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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="33138" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="96b59ef6-168f-4e1a-ae02-39c424b9b916" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" ID-ZBK="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="575138" ID-ZooBank="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-55-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" ModsDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" checkinTime="1493464724191" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2017" docId="B0D5666E5425A96F9003E4068639A69E" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 55: 1-54" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" docPubDate="2017-04-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" docTitle="M. (Eutricharaea)" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" masterDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1719608828808" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="39D4906EB879838BAE63A4EB555010CC">Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="92BFB760491C5392914113F655584249" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="32D7E44B42E73BBFAC1758B7E9A7629C">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BAC624F3CC9DAE537F2556B2F9168538" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-3141</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9CD9014988A514211D7C8AC59BB826CE">University of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Entomology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A4D32E490818A7062372CDCA3E64CB29" type="email">christophe.praz@unine.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C188EEB7EC84CB287A4CFB69EB7CE2EC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0FBBE150AC7D1BB6156B7BC185327472">Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1DBB513A610FB952C7F0B4E5E2F8F632">
<mods:date id="6A0C12557A6C5AEBE218C4C730F108A1">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="C86D24ECD2AF3812380B77963A63E388" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="BA153255C8BCE55D04F0AE1A49BBEB72">2017-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="F16C7DB25542C47D00A5BC7B3B33F63F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F6457363C5918F96C4ABB5791C461F4B">55</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C4AEF26266C19952097CCB139F985202">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="CE5C6AD547ED10126FB9BD12A625F338">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="F6992E67FB1BA81DF17AC1CEF989E8FE" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BF8577F2410844DF302A4E0CCB36B2F0" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-55-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B0D5666E5425A96F9003E4068639A69E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B0D5666E5425A96F9003E4068639A69E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0D5666E5425A96F9003E4068639A69E" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="6C895E2839E8E9CFF7F768F8C0CE2469" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DA5E35CE78CADC09A8D68B19AF256A11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<pageBreakToken id="C07E6B0C9705AE4CD0D4CD19B944B8C9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Subgenus</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName id="A86E70BE4FC1359567607A2952AB72EC" LSID="B3035D4B-F05E-547C-9A27-2F754D0F6B08" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">Eutricharaea</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A544B4177BACDC80E1FB1C6482A2F516" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A84F0D630892A311B54401D40B887A08" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="738B445545B302F2C125CFED006C1009" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B4C4CAA336D4AAD62CF798D41EB660F7" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Females</emphasis>
: In females the scopa is mostly white at least basally (often dark apically) and the sterna have distinct apical fasciae beneath the scopa (lacking in
<taxonomicName id="9BD44575CA717358723804EE9A45B71A" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile giraudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giraudi">
<emphasis id="8F32F70A61F749AF50DB510CF24A9BC0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile giraudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C20E34677502232E1450008BFDE39F17" authorityName="Tkalcu" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. hohmanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hohmanni">
<emphasis id="8EBAFF605026DF1054EDB201087CAD1B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. hohmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="882D8F13CCCF7DF1C6A414A94542872C" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
, 1993). In a few rare cases, the scopa is orange or entirely black (some populations of
<taxonomicName id="79ED263A44E69CB077D805DB2DB737F3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. melanogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanogaster">
<emphasis id="46BF5B54F4268A336395F0924E6CC3D9" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. melanogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8510F236A8DAB39D4B22860F00AE9D2C" authorityName="Tkalcu" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. hohmanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hohmanni">
<emphasis id="77BF38091E34451AB45BBC04836E7009" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. hohmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The upper mandibular tooth is usually truncate (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="EBE431D3E4219011394F5D76B2F4FBDE" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="7556412A8D33A7A35922B84AE7B5DE31" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Curtis, 1828), although it is sometimes acute (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="0379CA2E22A8A94BB78721CA11E509B9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. deceptoria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deceptoria">
<emphasis id="988BF9CF064E838643963B8AEC0FF8EB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. deceptoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Fig.
<figureCitation id="4328D26CE59B054CEB9E98AFEAAB5F7C" captionStart="Figures 38–41" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 38 - 41. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 38 Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana 39 M. (Eutricharaea) rotundata 40 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 41 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures38-41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133920" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">40</figureCitation>
) or conversely clearly divided into two teeth [e.g.
<taxonomicName id="24F3B9CA351C850294567940E863CD12" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="1AE73384B445D9BB3D6527597E3A6640" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius, 1787); Fig.
<figureCitation id="EAECD45FB26499747CFA179C56DC74DB" captionStart="Figures 38–41" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 38 - 41. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 38 Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana 39 M. (Eutricharaea) rotundata 40 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 41 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures38-41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133920" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">39</figureCitation>
]. In some species, such as
<taxonomicName id="E9A5B58DF7DA76347C2565630E8F50E3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. orientalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="7A8BF365548BCE71AA6D934CF666BD32" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the mandible is clearly 5-toothed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5EA530ADE5E5FFECEF4E8E95A75762FA" captionStart="Figures 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 3. Female mandible of Megachile (Eutricharaea) orientalis. 2 Front view; the white lines indicate the brushes of hairs in the grooves near the base of tooth 1 3 Lateral view; the cutting edge is continuous and spans the interspaces 2 - 4, although it is completely recessed behind the mandibular margin and thus not visible in front view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133911" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</figureCitation>
). There is no visible cutting edge in the second interspace (Figs
<figureCitation id="9E1DFBEEC5BCE305B61169FEB6133395" captionStart="Figures 38–41" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 38 - 41. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 38 Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana 39 M. (Eutricharaea) rotundata 40 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 41 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures38-41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133920" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">39-41</figureCitation>
), in contrast to the subgenera
<taxonomicName id="FEC96004A7C8D67FE5E2ACAABFEA1FDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Xanthosarus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Xanthosarus">
<emphasis id="E639E1037276BE392523613A1A71AF9E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Xanthosarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DA0606B60F0C25FC9C0B7EF7D3DFEDE1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2EDA482DBF49E1B729CB52DDF1EBCD5B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="92BA897FFB1A2DD098419DA859F26BFF" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="3861A08B11E7FB0A6BF924F362BCD4CA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in the latter all cutting edges are often strongly reduced); even in the third interspace, the cutting edge is often small and partly hidden behind the margin in many
<taxonomicName id="26DF0AFF7BBC359B4C36281BEC66B3FB" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="98AC92B94FB59B8583B2A69F5CB20F74" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="03679913AC7C99BF1BA007321E4BE8DA" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Males</emphasis>
: In the Palearctic, males of this subgenus can be recognized by the following criteria: the preapical carina of T6 is mostly denticulate (weakly so in some species such as
<taxonomicName id="00833FC98C7F2F187B8DB415286174AF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="61FB43B79C8C0527DE07AC3FF102B87F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the disc of T6 covered with dense, light vestiture entirely hiding cuticula (except in some populations of
<taxonomicName id="33393BA7047B441A27E1AF82134C66A5" authorityName="Gerstäcker" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. giraudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giraudi">
<emphasis id="3185466E83F47ED61A43B20E0821950A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. giraudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). T7 is small and little visible. The mandible is 3-toothed, always with triangular inferior projection. In contrast to the subgenera
<taxonomicName id="1D4E05CE11FD0A0581A512D1B46C3A6A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="81E3B3F2044E99F08D7C9206D5BD23EE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="AFACCF4D03B09CB556F87FE142A209C9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1D9F3376DE9F80F3E0389087270526AF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and to most
<taxonomicName id="69A2D0F6EF83E65622526AA1144EE80A" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Xanthosarus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Xanthosarus">
<emphasis id="AC450B061039F354B2F8C0474EA2DA48" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Xanthosarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8EE9BFE24256ACAE116BD33F84069D24" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eurymella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eurymella">
<emphasis id="434D72693EC9BDCB33A933D3EC849F7E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eurymella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, S4 does not have a hyaline rim apically (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0DCF66B7CBE012208FFF9527D5FCC964" captionStart="Figures 10–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 10 - 15. Male metasoma, ventral view. 10 Megachile (Eutricharaea) giraudi, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 without hyaline rim, T 7 small, unmodified 11 M. (Creightonella) amabilis, metasoma with six exposed sterna, S 6 with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection 12 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 with apical, hyaline rim (note that S 5 - S 8 are visible in this specimen because the metasoma has been stretched) 13 M. (Megachile) ligniseca, condition as in Fig. 12 14 M. (Eurymella) patellimana, condition as in Fig. 12 15 M. (Chalicodoma) montenegrensis, S 6 partly exposed, with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures10-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133925" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</figureCitation>
). The front tarsi may be modified or not, and the front coxal tooth is present (although minute in the
<taxonomicName id="FD60E8DAF64D29B6551562AD9A07D3CC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eutricharaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutricharaea apostolica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apostolica">
<emphasis id="50D8AA163A439AA0822C4AC316901A61" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eutricharaea apostolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D83B147E8D435E69E5EFC08B116F3B70" ID-Zenodo-Dep="988953" doi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="Figures 42–49" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="06CE8BC38E4BA27EAF5A4A89D97D4083" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="15889DD48DFD20009955844BD33DBB8D" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figures 42-49.</emphasis>
Apex of male metasoma;
<emphasis id="D89593576344DF82DB8201F38B49D403" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42-46, 48</emphasis>
T5-T7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view
<emphasis id="0A18D2FE381BC3FA986225624DE626A8" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">47</emphasis>
T5-T7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view
<emphasis id="B84E90BD84216FB7028EC280A728AC3B" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">49</emphasis>
T4-T6, dorsal view
<emphasis id="3D70DCDD41B8925E555AC6C0E4334B4A" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D5166655C0B764EE5738D57B775F2EC0" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="Megachile">Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="58822F4B60B095FF64A32839D080AEA5" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">43</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B6944D6C7095BD50E92C013070DA80E6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">M. (Pseudomegachile</taxonomicName>
) sp. aff.
<taxonomicName id="4018B0EC06575CDF0E0947FABF7F434E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incana">incana</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="E1678D2ADAB6BF053C2C82F178137366" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">44</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="392AF8D3C9EC48BAC849AFEE7BAEB58F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Chalicodoma) parietina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parietina" subGenus="Chalicodoma">M. (Chalicodoma) parietina</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4699AA39488CFB1190AB5A5E105BACC0" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">45</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CB70CC24018244F609D32A57E367C43E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hungarica" subGenus="Chalicodoma">M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="19F64906DDECB9E860D3BFB676163749" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">46</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5063AA218450E6BF68129A46C8BF3F50" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Creightonella) albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albisecta" subGenus="Creightonella">M. (Creightonella) albisecta</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="36A2FF642AF2A3D949C240F0FE10FDA7" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">47</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="40CB361A9C48CB814332789881CF31AF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Creightonella) doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="doriae" subGenus="Creightonella">M. (Creightonella) doriae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EC19EB7BB40DF10826DAEAA815CFE210" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7C8DA21D644128C48E4791EE55D84BEE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Chalicodoma) manicata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manicata" subGenus="Chalicodoma">M. (Chalicodoma) manicata</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0AECA3D2312D1051C3168DB5FE8FE6E8" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">49</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="04F39330E633B473918D32EB238B9487" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Eurymella) patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patellimana" subGenus="Eurymella">M. (Eurymella) patellimana</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6E14594797ECD12ECA6947247425817" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="species groups">
<paragraph id="020458DC3C1B07CEE478055401C58EFF" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Species groups.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4008E14E22BEE3BA8DE9B75F7BB3E22D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="8796DE7FD03DDF0B52DD53E66D10BCC3" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
1.
<taxonomicName id="EC02D6BF7289B3AB40D86ACF540F2EA7" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="F8BEC58A65BEF51503140720A7A8154A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="1DB25006E20E1686FEAC2DC51F5052FB" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Neoeutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neoeutricharaea">
<emphasis id="0C39A2C6D9BE05FDEB4A537B78D3CED0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Neoeutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rebmann 1967).
<emphasis id="2636B4A53C4839D9176751EA47E3C588" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Males</emphasis>
: Gonostylus simple, not bifid apically, s-shaped in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9314FA6EF47388575844210CC80E4B98" captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Genital capsule, lateral view. 54 Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis 55 M. (Eutricharaea) sp. aff. naevia 56 M. (Eutricharaea) leachella 57 M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133926" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">54</figureCitation>
). Front coxa with tooth. T2 and sometimes T3 with fovea laterally. Apical margin of S4 unmodified, medially without tubercule or spot of dense, golden hairs (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3B571C8B210DA51AD51F69E58D209F31" captionStart="Figures 10–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 10 - 15. Male metasoma, ventral view. 10 Megachile (Eutricharaea) giraudi, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 without hyaline rim, T 7 small, unmodified 11 M. (Creightonella) amabilis, metasoma with six exposed sterna, S 6 with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection 12 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 with apical, hyaline rim (note that S 5 - S 8 are visible in this specimen because the metasoma has been stretched) 13 M. (Megachile) ligniseca, condition as in Fig. 12 14 M. (Eurymella) patellimana, condition as in Fig. 12 15 M. (Chalicodoma) montenegrensis, S 6 partly exposed, with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures10-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133925" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</figureCitation>
). Pretarsal claws of all legs with two similar, thin setae (as on Fig.
<figureCitation id="5BBEBD5AECFFB1A40A80C5309627F5E9" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Claw of hind leg of females; the white lines show the basal seta; the seta is considered elongate in 4, 6 and 7 and modified to a thick process in 5. 4 Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 5 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 6 M. (Eurymella) patellimana 7 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures4-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133912" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</figureCitation>
). Front legs modified or not.
<emphasis id="331C33652ADE330AFB4B420815F45E35" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Females</emphasis>
: T2 and sometimes T3 with fovea laterally. Ocelloccipital distance often larger than diameter of lateral ocellus. Clypeus apically with comparatively wide, impunctate margin. Scopa usually white, black on S6, sometimes also S5, rarely entirely black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4087E2315FD77E88B026BAB25C5BD8ED" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="08C19837CF648225F0E3D82CFBE1E6A8" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Note.</emphasis>
This group is particularly diverse and additional species groups may be recognized for isolated, divergent species:
<taxonomicName id="B29A6CF5AA0D1BD8AB6D637F9C0A42DC" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile giraudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giraudi">
<emphasis id="E44BAFE903B02A75525C842C3D9AF5C7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile giraudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a particularly long interspace 3 in the female sex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DCF6C5B3A6FF0315E45EF28938A4D621" captionStart="Figures 38–41" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 38 - 41. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 38 Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana 39 M. (Eutricharaea) rotundata 40 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 41 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures38-41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133920" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">41</figureCitation>
) and front basitarsus modified, with a long apical projection in the male sex;
<taxonomicName id="28A287DA749ECEEA18E6EB795B7F7482" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. orientalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="57C2C44DC1EBE720F7FB3657879EA3F1" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the female mandible 5-toothed with cutting edges hidden behind the mandibular margin (Figs
<figureCitation id="6FA67925385AD9D07EE6DA5F3BB3C4A6" captionStart="Figures 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 3. Female mandible of Megachile (Eutricharaea) orientalis. 2 Front view; the white lines indicate the brushes of hairs in the grooves near the base of tooth 1 3 Lateral view; the cutting edge is continuous and spans the interspaces 2 - 4, although it is completely recessed behind the mandibular margin and thus not visible in front view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133911" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2-3</figureCitation>
) (the male is a regular member of the
<taxonomicName id="33846E23D674DAB34999296A9D7D0ECA" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="A402C2DC517F326DA2A2DF1295354323" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group); and
<taxonomicName id="A4F8EC557A37EF27B1600CE7F60155B0" authorityName="Tkalcu" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. hohmanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hohmanni">
<emphasis id="D1D5E35160EC9675B750605EF77EC020" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. hohmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, included in a distinct, monotypic subgenus by
<bibRefCitation id="6FADE0A33FE92F17DCCE924462EDD594" author="Tkalcu, B" editor="Hohmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen aus dem Uebersee-Museum Bremen, Naturwissenschaften" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="791 - 858" refId="B92" refString="Tkalcu, B, 1993. Neue Taxa der Bienen von den Kanarischen Inseln. In: Hohmann, H, LaRoche, F, Ortega, G, Barquin, J, Eds., Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln, Band II. Veroeffentlichungen aus dem Uebersee-Museum Bremen, Naturwissenschaften 12: 791 - 858" title="Neue Taxa der Bienen von den Kanarischen Inseln." volume="12" volumeTitle="Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln, Band II." year="1993">
<normalizedToken id="053AEEC9B09B4F989089A7DB535862B7" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
(1993)
</bibRefCitation>
. Another group includes species with robust, 4-toothed mandible (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F96917B8FA2EA3A8954DC7D54A20E1FB" captionStart="Figures 38–41" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 38 - 41. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 38 Megachile (Eurymella) patellimana 39 M. (Eutricharaea) rotundata 40 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 41 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures38-41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133920" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">40</figureCitation>
), with tooth one larger than the other teeth and with reduced tufts of hairs apically, approaching the condition seen in
<taxonomicName id="0C8E03925CFCE1842EF8ED1AD53AC623" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eurymella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eurymella">
<emphasis id="8284A1C5ECF4E29C249B109C4E1D8CC9" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eurymella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; males of this group are mostly characterized by the strongly convex and medially produced apical margin of T5. In the Palearctic, this group includes
<taxonomicName id="4441C8282CF9DD743F73AF99693C85B2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. communis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="46A212717C66287A1AC12BBFD926140A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. communis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Morawitz, 1875,
<taxonomicName id="02CA3B626240F60306843F4C6AABA5F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. deceptoria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deceptoria">
<emphasis id="313260C2714DAA1CB8EA002D90C54004" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. deceptoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E45389BCA4FBDD562A4F2335969C6733" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1880" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. dohrandti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dohrandti">
<emphasis id="996A7E6823AE998D9E19FDC78549F1B7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. dohrandti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Morawitz, 1880,
<taxonomicName id="96D5BFCB4759609B721B642E92F083E6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. sedilloti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sedilloti">
<emphasis id="3CBD34A06FD6B89F5671B58DDDAA608F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. sedilloti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3DCCDCCD1BF314EECD25A56A283A2481" authorityName="Tkalcu" authorityYear="1988" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. jakesi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jakesi">
<emphasis id="B7930C94B6BB2B6DD8D57FE196CCDEAC" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. jakesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="6B216813B809AC0C47F7F447670147B3" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
, 1988, probably
<taxonomicName id="6A72026EB71E912E73C316909463EB19" authorityName="Gonzalez, Engel &amp; Hinojosa-Díaz" authorityYear="2010" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arachosiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arachosiana">
<emphasis id="D81A3EC10A19CEDBF4DBB8900FBFDCFC" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. arachosiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gonzalez, Engel and
<normalizedToken id="C5BFC669C40E0BBA276905AEA0A50A1A" originalValue="Hinojosa-Díaz">Hinojosa-Diaz</normalizedToken>
, 2010 as well as at least one undescribed species. Because all these species do not have particularly distinct gonostylus, I do not recognize separate species groups for them. Of note, the
<taxonomicName id="2C7E43A3417AB98E79F48575B3F7C9EB" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="C21B9F611198540CA1BFC7E0DF0A0458" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group also occurs in Africa;
<bibRefCitation id="5128B1E6622FB736425ED94E311E32FB" author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels (1965)</bibRefCitation>
referred to it as the
<taxonomicName id="5F1E2B133944147D93135C19C25A053F" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chalicodoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalicodoma malangensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malangensis">
<emphasis id="2312912EE4872B017008F1F972CAF8BE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chalicodoma malangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. I have examined the type material of
<taxonomicName id="824A2B8E59A10D347A1705A44C2F7F6B" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1904" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. malangensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malangensis">
<emphasis id="D3383779D1D589720F3A726C25506083" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. malangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Friese, 1904 (ZMHB); this species is a member of
<taxonomicName id="C06512C5AFE525596449777736D73A5E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="13F3D95553D07BF392DC0E8A0F813B61" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not of
<taxonomicName id="756562A0D0526E5CB064C0AEB534A08E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Paracella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paracella">
<emphasis id="32598D57A48CBC85D3287EF66CB573A2" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paracella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="8D5F80DDCF74D85B4DB05A13D9782E00" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="120CC38D54F5D1EF03CD8B45BF5B72B7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="181E3F4DEC1102B76559C5978899EA82" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" author="Eardley, C" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 133" refId="B16" refString="Eardley, C, 2013. A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3601: 1 - 133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" title="A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" volume="3601" year="2013">Eardley (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="058E5CE45E5653B432C81879AB360FA9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="2ADF15EDE70FC138EDE08B8FB1255DF4" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
2.
<taxonomicName id="68F34ECC45C5D1D054272C2391D6D099" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile naevia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naevia">
<emphasis id="DE76980640D93503048DB4B913B2034B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile naevia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Males
</emphasis>
: Similar to males of the
<taxonomicName id="F7A32E67BA0072312BE5194794A73D8D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="C77025058A35B283EA751077E9B755D0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but gonostylus apically shortly bifid (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6FC9527F3A8D780F291A94FED04D4251" captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Genital capsule, lateral view. 54 Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis 55 M. (Eutricharaea) sp. aff. naevia 56 M. (Eutricharaea) leachella 57 M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133926" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">55</figureCitation>
). Front tarsi modified, yellowish-white. T2 with a weak fovea laterally.
<emphasis id="9274CF973FBE03B21FA88B495B109C83" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Females</emphasis>
: As in the
<taxonomicName id="3900F78E7FECCDFFEC5307C67DA59518" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="F4F6DCA74A50655B1B04F85171352BBB" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but mandible always red. Apical margin of clypeus straight with comparatively wide impunctate area. Ocelloccipital distance shorter than diameter of lateral ocellus. T2 but not T3 with fovea laterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71A30AC11BA10A2830D94E4E2D221466" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="3EBCEF7EA37171D0019C7E2FA8E87F33" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
3.
<taxonomicName id="9DC256A3A34258212BFCC76A7F145077" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="DC8423E6BC1539B0BDC15A2C33605EF3" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Males
</emphasis>
: Gonostylus either bifid (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B5B7138ACB6C4A9BA7C492175F956CB4" captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Genital capsule, lateral view. 54 Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis 55 M. (Eutricharaea) sp. aff. naevia 56 M. (Eutricharaea) leachella 57 M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133926" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">56</figureCitation>
) with long (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="08A2D157D633B38A681565FD6D7CD808" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="F2478761DE158D6BF4BABD4B29ED137E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or short (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="8BBE85D90BA259D9138DB80287D4C9A6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. walkeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B2ECE3209362C7EF45C2A5F14EF1B0B4" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dalla Torre, 1896) preapical process, or simple (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="1EEF91BA86D3AC08763E7205DC298197" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. concinna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concinna">
<emphasis id="062F44447C22AECB74FA59D115FA39CF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. concinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1879), in all cases apically with rounded emargination (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3460092E5B24CDBEE305BB7317D8D174" captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Genital capsule, lateral view. 54 Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis 55 M. (Eutricharaea) sp. aff. naevia 56 M. (Eutricharaea) leachella 57 M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133926" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">56</figureCitation>
). Front coxa with tooth. T2 and T3 without fovea laterally (although the corresponding area on T2 is often finely punctured and covered with brown hairs which contrast with white hairs on rest of the tergum). Apical margin of S4 either with a patch of yellow hairs medially, or a minute tubercle covered with numerous short, white hairs. Pretarsal claw with basal hair short, thickened, as in the female (as in Fig.
<figureCitation id="98DA6A36270E35844DB244A21B2912D4" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Claw of hind leg of females; the white lines show the basal seta; the seta is considered elongate in 4, 6 and 7 and modified to a thick process in 5. 4 Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 5 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 6 M. (Eurymella) patellimana 7 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures4-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133912" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</figureCitation>
), and api
<pageBreakToken id="B63F73368FC08CEF5419AA7A24566A64" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">cal</pageBreakToken>
hair long. Front legs not modified although front tarsi sometimes yellowish brown.
<emphasis id="48A6DE2DDF55586038BB0473B8E3E3A2" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Females</emphasis>
: T2 and T3 without fovea laterally (although the corresponding area on T2 is often finely punctured and covered with brown hairs which contrast with white hairs on rest of the tergum). Ocelloccipital distance commonly equal to the diameter of the lateral ocellus. Clypeus apically with narrow impunctate zone. Scopa white on S1-S5, black on S6, sometimes partly or entirely orange-red, never black on S5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C93DE14941A5F415C61F1875D5C2B04" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="40311D5E136005EAEB810A18910D68A6" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Note.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03E2FBD7F284F9B79651BDCAFBED74CA" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ventrisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventrisi">
<emphasis id="4F02D47C8AC4AFBBCE23C94502FF8BDB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile ventrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Engel, 2008, from Saudi Arabia, Yemen (
<bibRefCitation id="E866B5FC67E269C5182664F39BF29457" author="Engel, MS" journalOrPublisher="Entomofauna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="121 - 128" refId="B18" refString="Engel, MS, Schwarz, M, 2011. New records and the male of Megachile ventrisi Engel 2008 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Entomofauna 32: 121 - 128" title="New records and the male of Megachile ventrisi Engel 2008 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." volume="32" year="2011">Engel and Schwarz 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and at least Kenya (C. Praz and L. Packer, unpublished) belongs to another African and Oriental group in which the male front tarsi are modified (the ventral surface of the first tarsal segment is concave) and the gonostylus simple but differently shaped, without apical emargination. This group was included in the
<taxonomicName id="3AFD60E0ABD9041011B58E6D67560814" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="84975F39E2D2B07ED3E0A3CD9F782C02" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (as the &quot;
<emphasis id="B38461C349B3F5F13E8F419BA8C59633" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">argentata</emphasis>
&quot; group) by
<bibRefCitation id="C0F48F480470C6ED4CBA5545CCBAC8D4" author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels (1965)</bibRefCitation>
; it includes the African species known as
<taxonomicName id="39871E36B2043A1AC11E79572FD71A31" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis id="FA2CA3E1C9440067C94CF51ABDCFDD93" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1853, which is a junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="E45505C8E2C970F1D2DF1E59C5167937" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis id="0DA000066DC4ABA3E3BC3624C5232516" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius, 1804); &quot;
<taxonomicName id="20C62B9085B009DE26338E963E9C1531" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis id="88A118391E4A4748944519C194F7A0B9" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smith&quot; is a member of
<taxonomicName id="34FB00EFCC9429680D42070ECB92B592" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="88D602844452B6DF470FCE3699595F66" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not of
<taxonomicName id="D9104C4B3BDB62E7EED07CAA4A12BFF2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Paracella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paracella">
<emphasis id="8EA5D76065745355AA14B9F0AAE5A817" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paracella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4DF4720BAC90192BB28EADE94FE1829A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="697F24F4106B47263839B3BE8DE597D2" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="26D4FECCB5ADF5A33DFFB12C0F47F8C4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" author="Eardley, C" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 133" refId="B16" refString="Eardley, C, 2013. A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3601: 1 - 133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" title="A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1" volume="3601" year="2013">Eardley (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5471C12348BDD112B1A7FB3FF08CF063" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="EB9413D399228B7E395480DD1E0069F1" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
4.
<taxonomicName id="0CC10F9BDE749547DE2E28CD45D0C458" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Eutricharaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutricharaea apostolica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apostolica">
<emphasis id="4A0654D5CF97A9D5BAD5980BCB523594" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eutricharaea apostolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Males
</emphasis>
: As
<taxonomicName id="78A492C136D98D4ED352AF7E291D5EC5" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="CE5DD950BFAF466062CF4E08EECF4A44" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, with the following exceptions: gonostylus bifid apically (as in
<taxonomicName id="9C4A4FBD4B1D1BC8A56921AF79BD61D2" authorityName="Alfken" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile pilidens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilidens">
<emphasis id="15083ED3F450CEE4F1DA23F524376355" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile pilidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alfken, 1924), but apex conspicuously slender and preapical process long. Front coxa with minute tooth (see comments above). Front tarsi yellowish-white.
<emphasis id="EE39850B95C35B0D2B65FDB7657A40F9" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Females</emphasis>
: As
<taxonomicName id="D10F2E45629C166BA727C86FDF7D9360" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="C3BF49394BB8BA02E2C100ECA513D56E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, with the following exceptions: all legs predominantly orange; terga brown; hairs on ventral side of mid and hind femora modified, short, apically thickened.
<taxonomicName id="B1BC58A8FB7D3192FBAF8AFF2E8D7FC6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. walkeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="817BB9B44872ADF3A351434E5BB833AA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(included in the
<taxonomicName id="CD2D92E9ABBB6814EC8685AC7C7911C8" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="11D11AC878F2616659AC504336EB225B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) also has similarly modified hairs (
<bibRefCitation id="03CCF0A5491BAD6D248CD39E701BDD75" author="Engel, MS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="151 - 156" refId="B17" refString="Engel, MS, 2008. A new species of Megachile (Eutricharaea) from Western Saudi Arabia related to Megachile walkeri (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Acta Entomologica Slovenica 16: 151 - 156" title="A new species of Megachile (Eutricharaea) from Western Saudi Arabia related to Megachile walkeri (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." volume="16" year="2008">Engel 2008</bibRefCitation>
), but in
<taxonomicName id="4141A03893561DDAA55C4ED73B8F6778" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. walkeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="FF2ED3AC933B568BF3CCA7A17AD69E90" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the cuticula of T1 and T2 is orange.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B11432D81F93A2EBB94148AFD7350D29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="5780A6BB113F8C1AA1C26009DE473415" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
5.
<taxonomicName id="D84ED1081B85C720D81D0C5E93213B89" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucomalla">
<emphasis id="6E07645057A2772D9852B0DFBDD6A781" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leucomalla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Males
</emphasis>
: Male gonostylus as in
<taxonomicName id="5C75E38C99E6EF5B8C85B3236053FB9D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="71594B9FBBFCCD00E8819CFF6A2BE27D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but bent apex longer (Fig.
<figureCitation id="76F96BA2BFA2384D2398EA98ECAE5735" captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Genital capsule, lateral view. 54 Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis 55 M. (Eutricharaea) sp. aff. naevia 56 M. (Eutricharaea) leachella 57 M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133926" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">57</figureCitation>
). Front tarsi greatly enlarged, yellowish-white. S2 and S3 (but not S4) medio-apically with dense patch of yellow hairs. T2 and T3 without clearly delimitated fovea. Pretarsal claw of all legs with two similar hairs.
<emphasis id="EFD0744390C6EE0B43BBA0988BDB13FC" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Females</emphasis>
: Body length above 13 mm; punctation of mesonotum coarse and sparse, interspaces shiny and nearly as large as puncture diameters. Apical clypeal margin truncate, premarginal, impunctate zone comparatively narrow. T2 and T3 without clearly delimitated fovea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C966BA74B4D7524EBDC0018A968A29F6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="species composition">
<paragraph id="D41BC997C7D073A7076CE1BEA400C975" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Species composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8CC23A4E141B50199F526ACF7E57661" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
This is a large and taxonomically complex subgenus in need of revision. The number of unpublished synonymies is large and a list of species is not given here. There is only one species in the
<taxonomicName id="FD3D0AC7C132B18F19D79A6765A46600" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucomalla">
<emphasis id="A400EDFEAB3F0CB1DDCB659959D1DBEA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leucomalla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="48381F80D264F53EF5D7BAD4F16253E7" authorityName="Gerstäcker" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leucomalla">
<emphasis id="7C98C59ECF42DCAF2A6260EE0F46AE54" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. leucomalla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="904DEEF96566055B385AE03FB5271ABF" originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
, 1869. I know one Palearctic species in the
<taxonomicName id="0C2AF146BECA78F4BE58813B046DCC5C" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile apostolica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apostolica">
<emphasis id="18F07480F8B410C41DBDB64E1D8BA0EC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile apostolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="1A7C10C7DDF70B9D072D6A2B99D32457" authorityName="Benoist" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile soikai" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soikai">
<emphasis id="AEFAEFE54D949B82669E926E166DD045" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile soikai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this species is possibly conspecific with one of the African species related to
<taxonomicName id="5EB93BCD035FEABC01E289CA6BBD67D1" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. apostolica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apostolica">
<emphasis id="D70C1D5DEB1D92CEE53B3C07E97CC0EB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. apostolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cockerell, 1937 and listed by
<bibRefCitation id="A916D4AEA2D599E4458B5DC9AB212F45" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES0905.16.1" author="Gonzalez, VH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="58 - 67" refId="B33" refString="Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, Hinojosa-Diaz, IA, 2010. A new species of Megachile from Pakistan, with taxonomic notes on the subgenus Eutricharaea (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 83: 58 - 67, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES0905.16.1" title="A new species of Megachile from Pakistan, with taxonomic notes on the subgenus Eutricharaea (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES0905.16.1" volume="83" year="2010">Gonzalez et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
: 65). In the
<taxonomicName id="7982AB4894049406CE5865328E40AD01" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile naevia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naevia">
<emphasis id="F51FCCB78766FCFBDF3C2E073FD25022" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile naevia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, I know two species:
<taxonomicName id="6E286FD1BAB39CEE7DEB7BF0CC8806E8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. naevia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="naevia">
<emphasis id="9C66EF308DAC3D4383F105D0FA0B0F37" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. naevia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kohl, 1906 from the Socotra Archipelago and an undescribed species from the Arabian Peninsula, North to Israel. There are more species in the
<taxonomicName id="2E9C4962DB4009EFD0B9F5DBAE4E220E" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="C614485E42BE08917FD8F2F9C0338D4A" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group [possibly seven; see Soltani et al. (in press) for a treatment of the taxa allied to
<taxonomicName id="C940CD8BB8F2A650657A338F5C4E2805" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. concinna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concinna">
<emphasis id="6EEC2B128312C3CACB839B8479930799" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. concinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], and a large number of species, a few of which undescribed, in the
<taxonomicName id="F302FE33442FE2252489CF699735893F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="3412B3642D71806D27D7E332FD7828AB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, for a possible total of 29 species in the western Palearctic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="017F9F7C5CF89C51EC248BCBA868FF1E" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3D431571634A39846D5B62A066FDA0AC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A54456C030DA223469028F83E0075999" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="F265948F77004982205047D380B9471C" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="D0B88CCE80A1EDC824CB926C18134A9B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Megachile rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a European species introduced into North America for the pollination of alfalfa, has been studied in detail (reviewed in Pitts-Singer and
<pageBreakToken id="BEAD7DB13CB2C6636E5C75EA58A5527D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">Cane</pageBreakToken>
2011). All species of
<taxonomicName id="D0A0F6C72A8BA4C29A7EE0D26274D28E" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="30C7D3C87FAE8AF24ECEA831781F076D" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
use leaf discs to build their brood cells, although
<taxonomicName id="A38974F5EAA3F96A6C6C9BCC6A025706" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="3D2731C103F6BDE3C515205C27E1AA03" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and
<taxonomicName id="59C3EDCFBA35B35B9E738FAD05CC7C8D" authorityName="Gerstäcker" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. giraudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giraudi">
<emphasis id="9C61579265CF6EFF515CA0B00388E92A" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. giraudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see below) sometimes use petal fragments and not leaves (
<bibRefCitation id="601980B97E8D6A751470A92E1D573CDC" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
, and references therein). In
<taxonomicName id="B576F69A3D6C2C3A79682EB25B10A4FA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. minutissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutissima">
<emphasis id="CFC00C778EEA89ABDA89B28C2A20E77C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. minutissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Radoszkowski, 1876, the cell walls are sometimes omitted when the nest is located in cavities of small diameters, so that leaf discs are only used to build the cell partitions (
<bibRefCitation id="A80E57D1FC1D2497B869F2D7E1D6AF7A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" author="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B39" refString="Krombein, KV, 1969. Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 19: 1 - 18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" title="Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" volume="19" year="1969">Krombein 1969</bibRefCitation>
). The outer nest plug of
<taxonomicName id="F33B485DFACE76F17374ACFADFBC9BE9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. marginata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginata">
<emphasis id="947368A0C0F11A8DF3C241EC6430E8D4" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. marginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of a series of leaf discs covered by a layer of mud, possibly mixed with
<normalizedToken id="A2E9E5315ED56F81CCC530141F262B2D" originalValue="“saliva”">&quot;saliva&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation id="AE93A25B7552B3C8B8C323D7C047A139" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="81 - 119" refId="B25" refString="Ferton, C, 1914. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (8eme serie) avec la description de quelques especes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 83: 81 - 119" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (8 eme serie) avec la description de quelques especes nouvelles." volume="83" year="1914">Ferton 1914</bibRefCitation>
). Nests of
<taxonomicName id="B3044CDA127594B8E5A57E4DF547D40C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="EFB3539AF61AB66C5389BC352FC7C0E8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are mostly built in existing cavities such as stems or beetle burrows (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="A20B10836FE891599D976AD9AE7EFB29" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="E0EC261601A3EDCA82C3F11069EB4832" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. rotundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), under stones or in existing cavities in the ground (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="8A07709701B7EE514E8D11D6B88FEFCA" authorityName="Alfken" authorityYear="1924" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. pilidens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pilidens">
<emphasis id="1C4FB9968A58975740BF4A1899D9DD7E" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. pilidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF0D49B8C86F61F8883E56FF51AF89F5" author="Mueller, A" journalOrPublisher="Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B63" refString="Mueller, A, Amiet, F, Krebs, A, 1997. Bienen. Mitteleuropaeische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg" title="Bienen. Mitteleuropaeische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung." year="1997">
<normalizedToken id="75845A8C837F3181CA11A168BF0703BC" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
et al. 1997
</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="36D03F153A7B2AA830432E6784937F4C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. marginata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginata">
<emphasis id="AEA64E5D3B7BD0B08EC3D1BA721DE533" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. marginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Ferton, 1914;
<taxonomicName id="109277047929603B230DB879C717351F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. minutissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutissima">
<emphasis id="F7E3B769B6210F47C60D90FCC7005D9B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. minutissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="B321C9E738F6B297D1682E79467E5535" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13165" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="635 - 640" refId="B3" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2014. Nesting biology of the leafcutting bee Megachile minutissima (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in central Saudi Arabia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 107: 635 - 640, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13165" title="Nesting biology of the leafcutting bee Megachile minutissima (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in central Saudi Arabia." url="https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13165" volume="107" year="2014">Alqarni et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
), or more rarely in burrows dug by the bee in sandy soil (
<taxonomicName id="B327C9612579DFA5CF4FB9B3B6F21CC3" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1828" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leachella">
<emphasis id="1FB83A9F5540E4BDDAA2F3E9B920DE8F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. leachella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="38242893C3EA50C348E4EB4F322491E5" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
; note that this species may accept trap nests under artificial conditions:
<bibRefCitation id="F99F2576352D5F45EBDD0A8093D4DD12" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631272X00274" author="Holm, SVN" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="169 - 180" refId="B38" refString="Holm, SVN, Skou, JP, 1972. Studies on trapping, nesting, and rearing of some Magachile [sic] species (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) and on their parasites in Denmark. Entomologica Scandinavica 3: 169 - 180, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187631272X00274" title="Studies on trapping, nesting, and rearing of some Magachile [sic] species (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) and on their parasites in Denmark." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631272X00274" volume="3" year="1972">Holm and Skou 1972</bibRefCitation>
) or in hard soil (
<taxonomicName id="B927C38DA4E3BB3408AC407E1B38861B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. deceptoria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deceptoria">
<emphasis id="A8B2D1726E6CD69F15CF80D6B70B066B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. deceptoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C2EFDBA585F8A34C5F772B76067D04E5" author="Benoist, R" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="41 - 88" refId="B11" refString="Benoist, R, 1940. Remarques sur quelques especes de megachiles principalement de la faune francaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 109: 41 - 88" title="Remarques sur quelques especes de megachiles principalement de la faune francaise." volume="109" year="1940">Benoist 1940</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DA806C938520D3B835D9C4C9B754F57E" author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B34" refString="Grandi, G, 1961. Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 25" title="Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori" volume="25" year="1961">Grandi 1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B4A44754A6D7E82F9AC9E579222B72C" author="Zettel, H" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Entomofaunistik" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="107 - 126" refId="B104" refString="Zettel, H, Schoedl, S, Wiesbauer, H, 2005. Zur Kenntnis der Wildbienen (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Wien, Niederoesterreich und dem Burgenland (Oesterreich) - 2. Beitraege zur Entomofaunistik 6: 107 - 126" title="Zur Kenntnis der Wildbienen (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Wien, Niederoesterreich und dem Burgenland (Oesterreich) - 2." volume="6" year="2005">Zettel et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F48F72AEA9727216434993C33DF31909" author="Mazzucco, K" journalOrPublisher="Kataloge der oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen Neue Serie" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="617 - 685" refId="B53" refString="Mazzucco, K, Mazzucco, R, 2007. Wege der Mikroevolution und Artbildung bei Bienen (Apoidea, Hymenoptera): Populationsgenetische und empirische Aspekte. Denisia 20. Kataloge der oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen Neue Serie 66: 617 - 685" title="Wege der Mikroevolution und Artbildung bei Bienen (Apoidea, Hymenoptera): Populationsgenetische und empirische Aspekte. Denisia 20" volume="66" year="2007">Mazzucco and Mazzucco 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="646A8C4989B29D465B069A2B9419C5F8" authorityName="Gerstäcker" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. giraudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giraudi">
<emphasis id="5F2E999E9B7BC24017DC04EB3B26CF80" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. giraudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to nest specifically in holes in rocks and to use petals for cell construction (
<bibRefCitation id="FD94223695CB1CAB6D5B5CF63730D68F" author="Maneval, H" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="103 - 108" refId="B47" refString="Maneval, H, 1939. Notes sur les Hymenopteres (6e Serie). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 108: 103 - 108" title="Notes sur les Hymenopteres (6 e Serie)." volume="108" year="1939">Maneval 1939</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A4054BF7A49694605BDA3D7B8480E52F" author="Banaszak, J" journalOrPublisher="Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="B9" refString="Banaszak, J, Romasenko, L, 2001. Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" title="Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)." year="2001">Banaszak and Romasenko 2001</bibRefCitation>
; C. Praz and A.
<normalizedToken id="E2559B88D3398EC717C502FB5CD48D7A" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, unpublished). The description of nesting aggregations in the soil for
<taxonomicName id="342948D570329F9553DB5D93BA5153E4" authorityName="Gerstäcker" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leucomalla">
<emphasis id="AA9931D34D817C355D47C411D02B3083" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. leucomalla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Central Asia (Marikovsakya 1968; see also
<bibRefCitation id="F29407C1CB848DA26DED11BF0878EAD5" author="Banaszak, J" journalOrPublisher="Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="B9" refString="Banaszak, J, Romasenko, L, 2001. Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" title="Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)." year="2001">Banaszak and Romasenko 2001</bibRefCitation>
) likely refers to another species, probably
<taxonomicName id="11576D381B58F1971E7107CD05AA51CE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. communis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="62FB6AD43684515735618EB5168ACE9B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M. communis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on Fig.
<figureCitation id="E1323744342C32FBD038FD5C72EF9971" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Female mandible of Megachile (Megachile) centuncularis; the white lines and the numbers indicate the five teeth (numbers on the right) and the four interspaces (numbers on the left); in this species, there is a partial cutting edge in the second interspace and, in front view, no visible cutting edge in the other interspaces. Picture by Andreas Mueller (Mueller et al. 1997)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133910" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</figureCitation>
in Marikovsakya (1968).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E60C2971623FF436AE2115189FF292DB" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The pollen preferences of species included in the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="ECA3BE08F1B3163818E09CF08AF33E24" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="E483243E8B9C9CF7159603D68C638A6F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are varied; most species are probably polylectic with a preference for
<taxonomicName id="221C9901CC70729B84062B489B3C4577" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4FD5DD7253B0A261FDD4CF07D65E68C1" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rotundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="24EF56535EFA0EAF83C2E3D7623EB7ED" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<pageBreakToken id="3D740A5500637BC26DC5BDCD70AFA398" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Megachile</pageBreakToken>
rotundata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="46E4B5ED2EAD85A787F5FF70935B4BB6" authorityName="Alfken" authorityYear="1924" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. pilidens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pilidens">
<emphasis id="0EA2595E82D149139E53F70438F5F256" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. pilidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="AD9EDBF2658BB0715125A265E1A8EC88" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
; see also
<bibRefCitation id="AA396E7CAB3E0290C41F7B19C2D34B89" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2317/E-24.1" author="O'Neill, KM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="619 - 625" refId="B65" refString="O'Neill, KM, O'Neill, RP, Blodgett, S, Fultz, J, 2004. Composition of pollen loads of Megachile rotundata in relation to flower diversity (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77: 619 - 625, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2317/E-24.1" title="Composition of pollen loads of Megachile rotundata in relation to flower diversity (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2317/E-24.1" volume="77" year="2004">
<normalizedToken id="62EF29B6C2710C8DDE4EBD8136230BE5" originalValue="O’Neill">O'Neill</normalizedToken>
et al. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="A5B375BBB039B31E1F0E45C687581524" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. minutissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutissima">
<emphasis id="0A0C631A3AAE83D95A595D04438F2249" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. minutissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="A8EA9EE91B6DE6CDA3AAF6C4316EB777" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13165" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="635 - 640" refId="B3" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2014. Nesting biology of the leafcutting bee Megachile minutissima (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in central Saudi Arabia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 107: 635 - 640, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13165" title="Nesting biology of the leafcutting bee Megachile minutissima (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in central Saudi Arabia." url="https://doi.org/10.1603/AN13165" volume="107" year="2014">Alqarni et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="0C188E87D4F99DFD6B680FAD52E6D560" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004020" author="Mueller, A" journalOrPublisher="Apidologie" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="329 - 337" refId="B62" refString="Mueller, A, Bansac, N, 2004. A specialized pollen-harvesting device in western palaearctic bees of the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Apidologie 35: 329 - 337, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004020" title="A specialized pollen-harvesting device in western palaearctic bees of the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004020" volume="35" year="2004">
<normalizedToken id="4501910FF7D92F4CC4353A458A6FEED1" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
and Bansac (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
have shown that some species have a distinct (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="E967602695E8BACA1E06C6FF489C18E9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. apicalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="C94978EC12D58F200DD6A68F0430911C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. apicalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or exclusive preference for
<taxonomicName id="C455B5FF65B8FD13F4FC2CAB8FA6AE8D" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="0C680653C4B82605529488F9E1E85C34" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. marginata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginata">
<emphasis id="57290D64577F0B38B025C5B324670833" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. marginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3CD0A43020492E0909AD3B7986287D08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. melanogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanogaster">
<emphasis id="D144ECDFC0F1044773D2297E4CC696C1" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. melanogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="18D126013C97D3F5F01B361CAE6B6045" authorityName="Pérez" authorityYear="1895" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. flabellipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellipes">
<emphasis id="623A38963A7151A8B536BADD514D599C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. flabellipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BE4C782E19A3BD532F217D31236929F4" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1895), and in these species a modified pollen collecting device is found under the hind trochanter and femur. Soltani et al. (in press) analyzed the pollen preferences of the taxa allied to
<taxonomicName id="7B48C4E991C8E85D98CD646B1901F5ED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. concinna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concinna">
<emphasis id="49BC707E2027F810896F860708135B1D" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. concinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all taxa were polylectic, although
<taxonomicName id="3A261B482265E5D2E9AA1F6EB99C17EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. leucostoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leucostoma">
<emphasis id="5105FA460C5FE6C980A823BCBF1513B6" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. leucostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="38E96C67933617840199933FE258C311" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1907 and
<taxonomicName id="2CE559727666872CD9F2CBBE44AB0930" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. anatolica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anatolica">
<emphasis id="6D69857E3970B0ED9FCCF60C9A343CC7" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rebmann, 1969 showed a preference for
<taxonomicName id="F7A389B6812B9D6065B8AB599E0F208F" class="Insecta" family="Plantaginaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plantaginaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="9FAC8045D7823568994875EE1D8E5205" class="Equisetopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="073CA6948B060EB3DD24D62ECA452B8C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Linaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-type) and
<taxonomicName id="85392D6D9A7B76A6F9DB4BCB6D7DF453" class="Equisetopsida" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
, respectively. Two species have long and conspicuous hairs on the galea,
<taxonomicName id="9FC5C673C963B24A59224CD560B2CF64" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. dolosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dolosa">
<emphasis id="2FE8B2429DA9153F532F566733A42B98" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. dolosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alfken, 1936 and
<taxonomicName id="E562FF18F0951B1C047D36FA4EF5C013" authorityName="Mavromoustakis" authorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. posti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="posti">
<emphasis id="D40465FB0F188D23915BCF3A834EDC2D" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. posti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all known specimens of
<taxonomicName id="7A1EA5098A2C6544DDBEE2F8DAC6437D" authorityName="Mavromoustakis" authorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. posti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="posti">
<emphasis id="2C615B5B9B639C804432F238DDFE8D02" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. posti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cyprus were collected on
<taxonomicName id="FC1B98B98AF2A8B0F375072DFAD40085" class="Insecta" family="Chenopodiaceae" genus="Noaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noaea mucronata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B2FF87E13D1AEE3F32E022A0407B63B0" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Noaea mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Forssk.) Asch. &amp; Schweinf. (
<taxonomicName id="622A55272380B43311F249753CD4B897" authorityName="Moquin-Tandon" authorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Chenopodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chenopodiaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EED01CC7FC95366A2155C28E887D949B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935208654357" author="Mavromoustakis, GA" journalOrPublisher="The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="814 - 843" refId="B51" refString="Mavromoustakis, GA, 1952. On the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Cyprus, Part III. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 12 (5): 814 - 843, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935208654357" title="On the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Cyprus, Part III" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935208654357" volume="12" year="1952">Mavromoustakis 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Strikingly similar hairs are found on the galea and first labial palpi of some
<taxonomicName id="3B57D2BC667013F1BEC12F603FF01AC9" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1807" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Hoplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplitis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6FFFC0683CD448C02BB6FED537B1017E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hoplitis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[e.g.
<taxonomicName id="034B2A59678E713FA5A65F0991A1235E" baseAuthorityName="Popov" baseAuthorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. karakalensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karakalensis">
<emphasis id="E9CC11697BF258529BB7626321B8F595" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. karakalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Popov 1936); A.
<normalizedToken id="70CB2AC87C6C79348E89B6479B7887CC" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, pers. comm., January 2016]; this pollen collecting apparatus likely constitutes an adaptation for collecting pollen from small flowers of
<taxonomicName id="90A97F7B127A8653688EF569F45377C3" class="Insecta" family="Chenopodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chenopodiaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E1D6FCD96CB61B3BF68C515F8F0CBB11" author="Mueller, A" journalOrPublisher="ETH, Zuerich" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" publicationUrl="http://blogs.ethz.ch/osmiini" refId="B61" refString="Mueller, A, 2016. Palaearctic osmiine bees - systematics and biology of a fascinating group of solitary bees. ETH, Zuerich, http://blogs.ethz.ch/osmiini" title="Palaearctic osmiine bees - systematics and biology of a fascinating group of solitary bees" url="http://blogs.ethz.ch/osmiini" year="2016">
<normalizedToken id="3B8466FB0B553030BB8D4734C85A1C20" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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