic tree (
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD85FF32FD7F0CCA" box="[571,648,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">loc. cit</emphasis>
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., Fig. 134)
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCB0FF33FC530CCA" box="[782,932,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sentinaria">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCB0FF33FC530CCA" box="[782,932,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. sentinaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is placed in the common stalk with
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFAFCFF33FF480D2E" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFAFCFF33FF480D2E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF6EFED7FE100D2E" authority="Alpheraky, 1883" authorityName="Alpheraky" authorityYear="1883" box="[208,487,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF6EFED7FEEA0D2E" box="[208,285,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
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Alphéraky, 1883
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE4AFED6FD0A0D2E" authority="Turner, 1908" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1908" box="[500,765,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE4AFED6FDA90D2E" box="[500,606,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
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Turner, 1908
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCB2FED6FBDE0D2E" authority="Turner, 1908" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1908" box="[780,1065,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCB2FED6FC7D0D2E" box="[780,906,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
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Turner, 1908
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB89FED7FB930D2E" box="[1079,1124,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB89FED7FB930D2E" box="[1079,1124,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFBCBFED6FA600D2E" authority="Prout, 1913" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1913" box="[1141,1431,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antilycauges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFBCBFED6FAF10D2E" box="[1141,1286,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Antilycauges</emphasis>
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Prout, 1913
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF29FEFAFEBC0D0D" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" box="[151,331,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cinglis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF29FEFAFF1F0D72" box="[151,232,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Cinglis</emphasis>
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Guenée
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</taxonomicName>
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, [1858];
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE07FEFAFDA10D72" box="[441,598,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Pseudocinglis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B581144954EFDDFFEFAFCD10D0D" author="Hausmann" box="[609,806,295,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Hausmann, A. (1994) Dritter Beitrag zur Revision der Gattung Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 nebst Beschreibung zweier neuer Gattungen (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Nota lepidopterologica, 17 (1), 195 - 211." type="journal article" year="1994">Hausmann, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC88FEFAFBBC0D0D" authority="Prout, 1916" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1916" box="[822,1099,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zygophyxia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC88FEFAFC4E0D72" box="[822,953,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Zygophyxia</emphasis>
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Prout, 1916
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB35FEFAFF240D56" authority="Hausmann, 1994" authorityName="Hausmann" authorityYear="1994" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Meruliaceae" genus="Scopuloides" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB35FEFAFAE50D72" box="[1163,1298,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopuloides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B581144954EFAA3FEFAFF240D56" author="Hausmann" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Hausmann, A. (1994) Dritter Beitrag zur Revision der Gattung Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 nebst Beschreibung zweier neuer Gattungen (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Nota lepidopterologica, 17 (1), 195 - 211." type="journal article" year="1994">Hausmann, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF63FE9EFE2E0D56" authority="Pseudocinglis" authorityName="Pseudocinglis" box="[221,473,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cinglis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF63FE9EFED90D56" box="[221,302,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Cinglis</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE82FE9EFE2E0D56" box="[316,473,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Pseudocinglis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE56FE9EFD980D56" box="[488,623,332,356]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Meruliaceae" genus="Scopuloides" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE56FE9EFD980D56" box="[488,623,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopuloides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFDC0FE9EFCF80D56" box="[638,783,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antilycauges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFDC0FE9EFCF80D56" box="[638,783,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Antilycauges</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCF8FE9EFC3E0D56" box="[838,969,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Zygophyxia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCF8FE9EFC3E0D56" box="[838,969,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Zygophyxia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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possess in the male a sternum A8 typical for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF56FEBDFEA40DB5" box="[232,339,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
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with well developed mappa and cerata, which are indubitable synapomorphies of most
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFA94FEBDFA6E0DB5" box="[1322,1433,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
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. Unlike them,
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE8AFE46FE5C0D9E" box="[308,427,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE8AFE46FE5C0D9E" box="[308,427,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares the general structure of sternum A8 with
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC60FE47FB640D9E" authority="Leucoxena" authorityName="Leucoxena" box="[990,1171,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC60FE47FBFD0D9E" box="[990,1034,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFBA4FE47FB640D9E" box="[1050,1171,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB1AFE47FB060D9E" box="[1188,1265,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB1AFE47FB060D9E" box="[1188,1265,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFABFFE46FA9C0D9E" box="[1281,1387,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFABFFE46FA9C0D9E" box="[1281,1387,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF29FE6AFEE20DE2" box="[151,277,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF29FE6AFEE20DE2" box="[151,277,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which have lacking or small knob-like cerata and rudimentary mappa. This state of sternum A8 could be considered as a secondary reduction of mappa and cerata, which is supported by the optional presence of cerata in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF08FDD2FEDA0E2A" box="[182,301,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF08FDD2FEDA0E2A" box="[182,301,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE73FDD2FDD00E2A" box="[461,551,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE73FDD2FDD00E2A" box="[461,551,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopula</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFDDCFDD2FCF60E2A" box="[610,769,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Glossotrophia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFDDCFDD2FCF60E2A" box="[610,769,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Glossotrophia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, when the cerata are strongly reduced (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB73FDD2FEDE0E0E" authority="Herz, 1903" authorityName="Herz" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajanderi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB73FDD2FA6B0E2A" box="[1229,1436,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopula cajanderi</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B581144954EFF21FDF6FED70E0E" author="Herz" box="[159,288,548,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" refString="Herz, O. (1903) Lepidopteren-Ausbeute der Lena Expedition von B. Poppius im Jahre 1901. Ofversigt af Finska vetenskapssocietetens forhandlingar, 45 (15), 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="1903">Herz, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE8BFDF6FD1C0E0E" authority="Staudinger, 1879" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1879" box="[309,747,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenosaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE8BFDF6FDE60E0E" box="[309,529,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopula arenosaria</emphasis>
|
|
(Staudinger, 1879)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFD49FDF6FB650E0E" authority="Moschler, 1860" authorityName="Moschler" authorityYear="1860" box="[759,1170,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frigidaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD49FDF6FC310E0E" box="[759,966,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopula frigidaria</emphasis>
|
|
(Möschler, 1860)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB20FDF6FE980E6D" authority="Goeze, 1781" authorityName="Goeze" authorityYear="1781" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginepunctata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB20FDF6FF340E52" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopula marginepunctata</emphasis>
|
|
(Goeze, 1781)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEC2FD9AFD3A0E6D" authority="Butler, 1878" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1878" box="[380,717,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hanna">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEC2FD9AFDD30E52" box="[380,548,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Scopula hanna</emphasis>
|
|
(Butler, 1878)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFD65FD9AFAFA0E6D" authority="Herrich-Schaffer, 1847" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1847" box="[731,1293,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Glossotrophia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asellaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD65FD9AFC110E52" box="[731,998,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Glossotrophia asellaria</emphasis>
|
|
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1847))
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
they always keep their lateral position.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91144954EFF7BFD5DFEE00F97" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
|
Australian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEFCFD42FE5B0E9A" box="[322,428,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEFCFD42FE5B0E9A" box="[322,428,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE58FD42FD930E9A" box="[486,612,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE58FD42FD930E9A" box="[486,612,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
share two probable synapomorphies: hook-like cuculli and an aedeagus with a pair of similar cornuti, approximated each other, on portion of vesica. They do not have even rudimentary mappa, and possess cerata just on the posterior margin of the sternum. In these two genera sternum A8 lacks lateral sclerotized bars connecting the base of the cerata with the anterior sclerotized pouch of sternum A
|
|
<quantity id="4C8E9B4C1144954EFB4CFD2EFAEB0F26" box="[1266,1308,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
|
most other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF29FCCDFEF10F05" box="[151,262,799,823]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Possibly
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEC7FCF2FE140F0A" box="[377,483,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEC7FCF2FE140F0A" box="[377,483,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFDA2FCF2FD6D0F0A" box="[540,666,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFDA2FCF2FD6D0F0A" box="[540,666,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
demonstrate a morphologically primitive phase of the formation of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF7FFC96FEDB0F6E" box="[193,300,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
<typeStatus id="54CD880B1144954EFE8AFC97FE930F6F" box="[308,356,837,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
|
sternum A8, which suggests their basal phylogenetic position in the tribe. Also in the genitalia they do not demonstrate any probable common specialization with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC3FFCBAFC0F0FB2" box="[897,1016,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC3FFCBAFC0F0FB2" box="[897,1016,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or with other genera from the considered group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91144954EFF7BFC63FA630892" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF7BFC63FEC90FFA" box="[197,318,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF7BFC63FEC90FFA" box="[197,318,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEC6FC62FE520FF5" box="[376,421,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEC6FC62FE520FF5" box="[376,421,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(though
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFDB1FC62FC630FF5" authority="Milliere, 1864" authorityName="Milliere" authorityYear="1864" box="[527,916,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reaumuraria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFDB1FC62FD240FFA" box="[527,723,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar reaumuraria</emphasis>
|
|
(Milliére, 1864)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC1FFC62FB090FF5" authority="Fabricius, 1794" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1794" box="[929,1278,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratana">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC1FFC62FBC70FFA" box="[929,1072,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar pratana</emphasis>
|
|
(Fabricius, 1794)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, have what is evidently a secondarily modified posterior margin of sternum A8 with irregular processes on the posterior margin) have small simple knob-like cerata, reminiscent of those in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC85FC2AFC520822" box="[827,933,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC85FC2AFC520822" box="[827,933,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC62FC2AFBAD0822" box="[988,1114,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC62FC2AFBAD0822" box="[988,1114,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which are placed sub-laterally on the dorsal surface of sternum A8 close to the posterior margin of the sternum. As in other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB70FBCEFACB0806" box="[1230,1340,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in these two genera sternum A8 has sclerotized lateral bars, connected cerata with an anterior margin of the sternum. Posteriorly to the cerata a rather narrow expansion of the sternum is present, which is probably homologous to the mappa. This construction of sternum A8 is unique and can be considered as a synapomorphy of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB0DFB5BFADC0892" box="[1203,1323,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB0DFB5BFADC0892" box="[1203,1323,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFADFFB5AFA7A08AD" box="[1377,1421,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFADFFB5AFA7A08AD" box="[1377,1421,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91144954EFF7BFB7FFDFA094A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF7BFB7FFEE508F6" box="[197,274,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF7BFB7FFEE508F6" box="[197,274,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lacks cerata completely, and their sternum A8 is closely similar to that of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFBDDFB7EFB2D08F6" box="[1123,1242,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFBDDFB7EFB2D08F6" box="[1123,1242,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
where cerata are totally absent. Both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEC2FB02FE3E08D5" box="[380,457,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEC2FB02FE3E08D5" box="[380,457,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFDBCFB02FD8E08DA" box="[514,633,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFDBCFB02FD8E08DA" box="[514,633,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lack lateral bars of sternum A8, which makes them similar to sternum A8 of the Australian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE3DFB26FE1A093E" box="[387,493,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE3DFB26FE1A093E" box="[387,493,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFD9DFB26FD56093E" box="[547,673,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD9DFB26FD56093E" box="[547,673,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCA2FB26FC64093E" box="[796,915,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCA2FB26FC64093E" box="[796,915,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, as well as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFBABFB27FB79093E" box="[1045,1166,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFBABFB27FB79093E" box="[1045,1166,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB7BFB27FB06093E" box="[1221,1265,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB7BFB27FB06093E" box="[1221,1265,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, possesses cerata on the dorsal surface of the sternum, while in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFD76FACAFCC50902" box="[712,818,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD76FACAFCC50902" box="[712,818,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCD4FACAFC1F0902" box="[874,1000,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Autanepsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCD4FACAFC1F0902" box="[874,1000,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Autanepsia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
they are placed posteriorly. Evidently, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF0AFAEFFEF60966" box="[180,257,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF0AFAEFFEF60966" box="[180,257,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE87FAEEFE470966" box="[313,432,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE87FAEEFE470966" box="[313,432,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the reduction of the mappa and cerata started from a state of sternum A8 close to that in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF29FAB3FEE7094A" box="[151,272,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF29FAB3FEE7094A" box="[151,272,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and, particularly,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE65FAB2FDF00945" box="[475,519,1376,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE65FAB2FDF00945" box="[475,519,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91144954EFF7BFA56FF110BA6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
|
Central Asian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFED5FA57FE4009AE" box="[363,439,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFED5FA57FE4009AE" box="[363,439,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
does not demonstrate specialized characters which could be considered as synapomorphies with any from these three genera (resemblance in the shape of sternum A8 with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB16FA7AFAE809F2" box="[1192,1311,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB16FA7AFAE809F2" box="[1192,1311,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
cannot be accepted because this is a common similarity of highly reduced homologous organs). However, the Mediterranean
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF29FA22FF330A35" box="[151,196,1520,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF29FA22FF330A35" box="[151,196,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and East African
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE32FA23FDF20A3A" box="[396,517,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE32FA23FDF20A3A" box="[396,517,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
both possess an aedeagus thickened in the anellar region, with a short tubular portion just posterior to the anellus and a long groove-like distal portion, which is similar to that in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB40F9C7FA640A1E" box="[1278,1427,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sentinaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB40F9C7FA640A1E" box="[1278,1427,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. sentinaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
- group, and could be considered as apomorphic in comparison with other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC5EF9EAFBB80A62" box="[992,1103,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. East African
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB4AF9EBFA9A0A62" box="[1268,1389,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB4AF9EBFA9A0A62" box="[1268,1389,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has large sclerotized bar-like apomorphic socii closely reminiscent of those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC43F98FFB620A46" box="[1021,1173,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sentinaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC43F98FFB620A46" box="[1021,1173,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. sentinaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB6CF98FFAAA0A46" box="[1234,1373,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufinaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFB6CF98FFAAA0A46" box="[1234,1373,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. rufinaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFAD1F98FFA6B0A46" box="[1391,1436,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFAD1F98FFA6B0A46" box="[1391,1436,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
shares with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEA0F953FE440AAA" box="[286,435,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sentinaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEA0F953FE440AAA" box="[286,435,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. sentinaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE55F953FD840AAA" box="[491,627,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufinaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE55F953FD840AAA" box="[491,627,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. rufinaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
a horn-like cornutus attached near the edge of the distal opening of the aedeagus, so that the cornutus does not evert together with the vesica. It is clearly an apomorphic state. In the female genitala
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFEF2F91AFE340AD2" box="[332,451,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFEF2F91AFE340AD2" box="[332,451,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE45F91AFDDF0AED" box="[507,552,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE45F91AFDDF0AED" box="[507,552,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
both possess very short anterior apophyses, a large well sclerotized antrum, a small sack-shaped corpus bursae without a narrow membranous ductus bursae and without a signum. All these female characters could be considered as synapomorphies. Besides,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFC29F8C2FC330B15" box="[919,964,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFC29F8C2FC330B15" box="[919,964,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has enlarged processes of the juxta, similar to those in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE88F8E7FE240B7E" box="[310,467,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufinularia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE88F8E7FE240B7E" box="[310,467,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">H. rufinularia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFDF0F8E7FD8C0B7E" box="[590,635,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFDF0F8E7FD8C0B7E" box="[590,635,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sharply differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCD9F8E6FC290B7E" box="[871,990,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCD9F8E6FC290B7E" box="[871,990,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFBAAF8E7FB7A0B7E" box="[1044,1165,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFBAAF8E7FB7A0B7E" box="[1044,1165,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the short weak socii, but this state could be secondary because of the general degeneration of the tegminal portion of the male genitalia in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFF0AF8AFFF170BA6" box="[180,224,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFF0AF8AFFF170BA6" box="[180,224,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91144954FFF7BF872FD3B0DC6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1364]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
|
This grouping of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE36F872FE080B8A" box="[392,511,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE36F872FE080B8A" box="[392,511,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFD81F873FD4F0B8A" box="[575,696,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD81F873FD4F0B8A" box="[575,696,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or (more likely)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCC7F873FC510B8A" box="[889,934,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCC7F873FC510B8A" box="[889,934,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is different from the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFB2BF872FAF70B8A" box="[1173,1280,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
phylogeny of Sihvonen. In the latter
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFE28F816FDFA0BEE" box="[406,525,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFE28F816FDFA0BEE" box="[406,525,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is sister to the pair
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFD57F817FCC10BEE" box="[745,822,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFD57F817FCC10BEE" box="[745,822,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1144954EFCEDF816FC4A0BEE" box="[851,957,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasybela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1144954EFCEDF816FC4A0BEE" box="[851,957,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dasybela</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but this node is supported by a weak apo-morphy—the presence between male 7th and 8th sternites of two pouches. This variation, consisting of one or two pouches, is present in many groups of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFDFFFF6EFD5B0CE6" box="[577,684,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFD43FF6EFCA00CE6" box="[765,855,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFD43FF6EFCA00CE6" box="[765,855,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Scopula</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs even in related species, and could be considered as easily homoplastic.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFE6AFF32FDB80CC5" box="[468,591,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucoxena</taxonomicName>
|
|
is placed by Sihvonen opposite all other genera included in this phylogenetic analysis (
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFEFEFED6FE620D2E" box="[320,405,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">loc. cit.</emphasis>
|
|
, Fig. 134). This opposition is supported by 3 apomorphies, present in all genera, excepting
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFF29FEFBFEE70D72" box="[151,272,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFF29FEFBFEE70D72" box="[151,272,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: absence of sensilla styloconica (or, rather, they are morphologically unidentifiable, as it is noted by Sihvonen), absence of scales among chaetosemata and absence of signum in the female genitalia. The first (and single) apomorphy was indicated as unique, but out of 13 terminal species, marked by this apomorphy, this character was examined in 6 species only, and in 2 species among them, including
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFC42FE47FB740D9E" box="[1020,1155,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senitaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFC42FE47FB740D9E" box="[1020,1155,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">H. senitaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, is reversed. The second apomorphy looks as easily homoplastic and is also reversed in the treated group of genera (in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFB79FE6AFAAF0DE2" box="[1223,1368,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antilycauges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFB79FE6AFAAF0DE2" box="[1223,1368,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Antilycauges</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). The third one is easily homoplastic in all
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFD8AFE0EFD3F0DC6" box="[564,712,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91145954FFF7BFDD2FBA00EDD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFF7BFDD2FF050E25" box="[197,242,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFF7BFDD2FF050E25" box="[197,242,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Sihvonen's phylogeny is sister to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFD37FDD2FCED0E2A" box="[649,794,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antilycauges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFD37FDD2FCED0E2A" box="[649,794,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Antilycauges</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F36176391145954FFCE3FE2DFC440E25" box="[861,947,511,535]" name="Taiwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
|
. This is supported by three non-unique apomorphies: dorsally bicoloured male antennal segments, multiple rows of ventrolateral sensillae on the proximal part of the male flagellomere, and presence of a posterior ventral lamina of the metathorax metafurca. The first character has only two species with this state almost for the whole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFC27FDBEFBD70EB6" box="[921,1056,620,644]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
and its phylogenetic value is not important. The second apomorphy on the phylogenetic tree (
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFCF3FD42FC550E9A" box="[845,930,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">loc. cit.</emphasis>
|
|
, Fig. 134) occurs in 9 places apart from the discussed node, which demonstrates its low phylogenetic value. The third one, the presence of a posterior ventral lamina of the metathorax metafurca, is also indicated for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFCA9FD0BFC690EC2" box="[791,926,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senitaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFCA9FD0BFC690EC2" box="[791,926,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">H. senitaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a homoplasy.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91145954FFF7BFD2EFBBB0FFB" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
|
Thus, characters which indicate phylogenetic relationships between the discussed genera in Sihvonen's publication, demonstrate poor uniqueness and are probably not very reliable for phylogenetic reconstruction in the discussed group of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFEEFFC96FE4B0F6E" box="[337,444,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopulini">Scopulini</taxonomicName>
|
|
genera. The characters used in my analysis (fine structure of sternum A8, sclerotization of the socii, details of aedeagus construction, position of cornutus on the vesica, and enumerated female genitalia characters excluding the absence of signum) were not treated by Sihvonen. They are much less homoplastic, and, probably, better indicate phylogenetic relationships in the discussed group of genera.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BC936A91145954FFF7BFC06FA830966" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
|
Generally,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFEFCFC06FE4E0FDE" box="[322,441,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFEFCFC06FE4E0FDE" box="[322,441,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the male genitalia demonstrates a mosaic pattern of probable synapomorphies with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFF29FC2BFEE70822" box="[151,272,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFF29FC2BFEE70822" box="[151,272,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFEF4FC2AFE81083D" box="[330,374,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFEF4FC2AFE81083D" box="[330,374,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but with many more characters similar to the last genus. This conclusion agrees with Sterneck's (1941: 262) phylogenetic tree of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFDC4FBCEFD180806" box="[634,751,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sterrhinae">Sterrhinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, where
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFCF7FBCEFC370806" box="[841,960,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFCF7FBCEFC370806" box="[841,960,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFC44FBCFFBD00806" box="[1018,1063,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFC44FBCFFBD00806" box="[1018,1063,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are placed on a common branch (but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFF75FB93FEB3086A" box="[203,324,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Leucoxena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFF75FB93FEB3086A" box="[203,324,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Leucoxena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was not treated by Sterneck). Sterneck's phylogeny is based on classical principles of estimation of general similarity, and he did not ground sister relationships between these two genera by any characters, apart from the absence of cerata. Interestingly, he treated lack of cerata in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFC20FB5AFBE20892" box="[926,1045,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFC20FB5AFBE20892" box="[926,1045,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFBF2FB5AFB8E08AD" box="[1100,1145,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFBF2FB5AFB8E08AD" box="[1100,1145,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a primary condition in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFF7FFB7EFED508F6" box="[193,290,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Sterrhini">Sterrhini</taxonomicName>
|
|
('Sterrhicae' of the author), when for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFD71FB7FFCEB08F6" box="[719,796,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFD71FB7FFCEB08F6" box="[719,796,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
he supposed reduction of them, evidently, following the close general resemblance of the genitalia of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFD31FB02FD2B08D5" box="[655,732,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Stigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFD31FB02FD2B08D5" box="[655,732,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Stigma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFCE1FB02FC4E08DA" box="[863,953,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFCE1FB02FC4E08DA" box="[863,953,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Scopula</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This clarifies the intuitive nature of Sterneck's phylogenetic tree, grounded on detailed morphological investigation of morphology in Palaearctic
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFA94FB26FA6A093E" box="[1322,1437,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sterrhinae">Sterrhinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and creating a mental image of compact morphological groups. It is significant that applying the analytic synapomorphic method to phylogenetic reconstruction confirms Sterneck's phylogeny, at least for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFB2AFAEEFAFC0966" box="[1172,1291,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Holarctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFB2AFAEEFAFC0966" box="[1172,1291,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Holarctias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C764D2A1145954FFAFFFAEFFA9A0966" box="[1345,1389,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B902EABB1145954FFAFFFAEFFA9A0966" box="[1345,1389,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |