197 lines
24 KiB
XML
197 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FFA1998B65A91BE7684C2D6AF0B556CB">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="20884A6989CBE1EEFFB7FBBB9881F477">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="51BC233F25E48328E4AFE7D7C2DB3621">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1D2DEC33DD9A20DDE03A7B889F2C9EED">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B78FFC2FF56FEB3FCEEFA42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641143" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290889" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641143" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B78FFC2FF56FEB3FCEEFA42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B78FFC2FF56FEB3FCEEFA42" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B78FFC2FF56FEB3FD88FEAB" box="[151,630,330,357]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FF56FEB3FD88FEAB" authority="Wright & Studer, 1889" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,630,330,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rigida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF56FEB3FD88FEAB" bold="true" box="[151,630,330,357]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF56FEB3FEACFEAA" bold="true" box="[151,338,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Acanella rigida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FE98FEB3FD88FEAB" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[345,630,330,356]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B78FFC2FF56FE76FBD6FDE2" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF56FE76FB22FE68" blockId="110.[151,1244,399,485]" box="[151,1244,399,423]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B78FFC2FF56FE76FD8CFE68" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[151,626,399,423]" page="32" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" year="1889">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FF56FE76FD8CFE68" authority="Wright & Studer, 1889: 31 - 32" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityPageNumber="31 - 32" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,626,399,423]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rigida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF56FE76FEC8FE68" box="[151,310,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Acanella rigida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FEFAFE76FD8CFE68" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[315,626,399,423]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889: 31–32</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 9, fig. 4 (Banda Sea):
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B78FFC2FCBDFE76FBACFE68" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[892,1106,399,423]" page="577" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" year="1919">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FCBDFE76FBACFE68" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[892,1106,399,423]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal 1919: 577</bibRefCitation>
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(Banda Sea).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF56FE57FC51FE09" blockId="110.[151,1244,399,485]" box="[151,943,430,454]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B78FFC2FF56FE57FC51FE09" box="[151,943,430,454]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B78FFC2FF56FE57FDF0FE09" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,526,430,454]" page="14" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FF56FE57FDF0FE09" authority="Nutting, 1910 b: 14" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,526,430,454]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF56FE57FEB9FE09" box="[151,327,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Acanella sibogae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FE8CFE57FDF0FE09" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[333,526,430,454]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref105012" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 b) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition V. The Isidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographs, 13 b 2, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910b: 14</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a; pl. 5, fig. 4 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B78FFC2FC80FE57FC5AFE09" box="[833,932,430,454]" name="Malaysia" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF56FE34FC8EFE2B" blockId="110.[151,1244,399,485]" box="[151,880,460,485]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B78FFC2FF56FE34FC8EFE2B" box="[151,880,460,485]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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?
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B78FFC2FF68FE35FDBFFE2B" author="Saucier, E. H. & Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C." box="[169,577,460,485]" page="376" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" year="2017">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FF68FE35FDBFFE2B" authority="Saucier et al. 2017: 376" authorityName="Saucier" authorityPageNumber="376" authorityYear="2017" box="[169,577,460,485]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rigida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF68FE35FEB9FE2B" box="[169,327,460,484]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Acanella rigida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FE8CFE35FDBFFE2B" author="Saucier, E. H. & Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C." box="[333,577,460,485]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="359 - 390" refId="ref106655" refString="Saucier, E. H., Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C. (2017) A taxonomic review of the genus Acanella (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae) in the North Atlantic Ocean, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4323 (3), 359 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4323.3.2" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Saucier
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FE61FE34FE32FE2B" box="[416,460,460,484]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 376
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 10 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B78FFC2FD5AFE34FC9BFE2B" box="[667,869,460,485]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF56FDEAFBD6FDE2" blockId="110.[151,1064,531,557]" box="[151,1064,531,557]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Opinion: There is not enough evidence to affirm this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B78FFC2FF56FDA2FCEEFA42" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF56FDA2FED7FDBA" blockId="110.[151,1436,603,701]" box="[151,297,603,629]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF06FD86FE5AFD72" blockId="110.[151,1436,603,701]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF06FD86FC5DFD56" box="[199,931,639,665]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FC72FD86FAA8FD56" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[947,1366,639,665]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson 1906: 32–33</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 9, fig. 14 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B78FFC2FF2EFD5AFE9AFD72" box="[239,356,675,701]" name="India" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Laccadive</collectingCountry>
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Sea).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B78FFC2FF06FD12FCEEFA42" blockId="110.[151,1437,747,1421]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF06FD12FE64FCCA" box="[199,410,747,773]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was originally described from the Banda Sea,
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B78FFC2FBF6FD12FB59FCCA" box="[1079,1191,747,773]" name="Indonesia" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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, and included a figure of a small group of spindle-shaped sclerites from unknown parts of the colony but did not include any illustrations of the important sclerite arrangement on the polyps.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FD2EFCCAFC49FC82" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[751,951,819,845]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919)</bibRefCitation>
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||
maintained the original diagnosis.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FA89FCCAFEDAFCBE" author="Saucier, E. H. & Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C." pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="359 - 390" refId="ref106655" refString="Saucier, E. H., Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C. (2017) A taxonomic review of the genus Acanella (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae) in the North Atlantic Ocean, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4323 (3), 359 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4323.3.2" type="journal article" year="2017">
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||
Saucier
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF56FCAEFF37FCBE" box="[151,201,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, without seeing the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B78FFC2FDC4FCAEFD94FCBE" box="[517,618,855,881]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
, identified a specimen from off
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B78FFC2FC13FCAEFB55FCBE" box="[978,1195,855,881]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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with this species and figured a polyp with large sinuous spindles curving obliquely around the body. They stated, as did the original description, that some of these sclerites can extend over the whole length of a polyp. The original description described the polyps sclerites as, “Spicules very irregular in shape, large, some wavy in outline, others curved, or with one end narrow and the other irregularly expanded, all with more or less well-developed spines. Some of the large, external, curved, spindle-shaped spicules surrounding the polyps measure
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. in length, with a diameter in the thickest portion of
|
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|
||
”. The
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B78FFC2FD87FBD6FD76FB86" box="[582,648,1071,1097]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
dimension was perhaps a misprint, but two, stout, irregular cigar-like forms were included in their figure. In comparison, the polyp body sclerites illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FBBAFBAAFAA3FBA2" author="Saucier, E. H. & Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C." box="[1147,1373,1107,1133]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="359 - 390" refId="ref106655" refString="Saucier, E. H., Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C. (2017) A taxonomic review of the genus Acanella (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae) in the North Atlantic Ocean, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4323 (3), 359 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4323.3.2" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Saucier
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FB14FBAAFAFBFBA2" box="[1237,1285,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
seem rather more uniform. However, their material came from the same general locality as the original specimen and maybe conspecific.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FEB4FB62FDA6FB7A" author="Saucier, E. H. & Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C." box="[373,600,1179,1205]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="359 - 390" refId="ref106655" refString="Saucier, E. H., Sajjadi, A. & France, S. C. (2017) A taxonomic review of the genus Acanella (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae) in the North Atlantic Ocean, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4323 (3), 359 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4323.3.2" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Saucier
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FE11FB62FDFEFB7A" box="[464,512,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FD38FB62FC44FB7A" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[761,954,1179,1205]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FD38FB62FC44FB7A" box="[761,954,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Acanella sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FBE2FB62FA9AFB7A" authority="Kukenthal, 1915" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[1059,1380,1178,1205]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FBE2FB62FB5DFB7B" box="[1059,1187,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FB6BFB62FA9AFB7A" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1194,1380,1178,1205]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="116 - 126" refId="ref103217" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1915) System und Stammesgeschichte der Isididae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 46, 116 - 126." type="journal article" year="1915">Kükenthal, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FF56FB46FF05FB16" box="[151,251,1215,1241]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rigida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FF56FB46FF05FB16" box="[151,251,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">A. rigida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. But these authors emphasis on polyps with long spindles curving around the polyp from base to summit seems at odds with the polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FDCEFB1AFD6FFB33" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[527,657,1251,1277]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FDCEFB1AFD6FFB33" box="[527,657,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FCD5FB1AFC28FB32" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[788,982,1251,1277]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 254, 255). Also, the polyps and the polyp sclerites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B78FFC2FE9FFAFEFE21FAEF" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[350,479,1287,1313]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Acanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B78FFC2FE9FFAFEFE21FAEF" box="[350,479,1287,1313]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much smaller. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B78FFC2FD22FAFEFCA8FAEE" box="[739,854,1287,1313]" name="India" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Laccadive</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea record is attributable to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B78FFC2FB57FAFEFF1CFA8A" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who provided an extremely brief description and a figure of a group of four spindles. Given there is still some uncertainty about the characters of the species even now, Thomson & Henderson had very limited knowledge of them and there is little evidence they had this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |