408 lines
47 KiB
XML
408 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4f9004bd-c68c-4ed0-ac7d-c8c3c0c07228" ID-PMC="PMC4042687" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-409-1" ID-PubMed="24899841" ID-ZBK="2CAAC6F49DF74994BD966645025F06E2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-409-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 409" ModsDocTitle="Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology" checkinTime="1451245890430" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Scheel, Dirk-Martin, Slater, Graham J., Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis, Potter, Charles W., Rotstein, David S., Tsangaras, Kyriakos, Greenwood, Alex D. & Helgen, Kristofer M." docDate="2014" docId="FEDFA16B569FCC466E3BEA6718A5F7D1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 409: 1-33" docOrigin="ZooKeys 409" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244" docTitle="Neomonachus Slater & Helgen, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="1F643A9A-4D26-44DD-B7D7-C3EB9BE3804B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFB9FFA7FFF14568FFD1FF824F38C005" masterDocTitle="Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1668158461395" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scheel, Dirk-Martin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Slater, Graham J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Potter, Charles W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rotstein, David S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tsangaras, Kyriakos</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Greenwood, Alex D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>409</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>33</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-409-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">2CAAC6F49DF74994BD966645025F06E2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2CAAC6F49DF74994BD966645025F06E2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053012" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1F643A9A-4D26-44DD-B7D7-C3EB9BE3804B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FEDFA16B569FCC466E3BEA6718A5F7D1" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/1F643A9A-4D26-44DD-B7D7-C3EB9BE3804B" authority="Slater & Helgen" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus Slater & Helgen</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="13" pageNumber="14">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Monachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
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Matschie, 1905 (endemic to the Hawaiian Islands).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="other included species">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Other included species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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A second species,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Monachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
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(Gray, 1850) (endemic to the Caribbean region, recently extinct). We note here, as an aside, that an earlier specific epithet, antillarum Gray, 1849, has often been included in the synonymy of tropicalis, where it is identified either as a partial synonym (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 785" title="History of North American pinnipeds: a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears, and seals of North America. Miscellaneous Publications of the U. S." volume="12" year="1880">Allen 1880</bibRefCitation>
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: 708,
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 33" title="The West Indian seal (Monachus tropicalis Gray)." volume="2" year="1887">1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 3,
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<bibRefCitation author="Adam, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Species" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 9" title="Monachus tropicalis." url="10.1644/747" volume="747" year="2004">Adam 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 1) or a nomen nudum (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wozencraft, WC" editor="Wilson, DE" journalOrPublisher="Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="532 - 628" title="Order Carnivora." volumeTitle="Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference" year="2005">Wozencraft 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 598), or simply listed as a synonym without comment (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wozencraft, WC" editor="Wilson, DE" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., USA" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="279 - 348" title="Order Carnivora." volumeTitle="Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference" year="1993">Wozencraft 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: 331,
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<bibRefCitation author="Berta, A" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="207 - 234" title="Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description." url="10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x" volume="42" year="2012">Berta and Churchill 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: 219). However,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="91 - 93" title="On the variation of the teeth of the crested seal, Cystophora cristata, and on a new species of the genus from the West Indies." volume="1849" year="1849">Gray (1849)</bibRefCitation>
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in fact used this name to describe
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Cystophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cystophora antillarum" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillarum">Cystophora antillarum</taxonomicName>
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, based on a juvenile male specimen of a Hooded seal, supposedly from Jamaica (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 785" title="History of North American pinnipeds: a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears, and seals of North America. Miscellaneous Publications of the U. S." volume="12" year="1880">Allen 1880</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gill, T" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Essex Institute" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 13" title="Prodrome of a monograph of the Pinnipedes." volume="5" year="1866">Gill 1866</bibRefCitation>
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), and the name is not a nomen nudum. It is clear that the skin of the Caribbean monk seal that Gray later used to describe
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phoca tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Phoca tropicalis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="British Museum of Natural History, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="Catalogue of the Specimens of the Mammalia in the Collections of the British Museum" year="1850">Gray 1850</bibRefCitation>
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), also from Jamaica, was not part of his hypodigm of antillarum, to which he explicitly attributed a single
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Cystophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cystophora" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cystophora</taxonomicName>
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skin and skull (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="91 - 93" title="On the variation of the teeth of the crested seal, Cystophora cristata, and on a new species of the genus from the West Indies." volume="1849" year="1849">Gray 1849</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="British Museum of Natural History, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="Catalogue of the Specimens of the Mammalia in the Collections of the British Museum" year="1850">1850</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 33" title="The West Indian seal (Monachus tropicalis Gray)." volume="2" year="1887">Allen 1887</bibRefCitation>
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:postscript). Thus the name antillarum does not correctly belong in the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
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(it is neither a partial synonym nor a nomen nudum). It is instead simply a junior synonym for the Hooded seal,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Cystophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cystophora cristata" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">Cystophora cristata</taxonomicName>
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(which occasionally occurs as a Caribbean vagrant:
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<bibRefCitation author="Mignucci-Giannoni, AA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="47 - 58" title="Tropical and subtropical records of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) dispel the myth of extant Caribbean monk seals (Monachus tropicalis)." volume="68" year="2001">Mignucci-Giannoni and Odell 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Ward, N" journalOrPublisher="Gecko Productions, Wood's Hole, MA, USA" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" title="A Stranding Guide to the Marine Mammals of the Wider Caribbean Region: An Introductory Field Guide for Stranding Responders" year="2013">Ward et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). The only additional name that correctly belongs in the technical synonymy of tropicalis is the junior synonym [
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phoca" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phoca</taxonomicName>
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] wilkianus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gosse, PH" journalOrPublisher="Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica" year="1851">Gosse 1851</bibRefCitation>
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), described from the Pedro Keys, south coast of Jamaica, soon after
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="British Museum of Natural History, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="Catalogue of the Specimens of the Mammalia in the Collections of the British Museum" year="1850">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gray’s">Gray's</normalizedToken>
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(1850)
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</bibRefCitation>
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description of tropicalis (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 785" title="History of North American pinnipeds: a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears, and seals of North America. Miscellaneous Publications of the U. S." volume="12" year="1880">Allen 1880</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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The new generic name combines the Greek Neo- (new), with
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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, the genus name previously used for all monk seals. The name references both the recognition of a new genus within the monk seals and its New World (Western Hemisphere) distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="morphological diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Morphological diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Species of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Neomonachus</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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in their smaller average body size and in lacking a white ventral patch on the pelage (in both adults and young) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Adam, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Species" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 9" title="Monachus tropicalis." url="10.1644/747" volume="747" year="2004">Adam 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Species of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
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possess a narrower and more gracile skull than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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, with relatively poorly developed sagittal and occipital crests in even the largest males (Figure 5). The rostrum is low and elongate with a conspicuous diastema between C1 and the first upper premolar (P1). In
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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, the diastema is lacking and the anterior edge of P1 may be positioned medially to the canine (Figures 5, 6). The antorbital process of the maxilla (Figure 7) is present in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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but is extremely reduced or absent in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="King, JE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="203 - 256" title="The monk seals (genus Monachus)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02958.x" volume="3" year="1956">King 1956</bibRefCitation>
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). The nasals are relatively narrow and posteriorly extended in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
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compared to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 7). The zygomatic arch is dorso-ventrally shallow and the jugal portion lacks a well-developed masseteric margin ventrally or orbital margin superiorly (the zygomatic arch is robust and both margins are well-defined in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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) (Figure 5). The pterygoid shows a conspicuous, laterally flared hamular process in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="King, JE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="203 - 256" title="The monk seals (genus Monachus)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02958.x" volume="3" year="1956">King 1956</bibRefCitation>
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) that may be spatulate (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
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) or hook-like (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
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); the process is absent or small and medially inflected in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 8).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Figure 5. Lateral views of crania of a
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
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b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Arrows indicate the more developed occipital crest and zygomatic arches, and deeper snout of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Figure 6. Ventral views of palates of a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tooth row of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more crowded, likely as a result of the shorter rostrum, and this results in a more obliquely oriented set of post-canine teeth and the lack of a diastema between the upper canine and the first premolar. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is a distinct diastema between C1 and P1, and the post-canine teeth are arranged more linearly. The upper incisor arcade of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is slightly parabolic due to the posterior placement of the lateral incisors, and the anterior premaxilla appears slightly curved. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the incisor arcade is linear and the anterior premaxilla is straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Figure 7. Dorsal view of rostra of a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a well-developed antorbital process on the maxilla, immediately inferior to the fronto-maxillary suture. The process is reduced or absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The nasals of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are short and triangular, tapering smoothly posteriorly to produce a point at their union. The nasals of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are longer and do not taper smoothly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Figure 8. Ventral views of crania of a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing the pterygoid region.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a well-developed, laterally flared pterygoid hamulus that is visible in dorsal view. The hamulus may be spatulate (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or hook-like (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The hamular process is absent or medially flared in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is not visible in dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In ventral view, the morphology of the petromastoid (petrosal-mastoid) complex in relation to the auditory bulla in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">Neomonachus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnostic in comparison to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="King, JE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology (London)" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="385 - 398" title="Relationships of the hooded and elephant seals (genera Cystophora and Mirounga)." volume="148" year="1966">King (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that having the petrosal visible within the posterior lacerate foramen was a feature that united
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the phocines, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ray, CE" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 36" title="Phoca wymani and other Tertiary seals (Mammalia: Phocidae) described from the eastern seaboard of North America." url="10.5479/si.00810266.28.1" volume="28" year="1976 b">Ray (1976b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out that it is difficult to distinguish the boundaries of the petrosal and mastoid (petromastoid complex) in the posterior lacerate foramen and that this character was far more variable within lobodontines than King had estimated. He argued that a better standard for delineating this character state uniting
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Mirounga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mirounga" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mirounga</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the lobodontines is a bulla in near contact or complete contact with the exoccipital. We agree with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ray’s">Ray's</normalizedToken>
|
||
assessment, but we note that the configuration of the petromastoid complex and bulla with respect to the posterior lacerate foramen is more complex within "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
" (i.e. sensu lato) than has been previously described. In particular, the petromastoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly ventrally inflated, such that it protrudes below the rim of the posterior lacerate foramen, forming its entire lateral border (Figure 9a). Furthermore, the ventral expansion of the petromastoid almost completely excludes the flat posterior edge of the bulla from the anterior margin of the posterior lacerate foramen. This morphology, which is also present in the fossil taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pliophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pliophoca" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pliophoca</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been proposed as synapormorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Monachini">Monachini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Amson, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="Journal of Systematic Paleontology" url="10.1080/14772019.2013.799610" year="2013">Amson and de Muizon 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tapering posterior margin of the bulla lies completely ventral to the petromastoid, the posterior border of which is visible within the neurocranium through the posterior lacerate foramen (Figure 9: b and c). Ray also noted that the posterior carotid foramen opens in full view in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu lato) but is partially concealed on the medial bulla wall in phocines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ray, CE" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 36" title="Phoca wymani and other Tertiary seals (Mammalia: Phocidae) described from the eastern seaboard of North America." url="10.5479/si.00810266.28.1" volume="28" year="1976 b">Ray 1976b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our observations show that, for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posterior carotid canal opens directly posteriorly, with a flattened dorsal roof formed by excavation of the caudal entotympanic (Figure 9). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the canal opens postero-ventrally due to a more complete, ring-like opening. These character-state differences are clearly developed even in juvenile individuals, indicating that they are not the outcome of ontogenetic variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Figure 9. Posteroventral view of the basicranium and left bulla in a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The bulla of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is bordered posteriorly by a ventrally expanded posterior portion of the petro-mastoid complex. The petrosal abuts the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="bulla’s">bulla's</normalizedToken>
|
||
posterior wall and in ventral view forms the entire lateral and anterolateral border of the posterior lacerate foramen. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posterior part of the petrosal is visible in the posterior lacerate foramen but remains superior to the bulla. In ventral view, this gives the impression that the anterior border of the posterior lacerate foramen is formed entirely by the bulla. The posterior carotid canal opens posteroventrally in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This apparently results from a relatively complete
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ring-like”">"ring-like"</normalizedToken>
|
||
opening, formed by the bulla. This form of opening is apparent in subadult and juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that it is not dependent on ontogenetic development or the robusticity of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
cranium relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contrast, the posterior carotid canal of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
opens directly posteriorly, the opening being an incomplete ring and the dorsal border formed by a flattening of the bulla, perhaps resulting from the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="bulla’s">bulla's</normalizedToken>
|
||
extension over the petrosal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
upper incisor arcade of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sublinear, while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears slightly parabolic due to a more posteriorly set I3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="King, JE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="203 - 256" title="The monk seals (genus Monachus)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02958.x" volume="3" year="1956">King 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Figure 6). The upper post-canine toothrow of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is arranged more linearly than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the teeth are obliquely oriented. In specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with unworn dentitions, both upper and lower premolars and first molar possess low, blunt central cusps and two posterior accessory cusps, as compared with a high, pointed central cusp and a single posterior accessory cusp for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p3 is the largest of the lower teeth. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lower post-canine tooth size decreases in the order p3, p2, p4, m1, p1, while the lower teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
decrease in the order p3, p4, p2, m1, p1; and p4 may be larger than p3 in some individuals (Figure 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 10. Plots of mean upper (a) and lower (b) relative post-canine tooth size. Relative tooth size is computed by dividing the mesio-distal length of each tooth by the length of the 3rd premolar (which is typically largest) in the same row.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is long and slender compared with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the coronoid process is lower and less broad antero-posteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="King, JE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="203 - 256" title="The monk seals (genus Monachus)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02958.x" volume="3" year="1956">King 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Figure 11). The mandibular foramen is anteriorly displaced and lies at the termination of a shallow, antero-ventrally oriented sulcus that begins below the level of the mandibular notch. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the foramen opens directly at this level. The insertion of the pterygoid muscles is relatively undefined in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as compared to the markedly expanded area evident in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 11).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Figure 11. Medial view of right dentaries of a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">Monachus monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus schauinslandi" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schauinslandi">Neomonachus schauinslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus tropicalis" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropicalis">Neomonachus tropicalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The mandibular foramen is situated inferior to the mandibular notch in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and opens immediately to the medial surface of the ramus. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the foramen is anteriorly displaced and is set in a groove or sulcus that extends from inferior to the mandibular notch. Also note the expanded rugose area for insertion of the pterygoid muscles in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This region is poorly developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Neomonachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neomonachus" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neomonachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |