162 lines
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162 lines
21 KiB
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<document id="455ABDFD9E975CA8C0C2B52C4299487A" ID-DOI="10.5252/g2016n4a5" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535593" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:528EED12-2BF4-4BA6-A3DC-7706ED8C5072" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613060760025" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Geraads, Denis & Spassov, Nikolaï" docDate="2016" docId="03D587C01E066F63CEB0F9B6FCBAF80D" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.38.4.543-558.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 38 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2016n4a5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4DA100580BA89F561A6D37CADC50A8FD.3:Geodiversitas.2015-2017.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="4DA100580BA89F561A6D37CADC50A8FD" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2015-2017.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Mephitidae Bonaparte 1845" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="544" masterDocId="FFECFFB81E076F61CD13FFE4FFB8FFE6" masterDocTitle="Musteloid carnivores from the upper Miocene of South- Western Bulgaria, and the phylogeny of the Mephitidae" masterLastPageNumber="558" masterPageNumber="543" pageNumber="544" updateTime="1698870976280" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="AE534460184016D401F3B595300595CE">Musteloid carnivores from the upper Miocene of South- Western Bulgaria, and the phylogeny of the Mephitidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B406DBA1662F98E94877DC4094664E64">Geraads, Denis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C28E4F4C4FD1C6AB6DEEAB1E4D06F90">Spassov, Nikolaï</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8C88EDD25F70340462FD539A91C0FA64">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CC8C43AFADCC326DB89C9C611FB54A7B">2016</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C366655D1E066F60CEB0F9B6FA81F98B" box="[931,1337,1618,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC336D61E066F60CEB0F9B6FA81F98B" blockId="1.[931,1337,1618,1645]" box="[931,1337,1618,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<heading id="D08B81BA1E066F60CEB0F9B6FA81F98B" box="[931,1337,1618,1645]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" reason="3">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60CEE6F9B7FA81F98B" ID-CoL="CLQ" authority="Bonaparte, 1845" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[1013,1337,1618,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">MEPHITIDAE Bonaparte, 1845</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366655D1E066F63CE3EF977FCBAF80D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC336D61E066F60CE3EF977FC05F94D" blockId="1.[810,1456,1683,2028]" box="[813,957,1683,1709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336D61E066F63CE3EF956FCBAF80D" blockId="1.[810,1456,1683,2028]" lastBlockId="2.[130,777,949,2028]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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Members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60CEC6F956FBEAF92A" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[981,1106,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mephitidae</taxonomicName>
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, consisting today of the American skunks (
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60CE97F936FAC4F90B" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Cuvier, 1795" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Cuvier" authorityYear="1795" box="[900,1404,1746,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E066F60CE97F936FC65F90A" box="[900,989,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Mephitis</emphasis>
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Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Cuvier, 1795
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60C897F936FC58F8EB" authority="Gray, 1865" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Spilogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E066F60C897F936FCDDF8EA" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Spilogale</emphasis>
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Gray, 1865
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60C907F916FB41F8EA" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[1044,1273,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Conepatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E066F60C907F916FBC5F8EA" box="[1044,1149,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Conepatus</emphasis>
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Gray, 1837
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</taxonomicName>
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) and south-Asian stink badgers (
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60CED2F8F6FB26F8CA" authority="Cuvier, 1821" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1821" box="[961,1182,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mydaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E066F60CED2F8F6FBA8F8CA" box="[961,1040,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Mydaus</emphasis>
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Cuvier, 1821
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</taxonomicName>
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), were previously included in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60CE7FF8D5FC59F8AD" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" box="[876,993,1841,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mustelidae</taxonomicName>
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but are now united in a family of their own, which is not more closely related to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60C9A6F8B5FA9EF88D" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" box="[1205,1318,1873,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mustelidae</taxonomicName>
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than to some other
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E066F60CE75F895FC5DF86D" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" box="[870,997,1905,1931]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E066F60CEE7F896FAB6F86D" author="DRAGOO J. W. & HONEYCUTT R. L." box="[1012,1294,1905,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="426 - 443" refId="ref11223" refString="DRAGOO J. W. & HONEYCUTT R. L. 1997. - Systematics of mustelid-like carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy 78: 426 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1382896" type="journal article" year="1997">Dragoo & Honeycutt 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E066F60C80AF895FA10F86D" author="FINARELLI J. A." box="[1305,1448,1905,1931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="231 - 259" refId="ref11374" refString="FINARELLI J. A. 2008. - A total evidence phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): relationships among basal taxa. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 15: 231 - 259. https: // doi. org: 10.1007 / s 10914 - 008 - 9074 - x" type="journal article" year="2008">Finarelli 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E066F60CE3EF875FC40F84D" author="EIZIRIK E. & MURPHY W. J. & KOEPFLI K. - P. & JOHNSON W. E. & GOO J. W. & WAYNE R. K. & O'BRIEN J. S." box="[813,1016,1937,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="49 - 63" refId="ref11261" refString="EIZIRIK E., MURPHY W. J., KOEPFLI K. - P., JOHNSON W. E., DRA- GOO J. W., WAYNE R. K. & O'BRIEN J. S. 2010. - Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 49 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.033" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Eizirik
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E066F60CE6CF876FC0EF84D" box="[895,950,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Nyakatura & Bininda-Emonds 2012;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E066F60CE3EF855FBB5F82A" author="CATALANO S. A. & ERCOLI M. D. & PREVOSTI F. J." box="[813,1037,1969,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="294 - 306" refId="ref11127" refString="CATALANO S. A., ERCOLI M. D. & PREVOSTI F. J. 2015. - The More, the Better: The Use of Multiple Landmark Configurations to Solve the Phylogenetic Relationships in Musteloids. Systematic Biology 64: 294 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syu 107" type="journal article" year="2015">
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<collectingRegion id="49B8F8341E066F60CE3EF855FC37F82D" box="[813,911,1969,1995]" country="Spain" name="Catalunya" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Catalano</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E066F60CE84F856FC75F82D" box="[919,973,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Their best-known osteologic feature is the lateral expansion of the epitympanic recess into the petrosal and squamosal, forming a large sinus that inflates the ventral part of the lateral side of the braincase, if not its ventral side. In some
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CC73FC10FE60FBE8" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" box="[352,472,1012,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mustelidae</taxonomicName>
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, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CF3FFC10FF02FBC8" authority="Waterhouse, 1839" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Taxidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CF3FFC10FDC4FBE8" box="[556,636,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Taxidea</emphasis>
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Waterhouse, 1839
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CDFCFBF0FD3AFBC8" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[239,642,1044,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Melogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CDFCFBF0FEF2FBC8" box="[239,330,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Melogale</emphasis>
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Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831
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</taxonomicName>
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, there is also a large sinus in this area, but in the former genus it communicates with the bulla through a wide, caudal opening, whereas in the latter it can be considered as an expansion of the suprameatal fossa (what Schmidt-Kittler 1981: fig. 12, called the epitympanic recess in “
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CCF1FB50FD88FB28" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" box="[482,560,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Helictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CCF1FB50FD88FB28" box="[482,560,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Helictis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” is in fact the tensor tympani fossa; the expansion of what he called the “Fossa suprameatale” corresponds to the epitympanic recess). In these latter genera the epitympanic recess, although relatively deep, has no connection with the mastoid sinus, and the latter is, therefore, not homologous with the mephitid one, although probably playing the same role. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CF0DFA97FD24FA6B" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[542,668,1395,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mephitidae</taxonomicName>
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may also be characterized by the extreme shortening of the premolar row. A major feature of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CCD2FA57FDFBFA2B" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" box="[449,579,1459,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mephitidae</taxonomicName>
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, seemingly previously unnoticed, is that the major cusp of the lingual talon of P4, when present, is a hypocone, because it interlocks within the trigonid of m1, and not a protocone as reported by most authors (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CC2EF9D6FE73F9AB" author="PILGRIM G. E." box="[317,459,1586,1613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref12479" refString="PILGRIM G. E. 1933. - A fossil skunk from Samos. American Museum Novitates 663: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1933">Pilgrim 1933</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CCC4F9D6FDC0F9AB" author="SENYUREK M. S." box="[471,632,1586,1613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="279 - 315" refId="ref12860" refString="SENYUREK M. S. 1954. - A study of a skull of Promephitis from the Pontian of Kucukyozgat. BelletenTurkTarih Kurumu 18: 279 - 315." type="journal article" year="1954">Şenyürek 1954</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CF97F9D7FCB8F9AB" author="PETTER G." box="[644,768,1587,1613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="567 - 597" refId="ref12415" refString="PETTER G. 1971. - Origine, phylogenie et systematique des blaireaux. Mammalia 35 (4): 567 - 597. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mamm. 1971.35.4.567" type="journal article" year="1971">Petter 1971</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CD97F9B6FEBAF98A" author="BASKIN J. A." box="[132,258,1618,1644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="152 - 173" refId="ref10911" refString="BASKIN J. A. 1998. - Mustelidae, in JANIS C. M., SCOTT K. M. & JACOBS L. L. (eds), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate-like Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 152 - 173." type="book chapter" year="1998">Baskin 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CC1FF9B6FE36F98A" author="KOUFOS G. D." box="[268,398,1618,1644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref12076" refString="KOUFOS G. D. 2006. - The late Miocene vertebrate locality of Perivolaki, Thessaly, Greece. 4. Carnivora. Palaeontographica 276: 39 - 74." type="journal article" year="2006">Koufos 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;Wang & Carranza-Castañeda 2008).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CD97F997FEEBF96B" author="BRYANT H. N. & RUSSELL A. P. & FITCH W. D." box="[132,339,1650,1677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="301 - 334" refId="ref11060" refString="BRYANT H. N., RUSSELL A. P. & FITCH W. D. 1993. - Phylogenetic relationships within the extant Mustelidae (Carnivora): appraisal of the cladistic status of the Simpsonian subfamilies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 108 (4): 301 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / zjls. 1993.1028" type="journal article" year="1993">
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Bryant
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CDC0F997FEBCF96A" box="[211,260,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">et al.</emphasis>
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(1993)
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</bibRefCitation>
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recognized the presence of a hypocone in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CD90F976FF6BF94A" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1821" box="[131,211,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mydaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CD90F976FF6BF94A" box="[131,211,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Mydaus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but incorrectly denied its presence in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CF73F976FD01F94A" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Cuvier" authorityYear="1795" box="[608,697,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CF73F976FD01F94A" box="[608,697,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Mephitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Other diagnostic features, although not exclusive of this family (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CD91F936FEB1F90A" author="BASKIN J. A." box="[130,265,1746,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="152 - 173" refId="ref10911" refString="BASKIN J. A. 1998. - Mustelidae, in JANIS C. M., SCOTT K. M. & JACOBS L. L. (eds), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate-like Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 152 - 173." type="book chapter" year="1998">Baskin 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CC0AF936FE17F90A" author="FINARELLI J. A." box="[281,431,1746,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="231 - 259" refId="ref11374" refString="FINARELLI J. A. 2008. - A total evidence phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): relationships among basal taxa. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 15: 231 - 259. https: // doi. org: 10.1007 / s 10914 - 008 - 9074 - x" type="journal article" year="2008">Finarelli 2008</bibRefCitation>
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|
) are the palatine foramina open far rostrally; the choanae are separated by a bony septum; there is no suprameatal fossa, and no osseous tentorium; M1 has a strong buccal cingulum and an expanded hypocone; on m1 the paraconid is long, the metaconid robust, the talonid large and basined, with its buccal and lingual cristids separated by notches from the trigonid; m1 has accessory roots. By far the best known and most widespread fossil form is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D551E056F63CF9DF855FEA5F80D" authority="Gaudry, 1861" authorityName="Gaudry" authorityYear="1861" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Promephitis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC41E056F63CF9DF855FCB0F82D" box="[654,776,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Promephitis</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B271E056F63CD97F835FEA5F80D" author="GAUDRY A." box="[132,285,2001,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" pagination="722 - 724" refId="ref11496" refString="GAUDRY A. 1861. - Resultats des fouilles entreprises en Grece sous les auspices de l'Academie. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 52: 722 - 724." type="journal article" year="1861">Gaudry, 1861</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, to which genus the Bulgarian fossils belong.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |