416 lines
53 KiB
XML
416 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="F714F474DE3B477D91A8E9DC83E8EAB1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.163450" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6461b126-f891-4642-b725-8556c5fbfa72" ID-Zenodo-Dep="163450" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1480973301130" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Charl Deacon & Michael J. Samways" docDate="2016" docId="14570019FFDFFFC2FE6DFB95FD7BE9E3" docLanguage="en" docName="10.5281zenodo.163450_Deacon_Samways.pdf" docOrigin="Odonatologica 43 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Spesbona angusta Selys 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="233" masterDocId="E86E7861FFDEFFCAFFF2FFECFF96ED7B" masterDocTitle="Larva of one of the world’s rarest and most threatened damselflies: Spesbona angusta (Odonata: Platycnemididae)" masterLastPageNumber="234" masterPageNumber="225" pageNumber="226" updateTime="1698395827363" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="3AFAA0B507BFD62E8510B7DEA8AFFEAA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F81CC4F11827F3FCFA268D2E6E58588B">
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<mods:title id="91A55EF2FCD1AD32E949E3F7B96D752C">Larva of one of the world’s rarest and most threatened damselflies: Spesbona angusta (Odonata: Platycnemididae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B00E0E454EC7FAFE0E4C8A83DF488576" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="637DD648CBE478CEE2FFA895229FBE02">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4CB979D5FAA04817DAB2602DE6ADBDF1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="53E22037B35A26A15F9DC295F6730F0E">Charl Deacon</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="61687769191D797B943B5AB6C0BC23A4" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="E2FA53C10332553643F0DE1D14BEA0A6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A371E18CF8065A15BF9AAE2EBE99350F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A1E0D934A13491459BEAB36A5E05B993">Michael J. Samways</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2154CAFE0FAC56486895C4C4F4F4D617">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C16CBE2400CADC50062A9B9815A3DA7B">
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<mods:title id="FE25D7E7F277BA89F23A031BA15CDF73">Odonatologica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="153DF7740B18D947E88446DF1928532A">
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<mods:date id="D58B2D9232E791D920A4AC9A6F7D578E">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CE4963F49196C3D14DC3F6409D301F7E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DDC48D2B59B1CC71E3AE5D1856F24005">43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="61846CB58183E5697A9912761D02835C" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="80A47A5B31ACAE6C5BEE8A7467F9775A">3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="A657D84DB115D35273BB4D3D68E8C334" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="47DA0FA63CEE76D7FB964BAEAE2A2AA5">225</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7E384B608AD7482F3524BC7C018706EE">234</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="D1B815CFAA6AEFF77380570EFFB2E848">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D1D431279AC3CF3E843359B83C2904AD" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.163450</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BA04FFC02FC1E1B34192291C3FF81313" type="GBIF-Dataset">6461b126-f891-4642-b725-8556c5fbfa72</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="70D014F9D210F231B9917EC655023486" type="Zenodo-Dep">163450</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="14570019FFDFFFC2FE6DFB95FD7BE9E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5623465" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124955196" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5623465" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14570019FFDFFFC2FE6DFB95FD7BE9E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/14570019FFDFFFC2FE6DFB95FD7BE9E3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<subSubSection id="D4E4E284FFDFFFCBFE6DFB95FC9DE9EF" box="[415,779,1145,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDFFFCBFE6DFB95FC9DE9EF" blockId="1.[159,1036,1145,1326]" box="[415,779,1145,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<heading id="C7090663FFDFFFCBFE6DFB95FC9DE9EF" bold="true" box="[415,779,1145,1173]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFDFFFCBFE6DFB95FC9DE9EF" ID-CoL="9WW7J" authority="Selys, 1863" authorityName="Selys" authorityYear="1863" box="[415,779,1145,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDFFFCBFE6DFB95FC9DE9EF" bold="true" box="[415,779,1145,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDFFFCBFE6DFB95FDEBE9EE" bold="true" box="[415,637,1145,1173]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
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Selys, 1863
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D4E4E284FFDFFFCBFDEEFB77FD19E9CC" box="[540,655,1179,1207]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDFFFCBFDEEFB77FD19E9CC" blockId="1.[159,1036,1145,1326]" box="[540,655,1179,1207]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<heading id="C7090663FFDFFFCBFDEEFB77FD19E9CC" box="[540,655,1179,1207]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" reason="4">
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(
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<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDFFFCBFDD0FB77FD10E9CC" box="[546,646,1179,1207]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="3.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionStartId-1="4.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionStartId-2="5.[778,846,1349,1373]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1031,259,1458]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1032,729,1458]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,739,872,1542]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[159,1038,249,885]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[156,1039,720,1463]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[156,745,865,1548]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="Figure 1. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − habitus, dorsal view; b − lamellae insertion, dorsal view; c − lamellae insertion, lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 2. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − head, dorsal view; b − head, lateral view; c − prementum, dorsal view; d – palpus." captionText-2="Figure 3. SpesbonD DngustD, lamellae. a − lat- eral lamella with more complex frills; b − lat- eral lamella with less complex frills; c − me- dial lamella." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/192847/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/192848/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/192849/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D4E4E284FFDFFFCBFF6DFB25FE96E855" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDFFFCBFF6DFB25FE96E855" blockId="1.[159,1036,1145,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<materialsCitation id="2C96BB52FFDFFFCBFF6DFB25FE96E855" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1413787256" collectingDate="2015-08" collectorName="Ch. Deacon" country="South Africa" latitude="-33.976944" location="Theewaterskloof Conservancy" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="19.141945" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Western Cape">
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDFFFCBFF6DFB25FEE5E998" bold="true" box="[159,371,1225,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Material studied.</emphasis>
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<collectorName id="310BD4D9FFDFFFCBFE8FFB26FE59E99F" box="[381,463,1226,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Four F</collectorName>
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larvae (
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<specimenCount id="8AF87A86FFDFFFCBFDC0FB25FDC3E999" box="[562,597,1224,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" type="male">
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2
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDFFFCBFDB3FB24FDC3E999" bold="true" box="[577,597,1224,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">♂</emphasis>
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</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="8AF87A86FFDFFFCBFD94FB25FD1EE999" box="[614,648,1224,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" type="female">
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2
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDFFFCBFD86FB24FD1EE999" bold="true" box="[628,648,1224,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">♀</emphasis>
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</specimenCount>
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),
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<location id="9921E7D4FFDFFFCBFD51FB25FB91E998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14570019FFDFFFC2FE6DFB95FD7BE9E3:9921E7D4FFDFFFCBFD51FB25FB91E998" box="[675,1031,1225,1251]" country="South Africa" latitude="-33.976944" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="19.141945" name="Theewaterskloof Conservancy" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" stateProvince="Western Cape">Theewaterskloof Conservancy</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5E3A7FEDFFDFFFCBFF6DFB03FEDFE873" box="[159,329,1262,1289]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<collectingRegion id="5E3A7FEDFFDFFFCBFF6DFB03FE96E872" box="[159,256,1263,1289]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Western</collectingRegion>
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Cape
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</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E4E9F19FFFDFFFCBFEAAFB02FE67E873" box="[344,497,1262,1288]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="F9CAD7C8FFDFFFCBFDF7FB02FD1EE872" box="[517,648,1262,1289]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" precision="15" value="-33.976944">33°58’37’’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="F9CAD7C8FFDFFFCBFD65FB02FC8BE873" box="[663,797,1262,1288]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" precision="15" value="19.141945">19°08’31’’E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<date id="E84097CFFFDFFFCBFCC7FB02FC09E872" box="[821,927,1262,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" value="2015-08">
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<collectingDate id="F8046E27FFDFFFCBFCC7FB02FC09E872" box="[821,927,1262,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" value="2015-08">viii-2015</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, leg.
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<collectorName id="310BD4D9FFDFFFCBFC10FB02FE96E855" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Ch. Deacon.</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D4E4E284FFDFFFCCFF6DFAB2FE49EE33" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDFFFC8FF6DFAB2FC5BEC46" blockId="1.[159,1036,1374,1550]" lastBlockId="2.[159,1035,253,317]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDFFFCBFF6DFAB2FEAEE803" bold="true" box="[159,312,1374,1400]" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Description.</emphasis>
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Overall shape distinctly slender and elongate, total length
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<quantity id="5B061CEAFFDFFFCBFF6DFA6FFE9CE8E5" box="[159,266,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5mm</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDFFFCBFEE9FA68FEF6E8E5" box="[283,352,1412,1438]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[162,1031,259,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[159,1038,249,885]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − habitus, dorsal view; b − lamellae insertion, dorsal view; c − lamellae insertion, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192847/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="226">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="D17C84B4FFDFFFCBFE82FA68FE53E8E5" box="[368,453,1412,1438]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[159,218,254,278]" captionTargetBox="[295,886,390,809]" captionText="Table 1. Measurements [mm] from four specimens of SpesbonD DngustD, collect- ed from the field at Theewaterskloof Conservancy, Western Cape, South Africa in August 2015. S. D. − standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B" pageId="1" pageNumber="226" tableUuid="C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). Body dorso-ventrally flattened with distinctive colour patterns; overall light brown with head slightly darker brown. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces of body covered with almost bilaterally symmetrical pale markings, becoming denser posteriorly, which do not coincide with setae distributed across the surface of the body. Entire body with dark banded pattern, most evident on head, legs and lamellae (
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<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDCFFC8FC88FECFFC2DEC46" box="[890,955,291,317]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[162,1031,259,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[159,1038,249,885]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − habitus, dorsal view; b − lamellae insertion, dorsal view; c − lamellae insertion, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192847/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDCFFC8FF6DFE81FD8BEFAC" blockId="2.[159,1036,365,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">
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Head in dorsal view roughly pentagonal, with well-developed post-ocular lobes, and with the postero-lateral corners sharply rounded (
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<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDCFFC8FC9AFE7FFC38ECD6" box="[872,942,403,429]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[161,1032,729,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[156,1039,720,1463]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − head, dorsal view; b − head, lateral view; c − prementum, dorsal view; d – palpus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192848/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). In addition, a post-ocular horn-like structure is present, protruding upwards and unique in shape to each individual. There are two unique darker bands on the head – a broader band ventrally and a narrower band dorsally. Head with pale white dorsal stripe, continuous with pale white stripe on thorax. Horn-like structures and post-ocular lobes sparsely covered by short tuπs of setae. Eyes wide but not very prominent in dorsal view and well-rounded on sides. Colour of eyes distinct, with clear black bands on golden yellowish ground colour in live specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDCFFC8FF47FD0FFE8AEEA6" blockId="2.[159,1036,365,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">Antennae 6-segmented, with segment 5 being the shortest, about four times shorter than segments 2, 3, and 4, and twice as short as segments 1 and 6. Antennae mounted on protruding base, appearing to be the first segment fused to head. General structure long and slender, densely covered by setae on segments 1 and 2, and sparsely covered by setae on segments 3–6. Broad black bands present in the middle of segment 4 and at the origin of segment 6.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDCFFC8FF47FC05FDCAE873" blockId="2.[159,1036,365,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">
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Prementum elongate pentagonal. Premental setae 2 +2, arranged in straight line, not reaching from one side to the other (
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<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDCFFC8FCD4FBE1FCF8E953" box="[806,878,1037,1064]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[161,1032,729,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[156,1039,720,1463]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − head, dorsal view; b − head, lateral view; c − prementum, dorsal view; d – palpus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192848/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Distal margin of prementum conspicuously crenulated and bulging at distal extremity. Sides with two rows of spiniform setae along distal quarter. Proximal to rows of setae, is a distinct notch and blunt dentate process facing outwards at point ⅔rd distally from base. Undersurface of prementum lacking processes. When at rest articulation of prementum and postmentum reaches the boundary of meso- and metasternum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDCFFC8FF47FAFFFDEAE80C" blockId="2.[159,1036,365,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">
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Palpal setae usually 4+ 4, but may be 5+
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<quantity id="5B061CEAFFDCFFC8FD63FAFFFD28E856" box="[657,702,1299,1325]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="2" pageNumber="227" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
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some cases (
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<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDCFFC8FCA7FAFFFC0DE856" box="[853,923,1299,1325]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[161,1032,729,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[156,1039,720,1463]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − head, dorsal view; b − head, lateral view; c − prementum, dorsal view; d – palpus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192848/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Spacing between each palpal seta is irregular. Short setae present on distal margin. Palpal setae are as long as movable hook.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDCFFC8FF6DFA44FEF8EB76" blockId="2.[159,1036,1448,1550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="227">Thorax almost glabrous, far less hirsute than most other parts of the body. Wing sheaths long and slender, extending to the intersection of abdominal segments 5 and 6.</paragraph>
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<caption id="C881E187FFDDFFC9FF6DFA30FD0AEB6A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192847/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" targetBox="[162,1031,259,1458]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDDFFC9FF6DFA30FD0AEB6A" blockId="3.[159,1036,1499,1553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDDFFC9FF6DFA30FF6BE88F" bold="true" box="[159,253,1500,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFDDFFC9FEF1FA37FE51E888" box="[259,455,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
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<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDDFFC9FEF1FA37FE51E888" box="[259,455,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, larva. a − habitus, dorsal view; b − lamellae insertion, dorsal view; c − lamellae insertion, lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDAFFCEFF6DFF12FD70ECFC" blockId="4.[159,1036,253,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Legs very long and slender, densely covered by setae varying in length with no clear pattern. Legs lineate (angular in section), due to strong keels on tibiae and femora. Two brown rings present on each femur and tibia, with paired-spotted pattern between each pair of rings.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDAFFCEFF6DFE54FC8CEF39" blockId="4.[159,1036,440,653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Abdomen dorso-ventrally flattened, with lateral carina on S1 to S10. Setae do not coincide with lateral carina, and are denser and longer posteriorly. White spotted pattern visible in live specimens, with two pairs of larger blackish spots at each abdominal intersection dorsally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDAFFCCFF47FDA1FE49EE33" blockId="4.[159,1036,440,653]" lastBlockId="6.[159,1036,628,840]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">
|
||
Lamellae exceptionally long and slender, close to the entire length of the abdomen (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D17C84B4FFDAFFCEFEEEFD9FFEE4EFF6" box="[284,370,627,653]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[159,218,254,278]" captionTargetBox="[295,886,390,809]" captionText="Table 1. Measurements [mm] from four specimens of SpesbonD DngustD, collect- ed from the field at Theewaterskloof Conservancy, Western Cape, South Africa in August 2015. S. D. − standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" tableUuid="C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). With highly frilled ventral margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFDAFFCEFCCAFD9FFCEAEFF6" box="[824,892,627,653]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[778,846,1349,1373]" captionTargetBox="[161,739,872,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[156,745,865,1548]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. SpesbonD DngustD, lamellae. a − lat- eral lamella with more complex frills; b − lat- eral lamella with less complex frills; c − me- dial lamella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192849/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), varying in shape between individuals. Medial lamella slightly shorter than lateral lamellae and frilled on both dorsal and ventral margin. Very clear sulcus on the lamellae insertion on S10. Principal tracheae are clearly distinguishable and following contour of dorsal margin. Secondary tracheae not clearly visible, but emerge from primary tracheae at an angle close to 45°. Secondary tracheae short and straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="C881E187FFDAFFCEFF6DFA30FDD9EB6A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192848/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" targetBox="[161,1032,729,1458]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDAFFCEFF6DFA30FDD9EB6A" blockId="4.[159,1036,1499,1553]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDAFFCEFF6DFA30FE96E88F" bold="true" box="[159,256,1500,1524]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFDAFFCEFEF5FA37FE5BE888" box="[263,461,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDAFFCEFEF5FA37FE5BE888" box="[263,461,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, larva. a − head, dorsal view; b − head, lateral view; c − prementum, dorsal view; d – palpus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B" ID-Table-UUID="C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C881E187FFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B" pageId="5" pageNumber="230" targetBox="[295,886,390,809]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FDD1EC2B" blockId="5.[159,1035,253,337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDBFFCFFF6DFF12FF62EC6D" bold="true" box="[159,244,254,278]" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements [mm] from four specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDBFFCFFD19FF11FC21EC6E" box="[747,951,253,277]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFDBFFCFFD19FF11FC25EC6E" box="[747,947,253,277]" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="230" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">Spesbona angusta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
collect- ed from the field at Theewaterskloof Conservancy, Western Cape, South Africa in August 2015. S.D. − standard deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDBFFCFFED5FE6BFCE0EE53" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<table id="EEFE43AFFFDB0035FED5FE6AFCE0EE52" box="[295,886,390,809]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FE6AFCE0ECE4" box="[295,886,390,415]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FE6AFD2EECE4" box="[295,696,390,415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Character</th>
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FE6AFCB5ECE4" box="[740,803,390,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Mean</th>
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FE6AFCE0ECE4" box="[838,886,390,415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">S.D.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FE5CFCE0ECB2" box="[295,886,432,457]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FE5CFD2EECB2" box="[295,696,432,457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Head width</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FE5CFCB5ECB2" box="[740,803,432,457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FE5CFCE0ECB2" box="[838,886,432,457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.02</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FE3FFCE0EC97" box="[295,886,467,492]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FE3FFD2EEC97" box="[295,696,467,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Distance between antenna insertions</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FE3FFCB5EC97" box="[740,803,467,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.9</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FE3FFCE0EC97" box="[838,886,467,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.04</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FE1BFCE0EF6B" box="[295,886,503,528]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FE1BFD2EEF6B" box="[295,696,503,528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Antenna length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FE1BFCB5EF6B" box="[740,803,503,528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">1.8</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FE1BFCE0EF6B" box="[838,886,503,528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.02</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FDF6FCE0EF48" box="[295,886,538,563]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FDF6FD2EEF48" box="[295,696,538,563]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Wing-sheath length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FDF6FCB5EF48" box="[740,803,538,563]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">3.4</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FDF6FCE0EF48" box="[838,886,538,563]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FDD1FCE0EF2D" box="[295,886,573,598]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FDD1FD2EEF2D" box="[295,696,573,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Hind femur length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FDD1FCB5EF2D" box="[740,803,573,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">3.5</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FDD1FCE0EF2D" box="[838,886,573,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FD8CFCE0EF02" box="[295,886,608,633]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FD8CFD2EEF02" box="[295,696,608,633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Hind tibia length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FD8CFCB5EF02" box="[740,803,608,633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">2.6</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FD8CFCE0EF02" box="[838,886,608,633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FD6FFCE0EFE7" box="[295,886,643,668]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FD6FFD2EEFE7" box="[295,696,643,668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Hind tarsus length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FD6FFCB5EFE7" box="[740,803,643,668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">1.3</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FD6FFCE0EFE7" box="[838,886,643,668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FD4AFCE0EFC4" box="[295,886,678,703]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FD4AFD2EEFC4" box="[295,696,678,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Mask width</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FD4AFCB5EFC4" box="[740,803,678,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">1.4</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FD4AFCE0EFC4" box="[838,886,678,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.05</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FD25FCE0EF99" box="[295,886,713,738]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FD25FD2EEF99" box="[295,696,713,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Body length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FD25FCB5EF99" box="[740,803,713,738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">14.5</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FD25FCE0EF99" box="[838,886,713,738]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">1.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FD00FCE0EE7E" box="[295,886,748,773]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FD00FD2EEE7E" box="[295,696,748,773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Medial lamella length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FD00FCB5EE7E" box="[740,803,748,773]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">6.6</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FD00FCE0EE7E" box="[838,886,748,773]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFDB0035FED5FCE3FCE0EE52" box="[295,886,783,809]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFDB0035FED5FCE3FD2EEE52" box="[295,696,783,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Lateral lamella length</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FD16FCE3FCB5EE52" box="[740,803,783,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">7.6</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFDB0035FCB4FCE3FCE0EE52" box="[838,886,783,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">0.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C881E187FFDBFFCFFCF8FAA9FC18EB76" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192849/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="230" targetBox="[161,739,872,1542]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFDBFFCFFCF8FAA9FC18EB76" blockId="5.[778,1036,1348,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDBFFCFFCF8FAA9FCFBE826" bold="true" box="[778,877,1349,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFDBFFCFFC85FAA8FCD0E802" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="230" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFDBFFCFFC85FAA8FCD0E802" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lamellae. a − lat- eral lamella with more complex frills; b − lat- eral lamella with less complex frills; c − me- dial lamella.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B" ID-Table-UUID="C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" targetBox="[333,832,391,562]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B" blockId="6.[159,1036,254,336]" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FF63EC6D" bold="true" box="[159,245,254,278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Average water conditions during summer (November) and winter (April) of shallow pools at Theewaterskloof Conservancy, Western Cape, South Africa, where larval development of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFD8FFCCFE2EFEDBFD37EC34" box="[476,673,311,335]" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFE2EFEDBFD37EC34" box="[476,673,311,335]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recorded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD8FFCCFD99FE6BFCD6EF49" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<table id="EEFE43AFFFD80035FEBFFE6BFCD6EF49" box="[333,832,391,562]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFD80035FEBFFE6BFCD6ECE4" box="[333,832,391,415]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFD80035FD99FE6BFD4BECE4" box="[619,733,391,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">November</th>
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFD80035FCF1FE6BFCD6ECE4" box="[771,832,391,415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">April</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFD80035FEBFFE5CFCD6ECB2" box="[333,832,432,457]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFD80035FEBFFE5CFDD7ECB2" box="[333,577,432,457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Temperature [°C]</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FD99FE5CFD4BECB2" box="[619,733,432,457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">19.95</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FCF1FE5CFCD6ECB2" box="[771,832,432,457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">8.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFD80035FEBFFE3DFCD6EC96" box="[333,832,465,493]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFD80035FEBFFE3DFDD7EC96" box="[333,577,465,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Conductivity [mS mg-1]</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FD99FE3DFD4BEC96" box="[619,733,465,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">0.03</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FCF1FE3DFCD6EC96" box="[771,832,465,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">0.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFD80035FEBFFE1AFCD6EF6B" box="[333,832,502,528]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFD80035FEBFFE1AFDD7EF6B" box="[333,577,502,528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Dissolved oxygen [%]</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FD99FE1AFD4BEF6B" box="[619,733,502,528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">50.64</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FCF1FE1AFCD6EF6B" box="[771,832,502,528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">58.43</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="22CEB34DFFD80035FEBFFDF5FCD6EF49" box="[333,832,537,562]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<th id="611FDA31FFD80035FEBFFDF5FDD7EF49" box="[333,577,537,562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">pH</th>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FD99FDF5FD4BEF49" box="[619,733,537,562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">6.68</td>
|
||
<td id="611FDA31FFD80035FCF1FDF5FCD6EF49" box="[771,832,537,562]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">4.46</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D4E4E284FFD8FFCCFF6DFC95FC9AEB75" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD8FFCCFF6DFC95FC9AEB75" blockId="6.[159,1036,889,1550]" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFF6DFC95FEFAEEE8" bold="true" box="[159,364,889,915]" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Biological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
All larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFD8FFCCFDFDFC95FD4DEEE8" box="[527,731,889,915]" class="Insecta" family="Platycnemididae" genus="Spesbona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFDFDFC95FD4DEEE8" box="[527,731,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected by netting through banks of fennel-leaved pondweed
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFD52FC72FC9BEEC3" box="[672,781,926,952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Stockenia</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFD8FFCCFCBAFC72FF2CEEA5" class="Liliopsida" family="Aponogetonaceae" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aponogetonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in well vegetated, shallow pools rich in organic matter. Larvae were not found within sediment, or in clear, non-vegetated sections of pools. The pools were small (<
|
||
<quantity id="5B061CEAFFD8FFCCFE77FBE2FE5FE952" box="[389,457,1038,1065]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" unit="m" value="3.5">3.5 m</quantity>
|
||
diameter), and shallow (<
|
||
<quantity id="5B061CEAFFD8FFCCFD0DFBE2FCD2E952" box="[767,836,1038,1065]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" unit="m" value="0.7">0.7 m</quantity>
|
||
deep) in the dry month of March. The lamellae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFDC0FBD8FD3FE935" box="[562,681,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">S. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
do not seem to be important for swimming, although they may be more important for predator avoidance as they easily separate from the body. The frilled borders of the lamellae also suggest that at least some time during development the larvae are well adapted to survive oxygen-deficient conditions. Such conditions are expected as the temperature of the pools varies greatly, with a water temperature of 21°C recorded in high summer when adults are ovipositing and 8°C during winter months when larvae are approaching emergence (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D17C84B4FFD8FFCCFC50FAD5FC68E828" box="[930,1022,1337,1363]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[159,218,254,278]" captionTargetBox="[333,832,391,562]" captionText="Table 2. Average water conditions during summer (November) and winter (April) of shallow pools at Theewaterskloof Conservancy, Western Cape, South Africa, where larval development of SpesbonD DngustD was recorded." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" tableUuid="C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). With the exception of Dytiscidae and Notonectidae, roughly with the same abundance as
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD8FFCCFEB7FA68FE2DE8E5" box="[325,443,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">S.angusta</emphasis>
|
||
and averaging around five individuals per sample, no other macroinvertebrates were found in the pools. The long and spiny leg structure of the larvae also suggests movement by crawling and attachment to aquatic vegetation, rather than actively swimming.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D4E4E284FFD9FFC2FDE7FF12FD7BE9E3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD9FFCDFDE7FF12FD03EC63" blockId="7.[533,661,254,280]" box="[533,661,254,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<heading id="C7090663FFD9FFCDFDE7FF12FD03EC63" bold="true" box="[533,661,254,280]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFDE7FF12FD03EC63" bold="true" box="[533,661,254,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD9FFCDFF6DFEC7FB9EEE0E" blockId="7.[159,1036,299,1558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BFECA8CFFD9FFCDFEC6FEC7FD92EC3E" box="[308,516,299,325]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFEC6FEC7FD92EC3E" box="[308,516,299,325]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Spesbona angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easy to distinguish from any other South African species of damselfly outside the family of Platycnemididae. Oth- er genera within the same family are also characterized by slender bodies, with a body length of
|
||
<quantity id="5B061CEAFFD9FFCDFE2CFE77FDA3ECCD" box="[478,565,411,438]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFDADFE70FCF0ECCE" box="[607,870,411,437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Mesocnemis singularis</emphasis>
|
||
Karsch, 1891 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFF5BFE2CFEC1ECA0" author="Corbet P. S." box="[169,343,448,475]" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="147 - 152" part="89" refString="Corbet P. S. 1956. Larvae of East African Odonata. 2 - 3. The Entomologist 89: 147 - 152" title="Larvae of East African Odonata. 2 - 3" type="journal article" year="1956">CORBET 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="5B061CEAFFD9FFCDFE5FFE2CFDA3ECA0" box="[429,565,448,475]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="16.0">16–17 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFD98FE2CFCE5ECA1" box="[618,883,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Allocnemis leucosticta</emphasis>
|
||
Selys, 1863 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFF5BFE0AFEF3EF7B" author="Barnard K. H." box="[169,357,486,512]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="169 - 261" part="22" refString="Barnard K. H. 1937. Notes on dragon-flies (Odonata) of the S. W. Cape, with descrip- tions of the nymphs, and of new spe- cies. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 169 - 261" title="Notes on dragon-flies (Odonata) of the S. W. Cape, with descrip- tions of the nymphs, and of new spe- cies" type="journal article" year="1937">BARNARD 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distinct banded pattern on the femora and tibiae is shared by
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFEC8FDE7FE40EF5E" box="[314,470,523,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">M.singularis</emphasis>
|
||
. The bands are not mentioned in the description of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFF0AFDDCFE00EF31" box="[248,406,560,586]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">A.leucosticta</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFE36FDDDFD07EF31" author="Barnard K. H." box="[452,657,560,587]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="169 - 261" part="22" refString="Barnard K. H. 1937. Notes on dragon-flies (Odonata) of the S. W. Cape, with descrip- tions of the nymphs, and of new spe- cies. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 169 - 261" title="Notes on dragon-flies (Odonata) of the S. W. Cape, with descrip- tions of the nymphs, and of new spe- cies" type="journal article" year="1937">BARNARD (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but are mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFC58FDDCFF66EF0B" author="Corbet P. S." journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="147 - 152" part="89" refString="Corbet P. S. 1956. Larvae of East African Odonata. 2 - 3. The Entomologist 89: 147 - 152" title="Larvae of East African Odonata. 2 - 3" type="journal article" year="1956">CORBET (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The head morphology is easily distinguished from other South African platycnemidids by not being bulky in relation to the rest of the body. The combination of the angular post-ocular lobes on the head and the long and spiny legs are characteristic of Platycnemidinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFC83FD2AFF48EE7D" author="Orr A. G. & Dow R. A." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="384 - 392" part="4040" refString="Orr A. G. & Dow R. A. 2015. Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae. Zootaxa 4040: 384 - 392" title="Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae" type="journal article" year="2015">ORR & DOw 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Antennae can be distinguished from that of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFCF6FD07FC08EE7E" box="[772,926,747,773]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">M.singularis</emphasis>
|
||
by being 6-segmented instead of 7-segmented. However, the antennae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFC50FCFCFF4BEE2B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">A.leucosticta</emphasis>
|
||
are also 6-segmented. The antennae are also banded, although there is variation in the consistency of the banded pattern between individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD9FFCDFF47FC6CFEB8E8B0" blockId="7.[159,1036,299,1558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
The lamellae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFE82FC6DFD9FEEE1" box="[368,521,896,922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">M. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
are long, smooth, and parallel-sided (COR-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFF6DFC4AFE9AEEBB" author="Corbet P. S." box="[159,268,933,960]" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="147 - 152" part="89" refString="Corbet P. S. 1956. Larvae of East African Odonata. 2 - 3. The Entomologist 89: 147 - 152" title="Larvae of East African Odonata. 2 - 3" type="journal article" year="1956">BET 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and those of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFE5FFC4AFDD1EEBB" box="[429,583,934,960]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">A. leucosticta</emphasis>
|
||
are slender, thickened at the insertion, and triquetral in cross-section (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFDDBFC27FD72EE9E" author="Barnard K. H." box="[553,740,971,997]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="169 - 261" part="22" refString="Barnard K. H. 1937. Notes on dragon-flies (Odonata) of the S. W. Cape, with descrip- tions of the nymphs, and of new spe- cies. Annals of the South African Museum 22: 169 - 261" title="Notes on dragon-flies (Odonata) of the S. W. Cape, with descrip- tions of the nymphs, and of new spe- cies" type="journal article" year="1937">BARNARD 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFD01FC27FF4BE971" author="SamwaYs M. J." journalOrPublisher="University of Natal Press, [Pietermaritzburg]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" refString="SamwaYs M. J. & WhiteleY G. 1997. Dragonflies of the Natal Drakensberg. University of Natal Press, [Pietermaritzburg]" title="Dragonflies of the Natal Drakensberg" type="book" year="1997">SAMwAYs & WHITELEY 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFF06FC1DFEF8E970" box="[244,366,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">S.angusta</emphasis>
|
||
also posesses long slender lamellae (
|
||
<quantity id="5B061CEAFFD9FFCDFCCAFC1CFC15E970" box="[824,899,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length), but none of the other above-mentioned features are shared. The lamellae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFF4FFBD7FEA0E92E" box="[189,310,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">S.angusta</emphasis>
|
||
are frilled to varying degrees, a feature easily distinguishable from any other South African odonate. The lamellae are also not parallelsided. Finally, the palpal setae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFDD1FB6AFD0DE9DB" box="[547,667,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">S. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
are 4 + 4, easily distinguishable from the palpal setae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFE4CFB40FDC1E9BE" box="[446,599,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">M. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
, being 2 + 2. The premental setae are 2 + 2, which corresponds to the premental setae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFCE3FB3CFC0BE991" box="[785,925,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Platycnemis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFC5DFB3CFF7DE86B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Pseudocopera</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFEC0FB1AFE10E86B" box="[306,390,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Copera</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (DIjKsTRA et al. 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFD20FB1AFC27E86B" author="Orr A. G. & Dow R. A." box="[722,945,1269,1296]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="384 - 392" part="4040" refString="Orr A. G. & Dow R. A. 2015. Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae. Zootaxa 4040: 384 - 392" title="Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae" type="journal article" year="2015">ORR & DOw 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is contrasting to the premental setae of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFDAEFAF7FD6EE84E" box="[604,760,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">A. leucosticta</emphasis>
|
||
(1 + 1) and
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFC74FAF0FF2BE821" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">M. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
(0) (DIjKsTRA et al. 2014). The well-developed setae on the palps and prementum further add to the set of characteristics which distinguishes Platycnemidinae from the other subfamilies of Platycnemididae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F86FCCFEFFD9FFCDFC49FA67FEB7E8B0" author="Orr A. G. & Dow R. A." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="384 - 392" part="4040" refString="Orr A. G. & Dow R. A. 2015. Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae. Zootaxa 4040: 384 - 392" title="Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae" type="journal article" year="2015">ORR & DOw 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD9FFC2FF47FA3AFE8FEF13" blockId="7.[159,1036,299,1558]" lastBlockId="8.[159,1036,253,1176]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
Several characteristics are also shared between
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFD08FA3AFCF0E88B" box="[762,870,1494,1520]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Spesbona</emphasis>
|
||
and its sister group,
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD9FFCDFF04FA10FEDCEB6D" box="[246,330,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Copera</emphasis>
|
||
, as defined by DIjKsTRA et al. (2014). One key feature is the elongate, frilled lamellae as seen in
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD6FFC2FD85FF12FCB6EC6C" box="[631,800,254,280]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">Copera vittata</emphasis>
|
||
Selys, 1863, among others (NEEDHAM 1930). Further diagnostic features contributing to the placement of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD6FFC2FEB1FEA5FE2BEC19" box="[323,445,329,355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">S. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
within the phylogenetic reconstruction by DIjKsTRA et al. (2014) is the 6-segmented antennae as seen in
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD6FFC2FC9FFE82FC57ECF3" box="[877,961,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">Copera</emphasis>
|
||
(contrasting to 7-segmented antennae seen in platycnemidids in general), premental setae formula (2 + 2), and the palpal setae formula (3–4), as seen in
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD6FFC2FF32FE32FE0BEC8C" box="[192,413,478,504]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">Copera marginipes</emphasis>
|
||
Rambur, 1842 (NEEDHAM 1930), the bulging distal margin of the prementum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="04C5AD8AFFD6FFC2FE18FDEFFDA5EF66" box="[490,563,515,541]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[159,227,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[161,1032,729,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[156,1039,720,1463]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. SpesbonD DngustD, larva. a − head, dorsal view; b − head, lateral view; c − prementum, dorsal view; d – palpus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192848/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the long and slender legs seen in the larval stage, all of which are coincidental with the diagnostic features of
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD6FFC2FF4FFDA2FE87EF13" box="[189,273,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">Copera</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD6FFC2FF47FD9FFCE4EECC" blockId="8.[159,1036,253,1176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">
|
||
The larvae are highly habitat specific yet this habitat is highly dynamic with challenges for survival, especially the greatly fluctuating water levels. Water temperature of pools fluctuated significantly from summer to winter (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D17C84B4FFD6FFC2FF3CFD0FFEBEEF86" box="[206,296,739,765]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[159,218,254,278]" captionTargetBox="[333,832,391,562]" captionText="Table 2. Average water conditions during summer (November) and winter (April) of shallow pools at Theewaterskloof Conservancy, Western Cape, South Africa, where larval development of SpesbonD DngustD was recorded." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B" pageId="8" pageNumber="233" tableUuid="C881E187FFD8FFCCFF6DFF12FCD7EC2B">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), and along with great seasonal differences in rainfall (hot, dry summers and wet, cool winters), provided a specialized habitat, possibly to reduce interspecific competition and predation. Lower dissolved oxygen content during the summer is presumably countered by the frills on the lamellae, which are probably capable of extracting more oxygen from the surrounding water than would be the case without them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C41B10FFFD6FFC2FF47FC2FFD7BE9E3" blockId="8.[159,1036,253,1176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">
|
||
Heterogeneity of abiotic water conditions, with specific reference to fluctuating dissolved oxygen and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4E9F19FFFD6FFC2FDC3FC05FDCCE978" box="[561,602,1001,1027]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">pH</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is highly significant for the conservation of the species, as homogenizing these conditions would probably create the opportunity for competing species to establish in and around the remnant pools. As the larvae are sluggish, faster moving species could possibly exert competitive pressure on
|
||
<emphasis id="AE8A6D1DFFD6FFC2FD9CFB92FD70E9EC" box="[622,742,1150,1176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="233">S. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |