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<figureCitation id="13332A2CFF932F38A85841BF53CCFC89" box="[548,655,767,793]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[110,152,911,932]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,885]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[108,1212,224,885]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 8. Abdomen of a larval beetle (Coleoptera), family Dermestidae subfamily Megatominae (AMNH LC- II-B4). A. Entire specimen. B. Detail of plumose setae. C. Detail of posterior tuπs of specialized, entangling hastisetae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4598589/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figures 8</figureCitation>
AC; 14F
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AMNH LC-II-B4: A partial larva that is missing the head and legs, but has seven abdominal segments largely to entirely preserved (portions of the anterior segments are lost at the amber surface on the right side) (fig. 8A). The dorsum of the abdomen is covered with a dense vestiture of long setae having short, thick plumosity; presence/absence of bare patches on tergites is not observable. The apical abdominal segments have tuπs of peculiar spear-shaped setae, which are very well preserved. These specialized setae have a bullet-shaped head that is hollow, with an asymmetrical, sharp basal rim; the setal shaπ has evenly spaced nodes, each node with a crenulated collar of small spines or tubercles (fig. 14F). Such setae, called hastisetae, allowed identification of the partial larva to the
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, and in fact hastisetae of this structure are confined to the subfamily
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Megatominae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38A97E47C7552FFB32" author="Kiselyova, T. &amp; J. V. McHugh" box="[770,1132,1159,1186]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="469 - 507" refId="ref13633" refString="Kiselyova, T., and J. V. McHugh. 2006. A phylogenetic study of Dermestidae (Coleoptera) based on larval morphology. Systematic Entomology 31: 469 - 507." type="journal article" year="2006">Kiselyova and McHugh, 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
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, most similar to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C084D2AFF932F38AB1C47EC535DFB56" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1838" box="[352,542,1196,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Cryptorhopalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97CEABBFF932F38AB1C47EC535DFB56" box="[352,542,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cryptorhopalum</emphasis>
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. The hastisetae in extant dermestids are defensive, being dehiscent and snagging together when the larva is attacked, entangling the attacker (
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38AE1C47915016FA82" author="Nutting, W. L. &amp; H. G. Spangler" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="763 - 769" refId="ref14413" refString="Nutting, W. L., and H. G. Spangler. 1969. The hastate setae of certain dermestid larvae: an entangling defense mechanism. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 62: 763 - 769." type="journal article" year="1969">Nutting and Spangler, 1969</bibRefCitation>
). There are 1300 living species of
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in 53 genera, well-known for their larval diet of dried animal remains (including carrion, and shed feathers, hairs, and skin in nests). The genus
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<emphasis id="B97CEABBFF932F38ABDC4601535BFACB" box="[416,536,1345,1371]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Anthrenus</emphasis>
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(also a megatomine) is the notorious museum pest that decimates unprotected collections of skins and pinned insects. The oldest putative dermestid is in Jurassic shale (
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38AB2146CC5373FA36" author="Deng, C. &amp; A. Slipinski &amp; D. Ren &amp; H. Pang" box="[349,560,1420,1447]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="109 - 112" refId="ref12309" refString="Deng, C., A. Slipinski, D. Ren, and H. Pang. 2017. The oldest dermestid beetle from the Middle Jurassic of China (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Annales Zoologici 67: 109 - 112." type="journal article" year="2017">Deng et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
), with definitive larvae and adults in Early Cretaceous amber from
<collectingCountry id="F31F7639FF932F38AB7E46F1502AFA5B" box="[258,361,1457,1483]" name="Lebanon" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38AB0546F153C0FA5B" author="Kirejtshuk, A. G. &amp; D. Azar &amp; P. Tafforeau &amp; R. Boistel &amp; V. Fernandez" box="[377,643,1457,1484]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref13585" refString="Kirejtshuk, A. G., D. Azar, P. Tafforeau, R. Boistel, and V. Fernandez. 2009. New beetles of Polyphaga (Coleoptera, Polyphaga) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Denisia 26: 119 - 130." type="journal article" year="2009">Kirejtshuk et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and the oldest
<taxonomicName id="4C084D2AFF932F38A93446F15296FA5B" authorityName="Laporte de Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" box="[840,981,1457,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Attageninae">Attageninae</taxonomicName>
from the mid-Cretaceous of
<collectingCountry id="F31F7639FF932F38AA8C46975020FA61" box="[240,355,1495,1521]" name="Myanmar" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38AB0A46975372FA61" author="Cai, C. &amp; J. Hava &amp; D. Huang" box="[374,561,1495,1521]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="95 - 99" refId="ref12268" refString="Cai, C., J. Hava, and D. Huang. 2017. The earliest Attagenus species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae: Attageninae) from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research 72: 95 - 99." type="journal article" year="2017">Cai et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and Late Cretaceous of New Jersey (
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38A980469751E9F987" author="Peris, D. &amp; J. Hava" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="491 - 498" refId="ref14589" refString="Peris, D., and J. Hava. 2016. New species from Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber and stasis in subfamily Attageninae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Paleontology 90: 491 - 498." type="journal article" year="2016">Peris and Háva, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Hastisetae of megatomine dermestids are preserved in Upper Albianaged amber from
<collectingCountry id="F31F7639FF932F38AA11456151F1F9AB" box="[109,178,1569,1595]" name="Spain" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Spain</collectingCountry>
, snagged in the legs and body of ticks (
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38A8D9456152E5F9AB" author="Penalver, E." box="[677,934,1569,1596]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1924" refId="ref14455" refString="Penalver, E., et al. 2017. Ticks parasitised feathered dinosaurs as revealed by Cretaceous amber assemblages. Nature Communications 8: 1924. [doi: 10.1038 / s 41467 - 017 - 01550]" type="journal article" year="2017">Peñalver et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The ticks most likely acquired the hastisetae in the arboreal nest of a vertebrate host (
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38A9214507550CF9F1" author="Penalver, E." box="[861,1103,1607,1633]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1924" refId="ref14455" refString="Penalver, E., et al. 2017. Ticks parasitised feathered dinosaurs as revealed by Cretaceous amber assemblages. Nature Communications 8: 1924. [doi: 10.1038 / s 41467 - 017 - 01550]" type="journal article" year="2017">Peñalver et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Diverse modern genera of dermestids occur in Eocene Baltic amber (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF932F38A904452C557DF916" author="Hava, J. &amp; J. Prokop &amp; A. Herrmann" box="[888,1086,1644,1671]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="151 - 157" refId="ref13101" refString="Hava, J., J. Prokop, and A. Herrmann. 2008. New fossil dermestid beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from the Baltic amber-III. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 17 (2007): 151 - 157." type="journal article" year="2008">Háva et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and Miocene Dominican amber. The Chickaloon amber specimen is the most northerly fossil record of the
<taxonomicName id="4C084D2AFF932F38AAC445F75013F941" box="[184,336,1719,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dermestidae</taxonomicName>
, the prior ones being in Baltic amber.
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