561 lines
82 KiB
XML
561 lines
82 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9BF82809EEFFF07AD91C720305D31DB6">Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cladolabidae), new addition to the holothuroid fauna of Pakistan</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63FA65FE42FA16" bold="true" box="[151,418,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
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(
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(
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&
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<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63FA0BFE86F989" box="[151,358,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Cucumaria africana</emphasis>
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, 270, pI. 15, fig. 16;
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<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFD00FA0CFC44F989" author="Theel, H." box="[756,932,1515,1539]" page="108" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1886">
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<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFD00FA0CFC44F989" author="Theel, H." box="[756,932,1515,1539]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 290" refId="ref5124" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothurioidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the Years 1873 - 76. Part II. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 14 (Part 39), 1 - 290, pls. 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel, 1886: 108</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFC5AFA0CFB60F989" author="Ludwig, H." box="[942,1152,1515,1539]" page="1236" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1887">
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<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFC5AFA0CFB60F989" author="Ludwig, H." box="[942,1152,1515,1539]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1217 - 1244" refId="ref3979" refString="Ludwig, H. (1887) Drei Mittheilungen uber alte und neue Holothurienarten. Sitzungsberichte der Koninglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftenzu Berlin, 2 (54), 1217 - 1244." type="journal article" year="1887">Ludwig, 1887: 1236</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF63F9EDFDB9F9A8" ID-CoL="78F5H" authority="Ludwig, 1888: 815" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityPageNumber="815" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,601,1546,1570]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Pseudocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
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<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F9EDFE70F9A8" box="[151,400,1546,1570]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Pseudocucumis africana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE62F9EDFDB9F9A8" author="Ludwig, H." box="[406,601,1546,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="805 - 820" refId="ref4012" refString="Ludwig, H. (1888) Die von Dr. Brock imindischen ArchipelgesammeltenHolothurien. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie, 3, 805 - 820, pl. 30. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1932" type="journal article" year="1888">Ludwig, 1888: 815</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFD96F9EDFCFFF9A8" author="Lampert, K." box="[610,799,1546,1570]" page="61" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1896">
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<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFD96F9EDFCFFF9A8" author="Lampert, K." box="[610,799,1546,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="49 - 71" refId="ref3916" refString="Lampert, K. (1896) Die von Dr. Stuhlmann in den Jahren 1888 und 1889 an der Ostkuste Afrikas gesammelten Holothurien. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 13, 49 - 71." type="journal article" year="1896">Lampert, 1896: 61</bibRefCitation>
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; Sluiter, 1901:107;
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<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFC10F9EDFB5BF9A8" author="Mitsukuri, K." box="[996,1211,1546,1570]" page="257" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1912">
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<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFC10F9EDFB5BF9A8" author="Mitsukuri, K." box="[996,1211,1546,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref4394" refString="Mitsukuri, K. (1912) Studies on actinopodous Holothuroidea. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 29 (2), 1 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37880" type="journal article" year="1912">Mitsukuri, 1912: 257</bibRefCitation>
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, text-fig. 52, pI. 8, fig. 66; H.L.
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<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFED7F9CFFE31F9CB" author="Clark, H. L." box="[291,465,1576,1601]" page="417" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1923">
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<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFED7F9CFFE31F9CB" author="Clark, H. L." box="[291,465,1576,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="221 - 435" refId="ref3584" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13, 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark, 1923: 417</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF63F9A0FDAAF9D5" authority="Sluiter, 1914: 19" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,586,1607,1631]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Phyllophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="transvectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F9A0FE79F9D5" box="[151,409,1607,1631]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Phyllophorus transvectus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE54F9A0FDAAF9D5" author="Sluiter, C. P." box="[416,586,1607,1631]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref4992" refString="Sluiter, C. P. (1914) Die von Dr. PN van Kampen, waehrend seiner Fahrtenmit dem Regierungsdampfer " Gier ", 1906 - 1909, imIndischen Archipel gesammelten Holothurien. Contributions a la faune des Indes Neerlandaises, 1 (1), 1 - 28, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1914">Sluiter, 1914: 19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 7a, b.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF63F981FCC1F9F4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" box="[151,801,1638,1662]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86985925CE27FF9BFF63F981FCC1F9F4" box="[151,801,1638,1662]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F981FF44F9F7" box="[151,164,1638,1661]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">?</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFF50F981FDA2F9F4" author="Semper, C." box="[164,578,1638,1662]" page="244" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1867">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF50F981FDA2F9F4" ID-CoL="6SSYV" authority="Semper, 1867: 244" authorityName="Semper" authorityPageNumber="244" authorityYear="1867" box="[164,578,1638,1662]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Orcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cucumiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF50F981FE9BF9F4" box="[164,379,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Orcula cucumiformis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE75F981FDA2F9F4" author="Semper, C." box="[385,578,1638,1662]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" refId="ref4943" refString="Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Reisen imArchipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Holothurien 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 285 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687" type="book" year="1867">Semper, 1867: 244</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 274, pI. 40, figs. 8,9.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF63F962FD2FF916" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" box="[151,719,1668,1693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86985925CE27FF9BFF63F962FD2FF916" box="[151,719,1668,1693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFF63F962FDE1F917" author="Bell, F. J." box="[151,513,1668,1693]" page="27" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1886">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF63F962FDE1F917" ID-CoL="329FY" authority="Bell, 1886: 27" authorityName="Bell" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,513,1668,1693]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Cucumaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="assimilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F962FE89F916" box="[151,361,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Cucumaria assimilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE9BF963FDE1F917" author="Bell, F. J." box="[367,513,1668,1693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref3377" refString="Bell, F. J. (1886) On the Holothurians of the Mergui Archipelago collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, Superintendent of the Museum. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 21 (126), 25 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 00968. x" type="journal article" year="1886">Bell, 1886: 27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; Ludwig, 1899:
|
||
<specimenCount id="B08EB582CE27FF9BFD5CF963FD2FF916" box="[680,719,1668,1692]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" type="generic">56l.</specimenCount>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF63F944FCC1F931" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" box="[151,801,1699,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86985925CE27FF9BFF63F944FCC1F931" box="[151,801,1699,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFF63F944FDAAF931" author="Ludwig, H." box="[151,586,1699,1723]" page="1236" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1887">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF63F944FDAAF931" authority="Ludwig, 1887: 1236" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityPageNumber="1236" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,586,1699,1723]" class="Malacostraca" family="Stegocephalidae" genus="Pseudo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucumistheeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F944FE93F931" box="[151,371,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Pseudo cucumistheeli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE8EF944FDAAF931" author="Ludwig, H." box="[378,586,1699,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1217 - 1244" refId="ref3979" refString="Ludwig, H. (1887) Drei Mittheilungen uber alte und neue Holothurienarten. Sitzungsberichte der Koninglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftenzu Berlin, 2 (54), 1217 - 1244." type="journal article" year="1887">Ludwig, 1887: 1236</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,. pl. 15, figs. 12–16.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF63F925FD90F950" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" box="[151,624,1730,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF63F925FD8CF950" authority="H. L. Clark, 1946: 404" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityPageNumber="404" authorityYear="1946" box="[151,620,1730,1754]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Discucumaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F925FE63F950" box="[151,387,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Discucumaria africana</emphasis>
|
||
H.L. Clark, 1946: 404
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF63F906FC53F89D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86985925CE27FF9BFF63F906FC53F89D" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFF63F906FD85F972" author="Deichmann, E." box="[151,613,1760,1785]" page="736" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1944">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF63F906FD85F972" ID-CoL="65FPH" authority="Deichmann, 1944: 736" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityPageNumber="736" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,613,1760,1785]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F906FE93F973" box="[151,371,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE8DF907FD85F972" author="Deichmann, E." box="[377,613,1760,1785]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="731 - 737" refId="ref3662" refString="Deichmann, E. (1944) Urodemas bifurcatum, a new holothurian from South Africa, with a revision of the genus Urodemas Selenka. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 11 (83), 731 - 737. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934408527470" type="journal article" year="1944">Deichmann, 1944: 736</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFD9BF906FD39F972" author="Deichmann, E." box="[623,729,1760,1785]" page="358" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1948">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFD9BF906FD39F972" author="Deichmann, E." box="[623,729,1760,1785]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="325 - 376" refId="ref3717" refString="Deichmann, E. (1948) The holothurian fauna of South Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 11 (2), 325 - 376." type="journal article" year="1948">1948: 358</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFD17F907FBC8F973" author="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A." box="[739,1064,1760,1785]" page="109" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1954">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFD17F907FBC8F973" author="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A." box="[739,1064,1760,1785]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="7 - 209" refId="ref3793" refString="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209." type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning, 1954: 109</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text fig. 39;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFB44F907FF0DF89D" author="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E." page="182" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1971">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFB44F907FF0DF89D" author="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E." pageId="1" pageNumber="75" refId="ref3613" refString="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms. Trust British Museum (Natural History) Publication No. 690. British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp." type="book" year="1971">Clark and Rowe, 1971: 182</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(dist.), text fig.
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE27FF9BFE65F918FE59F89D" box="[401,441,1791,1815]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" unit="g" value="95.0">95g</quantity>
|
||
, pI. 30, fig. 3;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFDBAF8E7FC80F89D" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Doty, J. E." box="[590,864,1791,1816]" page="226" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1977">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFDBAF8E7FC80F89D" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Doty, J. E." box="[590,864,1791,1816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="217 - 250" refId="ref4726" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Doty, J. E. (1977) The Shallow-Water Holothurians of Guam. Micronesica 13 (2), 217 - 250." type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe and Doty, 1977: 226</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2a.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF33F8F9FC42F818" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFF33F8F9FE76F8BC" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[199,406,1822,1846]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="290 - 304" refId="ref5252" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article" year="1989">Thandar, 1989: 298</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text fig. 5, 9d; 2022: 69. Fig. 15;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFCF9F8F9FC56F8BC" author="Kerr, A. M." box="[781,950,1822,1846]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref3883" refString="Kerr, A. M. (1994) Shallow-water holothuroids (Echinodermata) of Kosrae, Eastern Caroline Islands. Pacific Science, 48 (2), 161 - 174." type="journal article" year="1994">Kerr, 1994: 171</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Marsh, 1994: 11;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFB75F8F9FA78F8BC" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J." box="[1153,1432,1822,1846]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="263 - 337" refId="ref4760" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 33, 263 - 337." type="journal article" year="1995">Rowe & Gates, 1995: 321</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFF33F8DBFE94F8DF" author="Massin, C." box="[199,372,1852,1877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin,1996: 39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text fig. 27, A–E;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFDCBF8DBFD07F8DF" author="Liao, Y." box="[575,743,1852,1877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" refId="ref3955" refString="Liao, Y. (1997) Fauna Sinica. Phylum Echinodermata. Class Holothuroidea. Science Press, Beijing, 334 pp." type="book" year="1997">Liao, 1997: 179</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text fig. 104, a–b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFC42F8DBFB8CF8DE" author="Massin, C." box="[950,1132,1852,1877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref4305" refString="Massin, C. (1999) Reef-dwelling Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Spermonde Archipelago (South-West Sulawesi, Indonesia). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 329, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1999">Massin, 1999: 96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text fig. 79, 113c; Samyn & Vanden Berghe: 2000, 5, 18, 32;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFDEBF8BCFD3EF8F9" author="Samyn, Y." box="[543,734,1883,1907]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref4800" refString="Samyn, Y. (2003) Shallow-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Kenya and Pemba Island (Tanzania). Studies in Afrotropical Zoology, 292, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="2003">Samyn, 2003: 180</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 194, text fig. 1A–C, 51A;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFC08F8BBFB6DF8F9" author="Teo, S. & Ng, C. S. L. & Suen, S. M." box="[1020,1165,1883,1907]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref5195" refString="Teo, S., Ng, C. S. L. & Suen, S. M. (2010) Notes on the sea cucumber, Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1868 sic) (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Sclerodactylidae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3, 65 - 68." type="journal article" year="2010">Teo, 2010: 65</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text figs. 1–4;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFAC6F8BCFE79F818" author="Purwati, P. & Wirawati, I." pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="241 - 254" refId="ref4692" refString="Purwati, P. & Wirawati, I. (2012) Sea cucumbers of TelukPrigi, Southern Coast of Java Province. Oldi, 38 (2), 241 - 254." type="journal article" year="2012">Purwati & Wirawati, 2012: 244</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 10, 11 A–E;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFDB8F89DFD0CF818" author="Ong, J. Y. & Wirawati, I. & Pei-San Wong, H." box="[588,748,1914,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="666 - 717" refId="ref4441" refString="Ong, J. Y., Wirawati, I. & Pei-San Wong, H. (2016) Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) collected from the Singapore Strait. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 34, 666 - 717." type="journal article" year="2016">Ong, 2016: 297</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text figs. 4A, 22.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF9BFF63F87EFD0EF83B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1515,1969]" box="[151,750,1944,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="86985925CE27FF9BFF63F87EFD0EF83B" box="[151,750,1944,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
?
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="2729581ACE27FF9BFF56F87EFDC5F83B" author="Massin, C." box="[162,549,1944,1969]" page="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" year="1996">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFF56F87EFDC5F83B" ID-CoL="65FP3" authority="Massin, 1996: 40" authorityName="Massin" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1996" box="[162,549,1944,1969]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stracki">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF56F87EFE8DF83A" box="[162,365,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Afrocucumis stracki</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFE87F87FFDC5F83B" author="Massin, C." box="[371,549,1944,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin, 1996: 40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, plate 28, figs. A–J.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE922D80CE27FF98FF63F839FDA7FE97" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE27FF98FF63F839FDA7FE97" blockId="1.[151,1436,2014,2041]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFF63F839FEEAF872" bold="true" box="[151,266,2014,2040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
(after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE27FF9BFEA2F838FE0DF873" author="Semper, C." box="[342,493,2015,2041]" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" refId="ref4943" refString="Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Reisen imArchipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Holothurien 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 285 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687" type="book" year="1867">Semper 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Thandar 2022, amended herein). A small species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE27FF9BFBB4F838FB2CF873" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1944" box="[1088,1228,2015,2041]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE27FF9BFBB4F838FB2CF873" box="[1088,1228,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="75">Afrocucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reaching a length of just over
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE24FF98FED4FF70FE93FF3B" box="[288,371,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
; colour in life reddish-violet, dull brown in alcohol. Tentacles in 2(?3) circles. Posterior radial processes of calcareous ring short, broken into three pieces. Ossicles in the form of thick, discoidal, lenticular plates with tiny, often occluded, holes and pyramidal knobs or low spines on surface. Sometimes with rosette-like miliary granules in body wall and/or tube feet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE922D80CE24FF98FF33FEC0FA9AFDEB" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF33FEC0FA9AFDEB" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33FEC0FEDBFECB" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The above diagnosis is a taken from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FD00FEC0FC7EFECB" author="Semper, C." box="[756,926,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" refId="ref4943" refString="Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Reisen imArchipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Holothurien 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 285 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687" type="book" year="1867">Semper (1867)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Thandar (2022) with slight amendation to include the sometimes presence of rosette-shaped granules in the body wall and/or tube feet. Both authors mention a single polian vesicle and stone canal, in contrast to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FC91FE88FB66FE03" author="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A." box="[869,1158,366,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="7 - 209" refId="ref3793" refString="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209." type="journal article" year="1954">Heding& Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who state that there are numerous polian vesicles and stone canals. Whether these are intraspecific or geographic variations is unknown as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7933C0A9CE24FF98FF35FE50FEC3FE5B" box="[193,291,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
came from Querimba, while Thandar’s (1990, 2022) specimens came from the east coast of southern Africa and those
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FE91FE3CFD76FE7F" author="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A." box="[357,662,474,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="7 - 209" refId="ref3793" refString="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209." type="journal article" year="1954">Heding & Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Bowen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FCB0FE3CFC4EFE7F" box="[836,942,475,501]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE24FF98FC49FE3CFABAFE7F" authority="Semper, 1867" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1867" box="[957,1370,475,501]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Orcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cucumiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FC49FE3CFB4FFE7F" box="[957,1199,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Orcula cucumiformis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FB4FFE3CFABAFE7F" author="Semper, C." box="[1211,1370,475,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" refId="ref4943" refString="Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Reisen imArchipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Holothurien 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 285 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687" type="book" year="1867">Semper, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FF63FE18FF1BFD93" box="[151,251,511,537]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
was synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE24FF98FDFBFE18FD6EFD93" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1944" box="[527,654,511,537]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FDFBFE18FD6EFD93" box="[527,654,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">A. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FD4FFE18FC03FD93" author="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A." box="[699,995,510,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="7 - 209" refId="ref3793" refString="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209." type="journal article" year="1954">Heding & Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FBC6FE18FB08FD93" author="Massin, C." box="[1074,1256,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin’s (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE24FF98FB05FE18FABDFD93" authorityName="Massin" authorityYear="1996" box="[1265,1373,511,537]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stracki">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FB05FE18FABDFD93" box="[1265,1373,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">A. stracki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FF63FDC4FF0EFDB7" box="[151,238,547,573]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FF0DFDC4FE89FDB7" box="[249,361,547,573]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is here also synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE24FF98FD38FDC4FCAAFDB7" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1944" box="[716,842,547,573]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FD38FDC4FCAAFDB7" box="[716,842,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">A. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both with a query. In view of this and the number of synonyms this species needs to be thoroughly re-examined based on materials from different parts of the world.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE922D80CE24FF98FF33FD8DFD7EFD47" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF33FD8DFD7EFD47" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33FD8DFE50FD0E" bold="true" box="[199,432,618,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="16E07456CE24FF98FE42FD8CFD7AFD47" collectingDate="2021-12-02" country="Pakistan" latitude="25.0325" location="Gariyan Beach" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="61.77722" municipality="Jiwani Makran Coast" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Balochistan">
|
||
<location id="A35728D0CE24FF98FE42FD8CFD80FD0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2E21CF1DCE27FF9CFF63FA65FB9FFC9F:A35728D0CE24FF98FE42FD8CFD80FD0F" box="[438,608,619,645]" country="Pakistan" latitude="25.0325" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="61.77722" municipality="Jiwani Makran Coast" name="Gariyan Beach" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" stateProvince="Balochistan">Gariyan Beach</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4653E471CE24FF98FD9EFD8CFCBAFD0F" box="[618,858,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Jiwani Makran Coast</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="644CB0E9CE24FF98FC91FD8CFC0CFD0F" box="[869,1004,619,645]" country="Pakistan" name="Balochistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Balochistan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FC02FD8CFBB9FD0F" box="[1014,1113,619,645]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C3BC18CCCE24FF98FB9FFD8DFB19FD0F" box="[1131,1273,618,645]" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="01" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" precision="15" seconds="57" value="25.0325">25º01’57’’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C3BC18CCCE24FF98FAF0FD8CFA6FFD0F" box="[1284,1423,619,645]" degrees="61" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" precision="15" seconds="38" value="61.77722">61º46’38’’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), collectors
|
||
<collectorName id="0B7D1BDDCE24FF98FEFFFD68FDDEFD23" box="[267,574,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Dr. Qadeer Mohammad Ali</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="0B7D1BDDCE24FF98FDBDFD68FD2BFD23" box="[585,715,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Iqra Shaikh</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="0B7D1BDDCE24FF98FD0AFD68FC46FD23" box="[766,934,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Ateeqa Baloch</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="D23658CBCE24FF98FC45FD68FB76FD23" box="[945,1174,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" value="2021-12-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="C272A123CE24FF98FC45FD68FB76FD23" box="[945,1174,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" value="2021-12-02">2nd December 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="B08EB582CE24FF98FB54FD68FACDFD23" box="[1184,1325,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, intertidal zone, shallow water (cat no. MRCC-Holo 25)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE922D80CE24FF98FF33FD31FB85FABB" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF33FD31FC98FC0B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33FD31FEB9FD7A" bold="true" box="[199,345,726,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Length and weight of preserved specimens
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE24FF98FCB1FD31FC74FD7B" box="[837,916,726,753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE24FF98FC5BFD30FC32FD7B" box="[943,978,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" unit="g" value="2.0">2 g</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE24FF98FBFCFD30FBB7FD7B" box="[1032,1111,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
x 2.
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE24FF98FB73FD30FB4DFD7B" box="[1159,1197,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" unit="g" value="3.0">3 g</quantity>
|
||
. Live coloration dark purplish-black; preserved specimens turn black within 24 hrs. Body wall leathery, cylindrical, slightly rough to the touch; body tapering a little at each end. Mouth and anus terminal. Body wall thick (ca. 2.0 mm). Mouth surrounded by two circles of tentacles, an outer ring of 15 very bushy tentacles and an inner ring of 5 small tentacles. Anal teeth absent. Podia long, large, arranged in two rows along each radius.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF63FC6CFD60FB9B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Calcareous ring elongated; interradial plates pointed or tapering anteriorly; radial plates sub-rectangular, enlarged basally; radial processes of calcareous ring fragmented into three pieces. Single free stone canal (
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE24FF98FAFEFC49FAAFFC43" box="[1290,1359,942,969]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long); madreporite (1.3 mm), slightly wider and clearly distinguishable from stone canal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FBBFFC34FB5FFC67" box="[1099,1215,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1387,158,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-74@5.[185,1395,151,1865]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to Ludwig’s 1888-1889 system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324102/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonad yellowish, immature, tubules unbranched, in two tufts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF33FBFDFB85FABB" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33FBFDFECDFBBE" bold="true" box="[199,301,1050,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Ossicles.</emphasis>
|
||
The large lenticular plates with pyramidal knobs/spines, described by all authors for this species, were not observed perhaps due to the juvenility of the specimens or they were affected by formaldehyde after first preservation. Such ossicles are stated to measure 246–324 µm across. However, their supposed precursors, found in our material, measured only 150–200 µm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FCE3FB60FC6AFB2B" box="[791,906,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FC34FB60FBF9FB2B" box="[960,1049,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1387,158,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-74@5.[185,1395,151,1865]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to Ludwig’s 1888-1889 system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324102/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">3C & D</figureCitation>
|
||
) but are here suspected to develop into the characteristic large lenticular plates. Introvert ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FC91FB4CFC38FB4F" box="[869,984,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FBE5FB4CFBD1FB4F" box="[1041,1073,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1387,158,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-74@5.[185,1395,151,1865]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to Ludwig’s 1888-1889 system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324102/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">3E</figureCitation>
|
||
) appear as elongated straight or curved rods with 1–4 holes at each end. Tube feet deposits appear as straight or slightly curved rods (165–195 µm long) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FF15FB14FEB0FA87" box="[225,336,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FEA8FB14FE9FFA87" box="[348,383,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1387,158,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-74@5.[185,1395,151,1865]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to Ludwig’s 1888-1889 system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324102/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
), multilocular at their ends but with one or more lateral projections). Tentacle ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FAA5FB14FF5DFABB" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FF33FAF0FF0CFABB" box="[199,236,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1387,158,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-74@5.[185,1395,151,1865]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to Ludwig’s 1888-1889 system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324102/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
), comprise straight rods, 155–285 µm long, also perforated at their extremities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE922D80CE24FF98FF33FADDFF3BF9FF" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF33FADDFE3FF9A7" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33FADDFE81FADE" bold="true" box="[199,353,1338,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE24FF98FE9FFADCFD81FADF" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1944" box="[363,609,1339,1365]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FE9FFADCFD81FADF" box="[363,609,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is among the most common dendrochiotid holothuroids in the shallow tropical-sub tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific region but can reach a depth of 200 according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FACFFAB8FECBFA17" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J." pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="263 - 337" refId="ref4760" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 33, 263 - 337." type="journal article" year="1995">Rowe & Gates (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Its distribution is well documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FD29FA64FC2EFA17" author="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E." box="[733,974,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" refId="ref3613" refString="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms. Trust British Museum (Natural History) Publication No. 690. British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp." type="book" year="1971">Clark & Rowe (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FBF6FA64FB47FA17" author="Massin, C." box="[1026,1191,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FB45FA64FA7CFA17" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Doty, J. E." box="[1201,1436,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="217 - 250" refId="ref4726" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Doty, J. E. (1977) The Shallow-Water Holothurians of Guam. Micronesica 13 (2), 217 - 250." type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe & Doty (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported it from (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FEA1FA40FE7EFA4B" box="[341,414,1447,1473]" name="Guam" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FE5DFA40FDCCFA4B" box="[425,556,1447,1473]" name="Micronesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Rowe & Gates from various localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FBF0FA40FB8EFA4B" box="[1028,1134,1447,1473]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FB8DFA40FA7CFA4B" author="Marsh, L. M. & Morrison, S. M." box="[1145,1436,1447,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="293 - 342" refId="ref4337" refString="Marsh, L. M. & Morrison, S. M. (2004) Echinoderms of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 66, 293 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.18195 / issn. 0313 - 122 x. 66.2004.293 - 342" type="journal article" year="2004">Marsh & Morrison (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="644CB0E9CE24FF98FF20FA2CFE7EFA6F" box="[212,414,1483,1509]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FE5DFA2CFD67FA6F" author="Samyn, Y. & VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C." box="[425,647,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="i - iii" refId="ref4911" refString="Samyn, Y., VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C. (2006) Taxonomie des holothuries des Comores. Abc Taxa, 1, i - iii." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Samyn
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FE0AFA2CFDD6FA6F" box="[510,566,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from East Africa;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FCA2FA2CFC3BFA6F" author="Liao, Y." box="[854,987,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" refId="ref3955" refString="Liao, Y. (1997) Fauna Sinica. Phylum Echinodermata. Class Holothuroidea. Science Press, Beijing, 334 pp." type="book" year="1997">Liao (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FBEBFA2CFB85FA6F" box="[1055,1125,1483,1509]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FB84FA2CFAF2FA6F" author="Massin, C." box="[1136,1298,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref4305" refString="Massin, C. (1999) Reef-dwelling Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Spermonde Archipelago (South-West Sulawesi, Indonesia). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 329, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1999">Massin (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from south-west
|
||
<collectingRegion id="644CB0E9CE24FF98FF27FA08FEDBF983" box="[211,315,1519,1545]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE24FF98FEBCFA08FE58F983" box="[328,440,1519,1545]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FE01FA08FD40F983" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[501,672,1519,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="290 - 304" refId="ref5252" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article" year="1989">Thandar (1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2022) from southern Africa. The synonymy given above indicates there are many other records.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF98FF33F9D1FF3BF9FF" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33F9D1FECAF9DA" bold="true" box="[199,298,1590,1616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The specimens were taken from the intertidal zone, from under rock crevices but hardly attached to rocks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EE922D80CE24FF9CFF33F998FB9FFC9F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE24FF9CFF33F998FB1BFECB" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF33F998FEDBF913" bold="true" box="[199,315,1663,1689]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
We compared our specimen with those diagnosed and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FBB2F998FB0FF913" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[1094,1263,1663,1689]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="290 - 304" refId="ref5252" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article" year="1989">Thandar (1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2022),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FABFF998FF02F937" author="Massin, C." pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Samyn
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FE9AF944FE4DF937" box="[366,429,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
(2006).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FDFAF944FD51F937" author="Massin, C." box="[526,689,1699,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the morphological features and taxonomic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE24FF98FF63F920FEF7F96B" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,279,1735,1761]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE24FF98FF63F920FEF7F96B" box="[151,279,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">A. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as uniform grey-black; body wall with large (246–324 µm) lenticular, perforated plates covered with prominent pyramidal teeth. We suspect such plates are derived from small knobbed perforated plates which we illustrate in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FEEFF8E8FE6FF8A3" box="[283,399,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FDDBF8E8FD30F8A3" author="Massin, C." box="[559,720,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the tube feet are strengthened by straight rods perforated at their extremities (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FEB9F8D4FE5EF8C7" box="[333,446,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tentacles are provided with straight rods, 155–285 µm long, also perforated at their extremities (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EB3628ECE24FF98FED6F8B0FE7FF8FB" box="[290,415,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[180,1407,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="76">Figure 2 G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE24FF98FE46F8B0FD80F8FB" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[434,608,1879,1905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="76" pagination="290 - 304" refId="ref5252" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article" year="1989">Thandar (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described his specimen as reddish-violet in life and dull brown in alcohol, the radial processes of the calcareous ring are broken into three segments, but one of the ventral radial plate in juvenile was fragmented transversely into two pieces, “probably an artifact or an abnormal development”. Smooth, simple, multilocular plates, common in the smaller individual (
|
||
<quantity id="6170D3EECE20FF9CFCBAFF70FC40FF3B" box="[846,928,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
), are perhaps precursors of the large lenticular plates (144 µm -213 µm) of adults.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFDEAFF5CFD19FF5F" author="Samyn, Y. & VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C." box="[542,761,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="i - iii" refId="ref4911" refString="Samyn, Y., VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C. (2006) Taxonomie des holothuries des Comores. Abc Taxa, 1, i - iii." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Samyn
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFD85FF5CFD41FF5F" box="[625,673,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described their specimen as dark brown to nearly black, with darker podia and the typical body wall ossicles, which were large plates with diameter ranging from (100 to 290 μm) and appeared to be thick, nodular, convex, perforated, lens-like deposits; the podial deposits appear as small, multi-perforated plates and rods with terminal perforations; tentacles rods are perforated at the ends.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F2F72E83CE25FF99FF6CF856FE2DF867" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324098" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8324098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324098/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="77" startId="3.[152,255,1969,1993]" targetBox="[178,1406,194,1933]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE25FF99FF6CF856FE2DF867" blockId="3.[151,1436,1969,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE25FF99FF6CF856FEFCF843" bold="true" box="[152,284,1969,1993]" pageId="3" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Map showing location of Gariyan (map developed by Abrar Ali, Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F2F72E83CE22FF9EFF6CF868FD06F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324100" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8324100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="78" startId="4.[152,255,1935,1959]" targetBox="[180,1407,187,1926]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE22FF9EFF6CF868FD06F87A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1935,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE22FF9EFF6CF868FEFCF822" bold="true" box="[152,284,1935,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE22FF9EFED2F877FD4EF822" authority="(Semper, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[294,686,1936,1960]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="4" pageNumber="78" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE22FF9EFED2F877FDE5F822" box="[294,517,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="78">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE22FF9EFDE1F877FD47F822" author="Semper, C." box="[533,679,1936,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="78" refId="ref4943" refString="Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Reisen imArchipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Holothurien 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 285 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687" type="book" year="1867">Semper, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A. preserved specimen (Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25), B. live specimen, C. developing body wall plates, D. lenticular plates, E. introvert rods, F. tube feet rods, G. tentacle rods H. calcareous ring with the posterior radial processes tucked beneath the radial plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F2F72E83CE23FF9FFF6CF89DFDF3F851" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8324102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8324102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8324102/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="79" startId="5.[152,255,1914,1938]" targetBox="[203,1387,158,1857]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE23FF9FFF6CF89DFDF3F851" blockId="5.[151,1436,1914,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE23FF9FFF6CF89DFEFAF818" bold="true" box="[152,282,1914,1938]" pageId="5" pageNumber="79">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE23FF9FFED7F89CFD48F818" authority="(Semper, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[291,680,1914,1939]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="79" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE23FF9FFED7F89CFDE1F819" box="[291,513,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="79">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE23FF9FFDE4F89CFD41F818" author="Semper, C." box="[528,673,1914,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="79" refId="ref4943" refString="Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Reisen imArchipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Holothurien 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 285 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687" type="book" year="1867">Semper, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cat no.MRCC-Holo 25). A. body wall plates; B. introvert; C. tube feet rods; D. tentacle rods; E. part of calcareous ring—labelled according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE23FF9FFC71F878FBFFF83D" author="Ludwig, H." box="[901,1055,1951,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="79" pagination="805 - 820" refId="ref4012" refString="Ludwig, H. (1888) Die von Dr. Brock imindischen ArchipelgesammeltenHolothurien. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie, 3, 805 - 820, pl. 30. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1932" type="journal article" year="1888">Ludwig’s 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE23FF9FFBD3F878FBBBF83D" author="Ludwig, H." box="[1063,1115,1951,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="79" pagination="177 - 240" refId="ref4061" refString="Ludwig, H. [1889 - 1892 (1889)] Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des TheirReichs. I. Buch. C. F. Winter, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 460, pls. I - XVII. [pp. 1 - 176, figs. 1 - 16, pls. I - VIII (1889), pp. 177 - 240 (1890), pls. IX - XII (1891)]" type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
system) (IR—interradial plate, R—radial plate); F. madreporic body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6377E0BCE20FF9CFF33FEACFB9FFC9F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">
|
||
In our specimens the large lenticular plates with pyramidal knobs, mentioned by other workers, were not observed but the other plates are similar to those illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFC8CFE88FBFDFE03" author="Massin, C." box="[888,1053,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and others. The rods of the tube feet of our specimens are perforated at the ends and appear similar to those illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFB79FE74FADEFE27" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[1165,1342,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="290 - 304" refId="ref5252" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article" year="1989">Thandar (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFABFFE74FF02FE5B" author="Massin, C." pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFEEDFE50FE1CFE5B" author="Samyn, Y. & VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C." box="[281,508,439,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="i - iii" refId="ref4911" refString="Samyn, Y., VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C. (2006) Taxonomie des holothuries des Comores. Abc Taxa, 1, i - iii." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Samyn
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFE9AFE50FE7FFE5B" box="[366,415,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Tentacle rods are also perforated at the ends and are similar to those illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFF63FE3CFEA6FE7F" author="Thandar, A. S." box="[151,326,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="290 - 304" refId="ref5252" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article" year="1989">Thandar (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFE89FE3CFDC3FE7F" author="Massin, C." box="[381,547,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The differences between our materials and that described by other workers are perhaps age-related or geographic or intraspecific variation. Interestingly
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C21903FACE20FF9CFC39FE18FB8FFD93" author="Massin, C." box="[973,1135,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref4257" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphiusb Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part. 4. The Holothurioidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 307 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describes a similar species which he called
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFEB9FDC4FDD3FDB7" box="[333,563,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFEB9FDC4FDCFFDB7" authorityName="Massin" authorityYear="1996" box="[333,559,547,573]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stracki">Afrocucumis stracki</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE20FF9CFD83FDC4FD07FDB7" box="[631,743,547,573]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFC62FDC4FBF4FDB7" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[918,1044,547,573]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFC62FDC4FBF4FDB7" box="[918,1044,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">A. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the presence of miliary granules (which, in his illustration, appear as mulberry-like rosettes) in the tube feet; rods that are multilocular at the ends, and posterior radial processes undivided, perhaps indicating some speciation in the Indonesian region. However, on closer look we see that such granules have also been described in the tube feet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFBD3FD68FAFDFD23" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1868" box="[1063,1309,655,681]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Orcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cucumiformiis">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFBD3FD68FAFDFD23" box="[1063,1309,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">Orcula cucumiformiis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Semper himself, long regarded as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFDA6FD54FCA3FD47" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[594,835,691,717]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFDA6FD54FCA3FD47" box="[594,835,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">Afrocucumis africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Whether these species are separate or not can only be determined if Semper’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFE52FD30FDC5FD7B" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[422,549,727,753]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFE52FD30FDC5FD7B" box="[422,549,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">A. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Querimba and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFCE7FD30FC2EFD7B" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1867" box="[787,974,727,753]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Orcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cucumiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFCE7FD30FC2EFD7B" box="[787,974,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">O. cucumiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DE9F3E9BCE20FF9CFBE7FD30FB9DFD7B" box="[1043,1149,727,753]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are re-examined. Hence, both these species are here indicated with a query (?) under the synonymy of
|
||
<emphasis id="94FCA219CE20FF9CFC0DFD1CFB9FFC9F" box="[1017,1151,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61880588CE20FF9CFC0DFD1CFB9BFC9F" baseAuthorityName="Semper" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1017,1147,763,789]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Afrocucumis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana">A. africana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |