plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/38/59/03385970FFFA3127F9735E20FCDDFA80.xml

257 lines
33 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="39972BF9BB42AF65A6C98CA08548CE3E" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="25576C4-95FF-4B35-817E-1B9678458A2B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1738785695313" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kallal, Robert J. &amp; Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2018" docId="03385970FFFA3127F9735E20FCDDFA80" docLanguage="en" docName="zly014.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Singotypa Simon 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1080" masterDocId="FF012108FFE2313EF84A5B52FFD1FF98" masterDocTitle="Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution" masterLastPageNumber="1141" masterPageNumber="1055" pageNumber="1079" updateTime="1738786974344" updateUser="GgImagineBatch">
<mods:mods id="D60ED93E58B0CA671650FB54FD850582" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="1EDDA1BAEB819F3AB07098DBFEF936ED">
<mods:title id="58B5506D60CF5D338274F067BCE605EE">Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="281BD2337C49C8E5F1A74B16288390DD" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C49FD319B9D94C844CB6FF2BC344997A">
<mods:roleTerm id="7082E798F2934C411F4B3BE2825B40B0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3E03E4902B1D614A798700C3134E316F">Kallal, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="66B5C332BF1602680C7B0DCF32B6FEB7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DC8F302E52284D6453E840010F86291B">
<mods:roleTerm id="4796AFD08CCD18B004C4FBDAE679B857">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="565412E5AFF330FE9F59FE0F1A7495C1">Hormiga, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2284D29A780BAAB5530928871000DCB7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="6E99CBA19D257B7E58F5A835FB372645" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="AC0EBB4E7B2C24598A1D1E96A0B56DB0">
<mods:title id="0DAAD391126A10E63CC14FC2C36C8B9F">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="641BB4D99DD274D7640934689A7C6E04">
<mods:date id="269C1F5B71D9DCC5843A3522335C2311">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D487B757B3B85BCC4D12C2FB15F785D0" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D0004A2CBE763BAA9306770DD990DB24">184</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="ED2C1C7EB8195950EF6C61949A97F652" unit="page">
<mods:start id="348BEBAFEEC3E41686EA36E36AAB8C62">1055</mods:start>
<mods:end id="C26F776312B20A0854A19708E58735E1">1141</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="40B699E9476337F7DFE9C3230E9B3EDF">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="332E30A7534AF84771ADB1A67C6BCD37" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="324F57F8EAD827A7B59B9910A0251578" type="ZooBank">25576C4-95FF-4B35-817E-1B9678458A2B</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03385970FFFA3127F9735E20FCDDFA80" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03385970FFFA3127F9735E20FCDDFA80" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03385970FFFA3127F9735E20FCDDFA80" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1080" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<subSubSection id="C38BBBEDFFFA3126F9735E20FD80FA13" box="[313,593,1394,1419]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFA3126F9735E20FD80FA13" blockId="24.[313,593,1394,1419]" box="[313,593,1394,1419]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<heading id="D0665F0AFFFA3126F9735E20FD80FA13" box="[313,593,1394,1419]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126F9735E20FD80FA13" authority="SIMON, 1894" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[313,593,1394,1419]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Singotypa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<smallCapsWord id="8DC87EBAFFFA3126F9735E20FE68FA12" baselines="1411,1413" box="[313,441,1394,1418]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Singotypa" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126F9735E20FE68FA12" box="[313,441,1394,1418]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">SINGOTYPA</emphasis>
</smallCapsWord>
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFA3126F98A5E20FD80FA13" author="Simon E" box="[448,593,1394,1419]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" refId="ref63239" refString="Simon E. 1894. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris: Tip. del R. Istituto Sordo-Muti." type="book" year="1894">
<smallCapsWord id="8DC87EBAFFFA3126F98A5E20FDDDFA12" baselines="1413,1413" box="[448,524,1394,1419]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Simon" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">SIMON</smallCapsWord>
, 1894
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C38BBBEDFFFA3127F8DB5EE1FCDDFA80" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1080" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFA3126F8DB5EE1FD5DFA7F" blockId="24.[145,761,1458,1511]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126F8DB5EE1FEF1FA50" box="[145,288,1459,1480]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<typeStatus id="542A56C4FFFA3126F8DB5EE1FF17FA50" box="[145,198,1459,1480]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126F96C5EE1FDA5FA50" authority="L. Koch, 1871" authorityName="L. Koch" authorityYear="1871" box="[294,628,1458,1480]" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" rank="species" species="melania">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126F96C5EE1FE04FA5F" box="[294,469,1458,1480]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Epeira melania</emphasis>
L.
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFA3126F9BD5EE0FDA5FA50" author="Koch L" box="[503,628,1458,1480]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref61339" refString="Koch L. 1871. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nurnberg 1: 1-104." type="journal article" year="1871">Koch, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation. Synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFA3126F9A95E83FD54FA7F" author="Dondale C" box="[483,645,1489,1511]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" refId="ref59948" refString="Dondale C. 1966. The spider fauna (Araneida) of deciduous orchards in the Australian Capital Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 14: 1157." type="journal volume" year="1966">Dondale, 1966</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFA3126F8DB5D42FB79FDB4" blockId="24.[145,762,1552,1911]" lastBlockId="24.[809,1426,197,556]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126F8DB5D42FE67F9BD" box="[145,438,1552,1573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126F9535D42FE67F9BD" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[281,438,1552,1573]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phonognatha</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
can be distinguished from other araneids based on the following combination of characters: their typical abdominal colour pattern (dark brown spots or rings dorsally on paler area of whitish guanocytes) in both sexes; a rugose area on the posterior margin of the ALS (
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126F9335DFBFE08F926" box="[377,473,1705,1727]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="26.[145,223,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1418,195,1455]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1418,195,1455]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 11. Phonognatha graeffei. Female: A, ALS; B, PMS; C, PLS; D, epigynum, ventral. Male pedipalp: E, apical; F, ectal; G, ventral; H, mesal; I, dorsal. Scale bars (μm): A, B: 10; C: 20; D–I: 100." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
, arrow); one flagelliform spigot of triad closer to a cylindrical gland spigot than aggregate gland spigots (
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126F9FC5DB4FDC6F964" box="[438,535,1766,1788]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="26.[145,223,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1418,195,1455]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1418,195,1455]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 11. Phonognatha graeffei. Female: A, ALS; B, PMS; C, PLS; D, epigynum, ventral. Male pedipalp: E, apical; F, ectal; G, ventral; H, mesal; I, dorsal. Scale bars (μm): A, B: 10; C: 20; D–I: 100." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). Males differ from other araneids by the elongated conductor in which the embolus lies in a groove, recalling a tetragnathid or nephiline palp rather than a typical araneid, conductor with a process pointing apically near centre of palp and absence of a median apophysis, similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FCBC5B97FAB0FF42" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1270,1377,197,218]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Deliochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCBC5B97FAB0FF42" box="[1270,1377,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Deliochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FB635BB6FCA5FF61" authorityName="Kallal &amp; Hormiga" authorityYear="2018" box="[809,884,228,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Artifex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB635BB6FCA5FF61" box="[809,884,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Artifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB305BB6FC36FF61" bold="true" box="[890,999,228,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2D6890FFFFA3126FB305BB6FC36FF61" box="[890,999,228,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FBBF5BB6FB91FF61" box="[1013,1088,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[146,227,839,861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,204,798]" captionTargetId="figure-582@22.[153,1420,197,800]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Schematic illustration of palps of species of Australasian zygielline genera. A, Phonognatha graeffei. B, Deliochus humilis comb. nov. C. Artifex melanopyga comb. nov." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Females can be identified by the presence of two ventral epigynal copulatory openings without a scape, lobed spermathecae and a capsule containing a helically curved copulatory duct (
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FD625A12FA5AFECD" box="[1320,1419,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="26.[145,223,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1418,195,1455]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1418,195,1455]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 11. Phonognatha graeffei. Female: A, ALS; B, PMS; C, PLS; D, epigynum, ventral. Male pedipalp: E, apical; F, ectal; G, ventral; H, mesal; I, dorsal. Scale bars (μm): A, B: 10; C: 20; D–I: 100." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FB635A0DFCA7FEEC" box="[809,886,351,372]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="27.[162,242,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[225,1377,198,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-71@27.[225,1377,198,1696]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 12. Phonognatha graeffei, female. Habitus: A, dorsal; B, frontal; C, lateral; D, ventral. Epigynum: E, ventral; F, dorsal, illustrated; G, ventral, illustrated. Scale bars (mm): A–D: 0.5; E–G: 0.1." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">12E–G</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FBC05A0CFBCEFEEB" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[906,1055,350,371]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FBC05A0CFBCEFEEB" box="[906,1055,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Phonognatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males can be distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FBCC5A2FFC22FE0A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[902,1011,381,402]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Deliochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FBCC5A2FFC22FE0A" box="[902,1011,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Deliochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FC615A2FFBA7FE0A" authorityName="Kallal &amp; Hormiga" authorityYear="2018" box="[1067,1142,381,402]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Artifex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FC615A2FFBA7FE0A" box="[1067,1142,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Artifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FC375A2FFB3BFE0A" bold="true" box="[1149,1258,381,402]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2D6890FFFFA3126FC375A2FFB3BFE0A" box="[1149,1258,381,402]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
based on their longer cheliceral fangs (
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FC665ACEFB5AFE29" box="[1068,1163,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="27.[162,242,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[225,1377,198,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-71@27.[225,1377,198,1696]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 12. Phonognatha graeffei, female. Habitus: A, dorsal; B, frontal; C, lateral; D, ventral. Epigynum: E, ventral; F, dorsal, illustrated; G, ventral, illustrated. Scale bars (mm): A–D: 0.5; E–G: 0.1." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Figs 12B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FCDD5ACEFB12FE2A" box="[1175,1219,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="49.[163,242,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[227,1376,195,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-28@49.[227,1379,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 25. Phonognatha tanyodon sp. nov., male. A, dorsal; B, frontal; C, lateral; D, ventral. Pedipalp: E, ectal, illustrated; F, dorsal; G, mesal; H, ventral; I, ectal. Scale bars (mm): A–D: 0.5; E–I: 0.1." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">25B</figureCitation>
vs.
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FCA65ACEFA9AFE29" box="[1260,1355,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="55.[163,242,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[227,1379,195,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-28@55.[227,1379,195,1768]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 29. Deliochus zelivira, male. A, dorsal; B, frontal; C, lateral; D, ventral. Pedipalp: E, ectal, illustrated; F, dorsal; G, mesal; H, ventral; I, ectal. Scale bars (mm): A, C–D: 0.5; B, E–I: 0.1." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Figs 29B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FD1D5ACEFA52FE29" box="[1367,1411,412,433]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="73.[163,243,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[227,1379,195,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-28@73.[227,1379,195,1770]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Figure 41. Artifex melanopyga comb. nov., male. A, dorsal; B, frontal; C, lateral; D, ventral. Pedipalp: E, ectal, illustrated; F, dorsal; G, mesal; H, ventral; I, ectal. Scale bars (mm): A–D: 0.5; E–I: 0.1." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">41B</figureCitation>
). Females are diagnosed by the absence of epigynal flaps (present in
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FBEE5A8BFBDFFE76" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[932,1038,473,494]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Deliochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FBEE5A8BFBDFFE76" box="[932,1038,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Deliochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and by the presence of an epigynal capsule bearing its coiled copulatory ducts (
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FD6B5AAAFA41FD95" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1313,1424,504,525]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Deliochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FD6B5AAAFA41FD95" box="[1313,1424,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Deliochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFA3126FB135944FC72FDB3" authorityName="Kallal &amp; Hormiga" authorityYear="2018" box="[857,931,534,555]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Artifex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB135944FC72FDB3" box="[857,931,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Artifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2D6890FFFFA3126FBE25945FBC4FDB4" box="[936,1045,535,556]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FBE25945FBDEFDB4" bold="true" box="[936,1039,535,556]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">gen. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<figureCitation id="13AAF4E3FFFA3126FC6B5944FB4AFDB4" box="[1057,1179,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="38.[143,223,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[209,1361,195,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-100@38.[209,1361,195,1684]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Figure 16. Phonognatha melania, female. Habitus: A, dorsal; B, frontal; C, lateral; D, ventral. Epigynum: E, ventral; F, dorsal, illustrated; G, ventral, illustrated. Scale bars (mm): A–D: 0.5; E–G: 0.1." pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Fig. 16F–G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFA3126FB635906FC64FDF3" blockId="24.[809,1426,596,1478]" box="[809,949,596,619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB635906FC64FDF3" box="[809,949,596,619]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFA3126FB635926FAC9FA5E" blockId="24.[809,1426,596,1478]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB635926FC53FD11" box="[809,898,628,649]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Female:</emphasis>
Total length 7.48–11.63. Carapace 3.25–4.28 long, 1.99–3.03 wide, 0.92–1.44 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown, sometimes with
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCF259E0FA8FFD5E" box="[1208,1374,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">pars cephalica</emphasis>
and carapace margins slightly darker than
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCA25982FA5BFD7D" box="[1256,1418,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">pars thoracica</emphasis>
. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.14– 0.29; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME–PME distance
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCFF5819FB11FCF8" box="[1205,1216,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">c</emphasis>
. AME diameter. Clypeus
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FBC15838FC4DFCE7" box="[907,924,874,895]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">c.</emphasis>
1/2–3/4 AME diameter. Paturon coloured as
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB6358DAFC1EFC05" box="[809,975,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">pars cephalica</emphasis>
, with 3 prolateral and 2–3 retrolateral teeth. Leg formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 4.67–8.19 long, 3.16–5.54 wide, 3.03–5.54 high; light brown with pale guanocytes; 1–5 round dark brown markings, often with dark brown posterior; ventral side two longitudinal stripes from epigastric furrow to spinning field. Spinning field typical of araneoids, with the following exceptions common to zygielline (and some nephiline) araneids: a rugose area on posterior rim of ALS making a notch in the piriform spigot field and one flagelliform spigot of triad closer to a cylindrical gland spigot than aggregate gland spigots. Epigynum with small ventral-facing copulatory openings; each copulatory duct coiled within a capsule, forming a helix running anterior then twisting back on itself, before reaching a lobed spermatheca; fertilization ducts emerge dorsal and posterior from spermathecae. Copulatory ducts may be plugged with secretions or parts of pedipalp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFA3127FB635EA3FD3AFD96" blockId="24.[809,1425,1521,1911]" lastBlockId="25.[163,779,197,526]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1080" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FB635EA3FCB6F99E" box="[809,871,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">Male:</emphasis>
Total length 2.85–8.21. Carapace 1.75–4.83 long, 1.15–3.17 wide, 0.59–1.52 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown in colour, sometimes with
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCBB5D7DFA41F9DB" box="[1265,1424,1582,1604]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">pars cephalica</emphasis>
and carapace margins darker than
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCF25D1CFA89F9FA" box="[1208,1368,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">pars thoracica</emphasis>
. Eye arrangement as in female; AME diameter 0.12–0.22; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME–PME distance
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FC545DF8FBFEF927" box="[1054,1071,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">c.</emphasis>
AME diameter. Clypeus
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FD1F5DF8FAB7F927" box="[1365,1382,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">c.</emphasis>
1/2 AME diameter. Paturon coloured as
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFA3126FCFF5D9AFA82F945" box="[1205,1363,1736,1757]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1079">pars cephalica</emphasis>
, with 3 prolateral and 2–3 retrolateral teeth. Legs formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 1.62–4.71 long, 1.24–2.91 wide, 0.80–3.03 high; light brown with pale guanocytes; 1–5 dark brown markings, often with dark brown posterior; ventral side two longitudinal stripes from epigastric furrow to spinning field. Spinning field with rugose patch and triad positioning as in females. Pedipalp tibia 1/2–3 times length of cymbium; cymbium slightly elongated, with broad, integral paracymbium; tegulum and subtegulum rotated dorsally; conductor with lightly rugose texture, spiralling and emerging ventrally, twisting slightly, with a groove where the embolus rests, terminating in an oblique point; centre of conductor with process somewhat parallel to elongated, twisted part of conductor. One or both pedipalps sometimes missing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFB3127F8E9597EFE5BFD05" blockId="25.[163,779,556,669]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E9597EFDD1FDD9" box="[163,512,556,577]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
Composition:
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F912597EFDD1FDD9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[344,512,556,577]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phonognatha</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is composed of four species:
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F8B45919FDEEFDF8" authority="(Keyserling, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[254,575,586,608]" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species" species="graeffei">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8B45919FEBAFDC7" box="[254,363,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. graeffei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFB3127F9325918FDE9FDF8" author="Keyserling E" box="[376,568,586,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" pagination="799 - 856" refId="ref61237" refString="Keyserling E. 1865. Beitrage zur kenntniss der orbitelae latrl. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 15: 799-856." type="journal article" year="1865">Keyserling, 1865</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127FA035919FF32FDE6" authority="(Koch, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1871" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species" species="melania">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127FA035919FD6FFDC7" box="[585,702,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. melania</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFB3127FA805918FF0DFDE6" author="Koch L" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref61339" refString="Koch L. 1871. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nurnberg 1: 1-104." type="journal article" year="1871">Koch, 1871</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F8A45938FD9BFDE6" authority="Berland, 1924" authorityName="Berland" authorityYear="1924" baseAuthorityName="Kallal &amp; Hormiga" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[238,586,617,639]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neocaledonica" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8A45938FE74FDE6" box="[238,421,617,639]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. neocaledonica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFB3127F9E1593BFD9BFDE6" author="Berland L" box="[427,586,617,639]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" pagination="159 - 255" refId="ref59205" refString="Berland L. 1924. Araignees de la Nouvelle Caledonie et des iles Loyalty. In: Sarasin F, Roux J, eds. Nova Caledonia: Wiesbaden, C. W. Kreidel, 159-255." type="book chapter" year="1924">Berland, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127FA05593BFD05FDE6" bold="true" box="[591,724,617,638]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2D6890FFFFB3127FA05593BFD05FDE6" box="[591,724,617,638]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F8E959DAFEF7FD05" authorityName="Kallal &amp; Hormiga" authorityYear="2018" box="[163,294,648,669]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanyodon" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E959DAFEF7FD05" box="[163,294,648,669]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. tanyodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F96759DAFE5BFD05" bold="true" box="[301,394,648,669]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2D6890FFFFB3127F96759DAFE5BFD05" box="[301,394,648,669]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFB3127F8E959ECFD7BFB9E" blockId="25.[163,779,702,1031]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E959ECFE8AFD4B" box="[163,347,702,723]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Natural history:</emphasis>
The natural history of
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127FA3959ECFCDAFD4B" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[627,779,702,723]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127FA3959ECFCDAFD4B" box="[627,779,702,723]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Phonognatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is primarily based on studies of the most commonly observed and collected species,
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127FA0759AEFD00FC89" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[589,721,764,785]" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species" species="graeffei">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127FA0759AEFD00FC89" box="[589,721,764,785]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. graeffei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F8E95848FE40FCA8" box="[163,401,794,816]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E95848FEEBFCB7" box="[163,314,794,815]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Phonognatha</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
share the leaf-curling behaviour, placing a leaf near the hub of an incomplete orb-web to use as retreat. The temporary, non-sticky spiral remains in the finished web. It is expected that all
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127FA3D5824FCDAFC13" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[631,779,886,907]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127FA3D5824FCDAFC13" box="[631,779,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Phonognatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also cohabit in the leaf retreat, especially while the female is subadult, and possible subsequent cannibalism (
<bibRefCitation id="EF009597FFFB3127F8E15880FE42FC7F" author="Fahey BF &amp; Elgar MA" box="[171,403,978,1000]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" pagination="127 - 133" refId="ref60094" refString="Fahey BF, Elgar MA. 1997. Sexual cohabitation as mateguarding in the leaf-curling spider Phonognatha graeffei Keyserling (Araneoidea, Araneae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 40: 127-133." type="journal article" year="1997">Fahey &amp; Elgar, 1997</bibRefCitation>
), though this has primarily been observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F96D58A0FE43FB9E" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[295,402,1009,1031]" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species" species="graeffei">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F96D58A0FE43FB9E" box="[295,402,1009,1031]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. graeffei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F98358A0FD99FB9E" authorityName="Kallal &amp; Hormiga" authorityYear="2018" box="[457,584,1009,1031]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanyodon" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F98358A0FD99FB9E" box="[457,584,1009,1031]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">P. tanyodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127FA0558A3FD7BFB9E" bold="true" box="[591,682,1009,1030]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2D6890FFFFB3127FA0558A3FD7BFB9E" box="[591,682,1009,1030]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFB3127F8E95F7AFD5DFB20" blockId="25.[163,778,1064,1208]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E95F7AFEB8FBA5" box="[163,361,1064,1085]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Phylogenetics:</emphasis>
Putative synapomorphies of
<taxonomicName id="4C9193E5FFFB3127F8E95F14FEEFFBC3" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[163,318,1094,1115]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E95F14FEEFFBC3" box="[163,318,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Phonognatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include the spot-like abdominal dorsal markings, coiled copulatory ducts within a capsule, cheliceral dimorphism (males’ are larger), curved tip of conductor and presence of a barrier web.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B2EE866FFFB3127F8E95FB6FCDDFA80" blockId="25.[163,780,1252,1304]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">
<emphasis id="B9E53474FFFB3127F8E95FB6FE91FB61" box="[163,320,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Distribution:</emphasis>
Known from all states in
<collectingCountry id="F386A8F6FFFB3127FADD5FB6FCDBFB62" box="[663,778,1252,1274]" name="Australia" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Australia</collectingCountry>
except the
<collectingRegion id="49552684FFFB3127F9535E50FE3CFA80" box="[281,493,1282,1304]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
and from
<collectingCountry id="F386A8F6FFFB3127FA105E51FCD9FA80" box="[602,776,1282,1304]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="25" pageNumber="1080">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink