234 lines
26 KiB
XML
234 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="E0DD658A55655558C8B1B1205FB994E6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6391684" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391684" ID-ZooBank="CBD29188-143B-44DF-BE21-1654D50D8621" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1648501406612" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Phillips, Robert A." docDate="2022" docId="E8511E53FFB7EF176A8AFE12FEEAF951" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2022.0907.1-214.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2022 (907)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Culicoides Palmerae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="1468662BFFDCEF7C6A4AFFC3FFCCFFE4" masterDocTitle="Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="214" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="106" updateTime="1699308763882" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:mods id="57DFF5C13C0C9A9DD42CECA0E03D4692" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E34F16223C37A0FD6A2F9A96ED96FDC4">
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<mods:title id="63DE589DF0F5891CAAA313DC6EFAABD7">Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A656620786D6D4829CB5A9AB9E65E1F3" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="6524E06A6782F6D0F787D5098189D75A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="235725F71D310DE2C32CD3F64C75D6A0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F00F03E030655BFF28FFA6CF477DA85F">Phillips, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="94AFA72100F324C997ABF7B3F8A0BCBC">2962 Desert Road Moab, UT 84532 USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F63DA295EBB238D1C97F32D864C6F43C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="40CDA2FA26664F06ADFD3C0F99A4AFBC" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C9D982B99BAC4655B1C2BAF1551F3E8C">
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<mods:title id="74EE9483B9088D326225EC6F8B72D902">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CC070532915E37FAF43145BCC17E1508">
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<mods:date id="EB7F266EEE66C23FC8DDF9CFACFD2972">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D77C4D06EBF81285A2A59FF650866421" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="CF27AF0F80351B06E2E3CF33D594EE46">2022-01-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="B833571AE3E95D6FCF8D7F59BB025945" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="CB6BD32B26B3AAC09439662F8AB5760D">2022</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="414DBF425AC5B3BA6B8254052D5BA7DE" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="DBFFAC8DAC50617C2044C87E1F733AE2">907</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="D20C2FAA68EB7946E03395873F1D4600" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="CBBB117E738FC1822BCE6BB3A64F46D7">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="5AFBB793E1EDB98589B998730977F5CE">214</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="942BDA05883AF8AA85ED13F65EA4C793">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3435865E08C274B66F56398A25C43092" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6391684</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0ECF400094CE42AE38CF2ADE868D0624" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="55D0C7EFECB7E089DC8DEB7F9D17488C" type="Zenodo-Dep">6391684</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A8F4B7165531B968A369B75CBA533804" type="ZooBank">CBD29188-143B-44DF-BE21-1654D50D8621</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="E8511E53FFB7EF176A8AFE12FEEAF951" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E8511E53FFB7EF176A8AFE12FEEAF951" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8511E53FFB7EF176A8AFE12FEEAF951" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFB7EF176A8AFE12FE04FDF5" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFE12FD5EFE0B" blockId="107.[192,658,465,530]" box="[192,658,465,495]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="3B0F1829FFB7EF176A8AFE12FD5EFE0B" box="[192,658,465,495]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AFE12FD5EFE0B" bold="true" box="[192,658,465,495]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176A8AFE12FE0FFE0A" ID-CoL="9G2GV" authority="Palmerae" authorityName="Palmerae" box="[192,451,465,494]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AFE12FE88FE0A" bold="true" box="[192,324,465,494]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Culicoides</emphasis>
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Palmerae
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</taxonomicName>
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group species C
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFE34FE04FDF5" blockId="107.[192,658,465,530]" box="[192,456,503,530]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">(Fig. 222, 253, 254, 278)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFB7EF176A8AFDE1FC31FD66" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFDE1FC31FD66" blockId="107.[191,1440,546,643]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AFDE1FEF1FDD8" bold="true" box="[192,317,546,572]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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(
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<tableCitation id="2D7A9AFEFFB7EF176B00FDE1FE79FDD8" box="[330,437,546,572]" captionStart="Table 14" captionStartId="151.[186,249,455,483]" captionText="Table 14. Quantitative characters of Culicoides. Entries to the right of the median dashed line apply only to females. Data in () are variations. Wing pattern: 0 none, + reduced, ++ extensive but faint or diffuse, +++ extensive and distinct. Eye separations are approximate in ommatidium diameters. Spermathecae “n” is the number of fully developed spermathecae, with a “v” indicating an additional vestigial spermatheca, and “ratio” is the sum of the larger’s width and length including any sclerotized neck divided by the sum of the smaller’s width and length including any sclerotized necks. Measurements and ratios are expressed as means. All data for species marked (r) and data for wing length and costal, antennal, palpal, and proboscis ratios are compiled from the description references in the species accounts, with emphasis on southwestern United States data, and supplemented or modified from borrowed and collected specimens." pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Tables 14</tableCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="2D7A9AFEFFB7EF176BF5FDE1FE16FDD9" box="[447,474,546,573]" captionStart="Table 15" captionStartId="154.[192,255,214,240]" captionText="Table 15. Pale leg-banding on Culicoides. ++ = distinct, + = faint or indistinct, ± = faint to absent,? = undetermined. Shading indicates darker pigmentation. Data for species marked (r) are compiled from the literature." pageId="107" pageNumber="106">15</tableCitation>
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) Wing pattern extensive; r
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF176949FDF2FCC7FDDB" attach="left" box="[771,779,561,575]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">2</subScript>
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dark; distal pale spots in r
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF176E7AFDF2FBF4FDDB" attach="left" box="[1072,1080,561,575]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">3</subScript>
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, m
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF176E11FDF2FBAFFDDB" attach="right" box="[1115,1123,561,575]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">1</subScript>
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, m
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF176ECCFDF2FB42FDDB" attach="left" box="[1158,1166,561,575]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">2</subScript>
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small; eight mandibular teeth; scutellum yellowish brown, lighter than the brown scutum; fore tarsomeres with apical spines, hind tarsomeres without; spermathecae unequal by ~1.1, necks shorter than wide.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFB7EF176A8AFD50FE0CFCFB" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFD50FCACFD34" blockId="107.[192,1440,659,721]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AFD50FE90FD49" bold="true" box="[192,348,659,685]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Distribution.</emphasis>
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One female was collected with a CO
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF17694FFD61FCC1FD54" attach="left" box="[773,781,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">2</subScript>
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-baited trap on
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<date id="14468985FFB7EF17698BFD50FB99FD49" box="[961,1109,659,686]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" value="1999-06-25">
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25 June
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<quantity id="A70002A0FFB7EF176E55FD50FB99FD49" box="[1055,1109,659,685]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07746" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" unit="in" value="1999.0">1999</quantity>
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</date>
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in west Moab at
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<geoCoordinate id="05CCC982FFB7EF176F57FD50FA6CFD4A" box="[1309,1440,659,686]" degrees="38.57239" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" precision="1" value="38.57239">38.57239°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="05CCC982FFB7EF176A88FD75FE9BFD35" box="[194,343,694,721]" degrees="109.56754" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" precision="1" value="-109.56754">109.56754°W</geoCoordinate>
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and
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<quantity id="A70002A0FFB7EF176BC5FD74FE13FD35" box="[399,479,695,721]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.217" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="1217.0">1217 m</quantity>
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elevation in Grand County,
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<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF17696AFD75FC90FD34" box="[800,860,694,720]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Utah</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFD22FE0CFCFB" blockId="107.[192,1440,737,799]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AFD22FEBBFD1F" bold="true" box="[192,375,737,763]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Adult behavior.</emphasis>
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The mandibular and lacinial teeth on the female indicate it feeds on vertebrate blood; however, its hosts are unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFB7EF176A8AFCF3FEEAF951" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFCF3FDCDFC74" blockId="107.[192,1440,816,913]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AFCF3FEFCFCAE" bold="true" box="[192,304,816,842]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The specimen is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF17683CFCF3FCD6FCAE" box="[630,794,816,842]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calexicanus">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF17683CFCF3FD44FCAE" box="[630,648,816,842]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF1768D2FCF3FCD6FCAE" box="[664,794,816,842]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">calexicanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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except for being smaller, having only eight mandibular teeth, and having smaller distal wing spots. Thus, it may be a
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176927FC90FBC2FC89" box="[877,1038,851,877]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calexicanus">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176927FC90FCB3FC89" box="[877,895,851,877]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF1769C6FC90FBC2FC89" box="[908,1038,851,877]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">calexicanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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variant and is not being recognized as a new species at this time.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFC79FDBEFC33" blockId="107.[192,626,954,983]" box="[192,626,954,983]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Subgenus unplaced, Piliferus group</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176A8AFC3CFAACFB43" blockId="107.[191,1442,1023,1717]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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The large and diverse Piliferus group is readily distinguished from all other
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176E54FC3CFB5DFBFD" box="[1054,1169,1023,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176E54FC3CFB5DFBFD" box="[1054,1169,1023,1049]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Culicoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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known from the southwestern
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<collectingCountry id="18EFEFD5FFB7EF176B68FBE0FE77FBD9" box="[290,443,1059,1085]" name="United States of America" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">United States</collectingCountry>
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by the males having the combination of broadly bifurcate footlike ventral gonocoxal apodemes, simple Y-shaped aedeagi, and parameres without submedian lobes but with a subapical fringe of spines. However, the females as a group are not so sharply defined because they only usually have pale spots straddling the midportions of M
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF176864FB58FDFAFB4D" attach="left" box="[558,566,1179,1193]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">1</subScript>
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and M
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<subScript id="FC7CAD00FFB7EF1768CDFB58FD43FB4D" attach="left" box="[647,655,1179,1193]" fontSize="6" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">2</subScript>
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, unequal spermathecae, and basic odd-numbered SCo patterns.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176B4AFB73FE2FFA5B" blockId="107.[191,1442,1023,1717]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
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It is perhaps the most difficult group of
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176893FB6CFC80FB2D" box="[729,844,1199,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176893FB6CFC80FB2D" box="[729,844,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Culicoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the western
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<collectingCountry id="18EFEFD5FFB7EF176E4DFB6CFB6CFB2D" box="[1031,1184,1199,1225]" name="United States of America" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">United States</collectingCountry>
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to reliably identify to species. Their male genitalia offer only a few somewhat variable characters; and wing and SCo patterns and quantitative characters vary enough among the females to overlap more than what
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<tableCitation id="2D7A9AFEFFB7EF176E37FB36FB17FAEB" box="[1149,1243,1269,1295]" captionStart="Table 14" captionStartId="151.[186,249,455,483]" captionText="Table 14. Quantitative characters of Culicoides. Entries to the right of the median dashed line apply only to females. Data in () are variations. Wing pattern: 0 none, + reduced, ++ extensive but faint or diffuse, +++ extensive and distinct. Eye separations are approximate in ommatidium diameters. Spermathecae “n” is the number of fully developed spermathecae, with a “v” indicating an additional vestigial spermatheca, and “ratio” is the sum of the larger’s width and length including any sclerotized neck divided by the sum of the smaller’s width and length including any sclerotized necks. Measurements and ratios are expressed as means. All data for species marked (r) and data for wing length and costal, antennal, palpal, and proboscis ratios are compiled from the description references in the species accounts, with emphasis on southwestern United States data, and supplemented or modified from borrowed and collected specimens." pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Table 14</tableCitation>
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suggests with its listed average values. Furthermore, descriptive literature for four of the five species that are known to occur west of the Continental Divide has been limited to only one species at a time in widely separate geographic locations:
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<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF176AF5FA9CFEF8FA9D" box="[191,308,1375,1401]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">California</collectingRegion>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176B2FFA9CFE27FA9D" box="[357,491,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavaticus">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176B2FFA9CFEBAFA9D" box="[357,374,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176BCEFAA3FE27FA9D" box="[388,491,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">cavaticus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF17686FFA9CFD0CFA9D" authorityName="Atchley and Wirth, 1975:" authorityYear="1422" box="[549,704,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lophortygis">
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF17686FFA9CFDFAFA9D" box="[549,566,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF17680EFA9CFD0CFA9D" box="[580,704,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">lophortygis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF176884FA9CFCF2FA9D" box="[718,830,1375,1401]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
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and
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||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF176932FA9CFC12FA9D" box="[888,990,1375,1401]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Alabama</collectingRegion>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176E45FA9CFB53FA9D" box="[1039,1183,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chewaclae">
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||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176E45FA9CFBECFA9D" box="[1039,1056,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176E64FA9CFB53FA9D" box="[1070,1183,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">chewaclae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF176E94FA9CFAA2FA9D" box="[1246,1390,1375,1401]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF176A8BFA41FED2FA78" box="[193,286,1410,1436]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176B03FA41FE19FA78" authorityName="Atchley, 1967:" authorityYear="1014" box="[329,469,1410,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doeringae">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176B03FA41FE97FA78" box="[329,347,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176B22FA41FE19FA78" box="[360,469,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">doeringae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The other,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176813FA41FD1EFA78" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[601,722,1410,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176813FA41FDA7FA78" box="[601,619,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176832FA41FD1EFA78" box="[632,722,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">unicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFB7EF17698AFA41FBF8FA78" box="[960,1076,1410,1436]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
in 1905 and is now considered a composite of four species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFB7EF176B4AFA0BFEEAF951" blockId="107.[191,1442,1023,1717]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176B4AFA0BFE1BFA06" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[256,471,1480,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="unicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176B4AFA0BFE1BFA06" box="[256,471,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Culicoides unicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="49BFCE2CFFB7EF176BAAFA0AFDBDFA06" box="[480,625,1480,1507]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has never been differentially redescribed since its original description, despite the more recent descriptions of its currently recognized sisters,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF1769A9FA2FFB7AF9E2" box="[995,1206,1515,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF1769A9FA2FFC39F9E2" box="[995,1013,1516,1542]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176E48FA2FFBA5F9E1" box="[1026,1129,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">cavaticus</emphasis>
|
||
(1956)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the eastern species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176AB1F9CDFCF8F9CD" authority="Wirth and Hubert (1962)" authorityName="Wirth and Hubert" authorityYear="1962" box="[251,820,1550,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="denticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176AB1F9CDFDCEF9CC" box="[251,514,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Culicoides denticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFB7EF176847F9CDFCF8F9CD" author="Wirth WW & Hubert AA" box="[525,820,1550,1577]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" pagination="182 - 195" refId="ref143316" refString="Wirth WW, Hubert AA. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to piliferus Root and Hoffman in eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55: 182 - 195." type="journal article" year="1962">Wirth and Hubert (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF17693EF9CDFA84F9CC" authority="Cochrane (1974)" authorityName="Cochrane" authorityYear="1974" box="[884,1352,1550,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF17693EF9CDFB4CF9CC" box="[884,1152,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">Culicoides franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFB7EF176EC0F9CDFA84F9CC" author="Cochrane AH" box="[1162,1352,1550,1576]" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref128938" refString="Cochrane AH. 1974. Two new species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from North America. Florida Entomologist 57: 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="1974">Cochrane (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176FCDF9CCFED0F9AF" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176FCDF9CCFA55F9CD" box="[1415,1433,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176A8AF9F2FED0F9AF" box="[192,284,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">unicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remarks). Furthermore, two western species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176964F9F1FC71F9AF" authorityName="Atchley, 1967:" authorityYear="1014" box="[814,957,1585,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doeringae">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176964F9F1FC8CF9A8" box="[814,832,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF17691AF9F2FC71F9AF" box="[848,957,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">doeringae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF1769B3F9F1FB59F9AF" authorityName="Atchley and Wirth, 1975:" authorityYear="1422" box="[1017,1173,1585,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lophortygis">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF1769B3F9F1FBC7F9A8" box="[1017,1035,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176E51F9F2FB59F9AF" box="[1051,1173,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">lophortygis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are similar enough to call into question their distinction (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFB7EF176835F996FCC6F98A" authorityName="Atchley, 1967:" authorityYear="1014" box="[639,778,1620,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doeringae">
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF176835F996FD5CF98B" box="[639,656,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="528C7357FFB7EF1768D7F997FCC6F98A" box="[669,778,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">doeringae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remarks); and at least six species known from the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18EFEFD5FFB7EF176A8BF9BBFE9AF976" box="[193,342,1656,1682]" name="United States of America" pageId="107" pageNumber="106">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
are undescribed: species 10, 25, 58, 73, 76 (Wayne Kramer, personal communication), and species B herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |