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<document id="471A132B4461B56F4ADF113C4A70AF04" ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0168887" ID-ISSN="1932-6203" ID-PMC="PMC5235366" ID-PubMed="28085887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12827437" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1719974433489" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Li, Yang, Boonprakob, Atchaneey, Gaonkar, Chetan C., Kooistra, Wiebe H. C. F., Lange, Carina B., Hernández-Becerril, David, Chen, Zuoyi, Moestrup, Øjvind &amp; Lundholm, Nina" docDate="2017" docId="E87C87F48344FFFAFDE67ACDAF56FCD1" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSONE.12.1.e0168887.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE (e 0168887) 12 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE.2:PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE" docStyleName="PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Chaetoceros mannaii Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm 2017" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="1445FF8C8364FFDBFFF37C16AC40FFC3" masterDocTitle="Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1722015472371" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:title id="BB52CF23524B0C2B747CC7C5CA70AFC7">Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7A1F2F82A56114F6B812969C256AC2F8">Li, Yang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0AC34743E9963C766099488B4FDD19EB">Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="91CF4B6DBAEAA27649FD85BB65ECB199">Boonprakob, Atchaneey</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A5433DCD312C759B7CDDCAF8A4862844">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, &amp; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6EC180C1A05FAA3A1DECE9140D734DC4">Gaonkar, Chetan C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EBCA1C0836B60796D73BF328E5BA3952">Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="E0DD76BEBF871FD0C7729022B9A99FD2">Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5ED221827EEDD0C690098786A9E8FF2E">Lange, Carina B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9C84BC5D16330A69506565FDD0528762">Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy, &amp; Department of Oceanography and Center COPAS Sur-Austral, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0FCE2F45825C7348ECEAF5F04540B0EE">Hernández-Becerril, David</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DA33E970D710D424E0BCE213F55BB102">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Cd. de México, México,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7580D3532CDA5E8C17A97CB6EE72E6FD">Chen, Zuoyi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="51129CA43B112FDC7FF442946FFAE78B">Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B6F903428DFFB60E22D07A28A919F336">Moestrup, Øjvind</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618344FFFBFDE67ACDAF7FF934" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[533,831,1755,1783]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mannaii">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFDE67ACDAF7FF934" box="[533,831,1755,1783]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chaetoceros mannaii</emphasis>
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Cells of
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<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFD997B1AAE3BF8E0" box="[618,635,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFD757B1AAE9DF8E0" box="[646,733,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">mannaii</emphasis>
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are ultrastructurally similar to field material identified as
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<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFAB17B1AA913F8E0" box="[1346,1363,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFAAC7B1DA997F8E0" box="[1375,1495,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">lorenzianus</emphasis>
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from
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,
<collectingCountry id="18C276728344FFFBFD4F7B38AF4BF885" box="[700,779,1838,1862]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="18C276728344FFFBFCCC7B38AF3BF885" box="[831,891,1838,1862]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Japan</collectingCountry>
([
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,
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], own observations). Compared to the original description of
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618344FFFBFD5C7B47AF03F8AB" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1863" box="[687,835,1872,1897]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lorenzianus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFD5C7B47AE80F8AB" box="[687,704,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFD387B46AF03F8AB" box="[715,835,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">lorenzianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFCA37B47AF21F8AB" box="[848,865,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08344FFFBFC9F7B47AF83F8AB" box="[876,963,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">mannaii</emphasis>
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has large poroids on the setae, 0.7±0.2 μm long, the largest among strains of section
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFC9A7CD9AF81FF24" box="[873,961,207,231]" class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Dicladia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFC9A7CD9AF81FF24" box="[873,961,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Dicladia</emphasis>
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examined by us, and readily visible in LM. They are more closely spaced (12.3±1.6) than in the
<typeStatus id="BF6E88408345FFFAFC297CE4A847FEC9" box="[986,1031,242,266]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFB767CE5A95AFEC9" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1863" box="[1157,1306,242,266]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lorenzianus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFB767CE5A8D6FEC9" box="[1157,1174,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFB517CE4A95AFEC9" box="[1186,1306,242,266]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">lorenzianus</emphasis>
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(7.2±1.7), and smaller than those of the Mexican ([
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], pl. 23, figs 3 and 4) and Japanese material ([
<bibRefCitation id="04444B138345FFFAFA7C7D03A9E8FEEE" author="Okuno H." box="[1423,1448,277,301]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="182 - 200" refId="ref18739" refString="36. Okuno H. Electron microscopical study on fine structure of diatom frustules. XIV. Observation on the genus Chaetoceros. Bot Mag, Tokyo. 1956; 69: 182 - 200" type="journal article" year="1956">36</bibRefCitation>
], pl.
<collectionCode id="06C4AE278345FFFAFA2E7D03A9BBFEEE" box="[1501,1531,277,301]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">VI</collectionCode>
, fig 7) tentatively identified as
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFCBD7D2EAFA2FE8C" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1863" box="[846,994,311,336]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lorenzianus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFCBD7D2EAF1FFE8C" box="[846,863,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFC997D21AFA2FE8C" box="[874,994,311,335]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">lorenzianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where poroids of 1 μm or more were illustrated. In addition, the apertures of
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFCB77D4CAFF8FEB1" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[836,952,346,370]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mannaii">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFCB77D4CAF15FEB2" box="[836,853,346,369]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFC927D4DAFF8FEB1" box="[865,952,347,370]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">mannaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are hexagonal, compared to the more quadrangular apertures of
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFD697D6BAF6EFE56" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1863" box="[666,814,381,405]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lorenzianus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFD697D6BAEEBFE57" box="[666,683,381,404]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFD457D6BAF6EFE56" box="[694,814,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">lorenzianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFC527D6BA871FE56" box="[929,1073,381,405]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="19.[326,358,1763,1782]" captionTargetBox="[329,1533,211,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-2@19.[326,1536,208,1741]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 11. Chaetoceros mannaii sp. nov. LM (A and B), SEM (C and E) and TEM (D and F); strain N1. A: Straight chain showing seta divergence and constrictions (arrows) between the mantle and the girdle. B: Oval valve face. C and D: Intercalary cells, with ear-like structures (arrowheads in D) at the bases of setae in heavily silicified frustule. E and F: Terminal valves, with ear-like structures at the seta bases (arrowheads in E) and distinct constriction above the ring (arrowheads in F). A scale bar, 20 μm. BF scale bars, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827462/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 11C, 11d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFBCF7D6BA884FE56" box="[1084,1220,381,405]" captionStart="Fig 16" captionStartId="25.[128,160,1831,1850]" captionTargetBox="[131,1533,912,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-291@25.[128,1536,909,1810]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 16. Lectotype material of C. lorenzianus from the Grunow Collection. A: Intercalary valves with oval-hexagonal aperture and some fusion of the basal parts of the setae. B: Intercalary seta poroids visible under the LM. Scale bars are 10 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g016" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827474/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">16A and 16B</figureCitation>
) [
<bibRefCitation id="04444B138345FFFAFB2E7D6BA8AAFE56" author="Grunow A." box="[1245,1258,381,405]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="137 - 162" refId="ref17735" refString="8. Grunow A. Uber einige neue und ungenugend bekannte Arten und Gattungen von Diatomaceen. Verhandl kaiserl-konigl zool-bot Ges. 1863; 13: 137 - 162" type="journal article" year="1863">8</bibRefCitation>
].
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFB0C7D6BA998FE56" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[1279,1496,381,405]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mannaii">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFB0C7D6BA998FE56" box="[1279,1496,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chaetoceros mannaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs in having a smaller apical axis, 5.712.9 μm, compared to 2043 μm in
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFA897DB6AE7AFE19" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1863" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lorenzianus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFA897DB6A9CBFE74" box="[1402,1419,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFA647D89AE7AFE19" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">lorenzianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="04444B138345FFFAFDBA7DD4AE16FE19" author="Grunow A." box="[585,598,450,474]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="137 - 162" refId="ref17735" refString="8. Grunow A. Uber einige neue und ungenugend bekannte Arten und Gattungen von Diatomaceen. Verhandl kaiserl-konigl zool-bot Ges. 1863; 13: 137 - 162" type="journal article" year="1863">8</bibRefCitation>
], 1325 μm in the Mexican material [
<bibRefCitation id="04444B138345FFFAFC157DD4AFBFFE19" author="Hernandez-Becerril DU" box="[998,1023,450,474]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref17876" refString="12. Hernandez-Becerril DU. A morphological study of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyta) from the plankton of the Pacific Ocean of Mexico. Bull Nat Hist Mus Lond (Bot). 1996; 26: 1 - 73" type="journal article" year="1996">12</bibRefCitation>
] and around 30 μm (with a variation of 10
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="606A36E28345FFFAFDE67DF3AFDBFE3E" blockId="33.[533,1535,207,786]" box="[533,923,485,509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
80 μm) in the Japanese material [
<bibRefCitation id="04444B138345FFFAFC807DF3AFCCFE3E" author="Okuno H." box="[883,908,485,509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="182 - 200" refId="ref18739" refString="36. Okuno H. Electron microscopical study on fine structure of diatom frustules. XIV. Observation on the genus Chaetoceros. Bot Mag, Tokyo. 1956; 69: 182 - 200" type="journal article" year="1956">36</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="606A36E28345FFFAFDC67E1EAF96FD0E" blockId="33.[533,1535,207,786]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Cells of
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFD797E1EAEBDFDDC" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[650,765,520,544]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mannaii">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFD797E1EAEDBFDDC" box="[650,667,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFD557E1EAEBDFDDC" box="[678,765,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">mannaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are otherwise characterized by heavily silicified frustules and a distinct furrow above the basal ring of the mantle (
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFC247E3CA866FD81" box="[983,1062,554,578]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="19.[326,358,1763,1782]" captionTargetBox="[329,1533,211,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-2@19.[326,1536,208,1741]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 11. Chaetoceros mannaii sp. nov. LM (A and B), SEM (C and E) and TEM (D and F); strain N1. A: Straight chain showing seta divergence and constrictions (arrows) between the mantle and the girdle. B: Oval valve face. C and D: Intercalary cells, with ear-like structures (arrowheads in D) at the bases of setae in heavily silicified frustule. E and F: Terminal valves, with ear-like structures at the seta bases (arrowheads in E) and distinct constriction above the ring (arrowheads in F). A scale bar, 20 μm. BF scale bars, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827462/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig 11F</figureCitation>
, arrowheads). The terminal cell of
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFA6B7E3CAE7EFDA6" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mannaii">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFA6B7E3CA9E9FD82" box="[1432,1449,554,577]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFA477E3DAE7EFDA6" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">mannaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carries a relatively long and distinct external tube of the rimoportula (
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFAD07E5BA9F2FDA6" box="[1315,1458,589,613]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="19.[326,358,1763,1782]" captionTargetBox="[329,1533,211,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-2@19.[326,1536,208,1741]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 11. Chaetoceros mannaii sp. nov. LM (A and B), SEM (C and E) and TEM (D and F); strain N1. A: Straight chain showing seta divergence and constrictions (arrows) between the mantle and the girdle. B: Oval valve face. C and D: Intercalary cells, with ear-like structures (arrowheads in D) at the bases of setae in heavily silicified frustule. E and F: Terminal valves, with ear-like structures at the seta bases (arrowheads in E) and distinct constriction above the ring (arrowheads in F). A scale bar, 20 μm. BF scale bars, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827462/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 11E, 11F</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFDE67E66AE01FD4B" box="[533,577,624,648]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="20.[128,160,1368,1387]" captionTargetBox="[131,1533,211,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-120@20.[128,1536,208,1346]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 12. Chaetoceros mannaii sp. nov. LM (A), SEM (B) and TEM (CF); strain N1. A and B: Setae with oval poroids. C: Terminal valve showing valve structure and rimoportula with external projection. D: Poroids and costae on the mantle. E and F: Girdle bands with poroids. A scale bar, 10 μm. B scale bar, 5 μm. CF scale bars, 2 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g012" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827464/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">12C</figureCitation>
). An external tube was not observed in
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFC177E66A81FFD44" box="[996,1119,623,648]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFC177E66AFB5FD44" box="[996,1013,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFBF27E79A81FFD44" box="[1025,1119,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">decipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFB987E66A8BBFD44" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[1131,1275,623,648]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="laevisporus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFB987E66A83CFD44" box="[1131,1148,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFB747E79A8BBFD44" box="[1159,1275,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">laevisporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFADD7E66A9C3FD44" box="[1326,1411,624,648]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mitra">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFADD7E66A97FFD44" box="[1326,1343,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFAB97E66A9C3FD44" box="[1354,1411,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">mitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFA617E66A9A0FD4B" box="[1426,1504,624,648]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="6.[128,160,1496,1515]" captionTargetBox="[131,1533,211,1471]" captionTargetId="figure-120@6.[128,1536,208,1474]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 2. Chaetoceros decipiens. LM (A and B), TEM (C, D, H-J) and SEM (E-G). A-E: Seta structure of lectotype MIC5366 (A), strains P14B3B (B) and D10 (CE), showing the 46 sided seta with poroids and small spines. F: Terminal valve with fringes (arrowheads); strain D10. G: Silica warts on the basal ring of the mantle; strain D10. H: Annulus, costae and poroid pattern on intercalary valve; strain P10E5. I: Terminal valve showing rimoportula without external process (arrowhead); strain D10. J: Girdle bands; strain D10. A and B scale bars, 10 μm. CJ scale bars, 2 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g002" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827441/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 2F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFDE67E84AE72FD69" box="[533,562,658,682]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="15.[267,299,1763,1782]" captionTargetBox="[270,1533,211,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-2@15.[267,1536,208,1741]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 8. Chaetoceros laevisporus sp. nov. LM (AC), SEM (D and E) and TEM (F). Fig A: Part of a chain showing constrictions (arrows) between mantle and girdle, and V- shaped protrusion (arrowhead) located centrally on the terminal valve; strain N7. B: Dividing chain showing seta divergence; strain DY1. C: Structure of terminal seta; strain DY1. D: Chain in girdle view showing cells and apertures; strain N7. E: Terminal valve with rimoportula without external process (arrowhead); strain N7. F: Valve views of intercalary (upper) and terminal valves (below); strain N7. A, C, D scale bars,20 μm. B scale bar, 100 μm. E and F scale bars, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827456/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">8E</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFD967E84AED2FD69" box="[613,658,658,682]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="22.[287,319,1763,1782]" captionTargetBox="[290,1533,211,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-2@22.[287,1536,208,1741]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig 14. Chaetoceros mitra. LM (A), SEM (B, C, F, G) and TEM (D, E, HJ); strain P10A1. AE: Setae showing round-oval poroids and spines, using different microscopy techniques. F: Intercalary valves showing wing-like structures (arrowhead), and furrows above the basal ring of mantle (arrows). G: Terminal valve showing rimoportula without external tube (arrowhead), furrow above the basal ring of mantle (arrows) and fringe (curved arrow). H: Intercalary valve face. I and J: Girdle bands. A scale bar, 10 μm. B, C, FH scale bars, 5 μm. D, E, I, J scale bars, 2 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827470/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">14G</figureCitation>
), and a very short one was present in
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFBD27E84A8C7FD69" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[1057,1159,658,682]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFBD27E84A872FD6A" box="[1057,1074,658,681]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFBCE7E84A8C7FD69" box="[1085,1159,658,682]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="F8EE2A678345FFFAFB657E84A96EFD69" box="[1174,1326,658,682]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="11.[168,200,1763,1782]" captionTargetBox="[171,1532,211,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-2@11.[168,1535,208,1741]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 5. Chaetoceros elegans sp. nov. SEM (AE) and TEM (F and G). A: Terminal valve view with external process of rimoportula and poroids on valve face; strain MC1048. B and C: Intercalary cells demonstrating large apertures and valve faces; strain M1 (B), strain MC1048 (C). D and E: Terminal valves with central processes (arrowheads) and silica ear-like structures (arrows in D) in strain YL7. F: Annulus, costae and poroid pattern near intercalary valve centre; strain YL7. G: Parallel rows of poroids on the mantle; arrowhead indicates ring-shaped constriction; strain YL7. AE scale bars, 5 μm. F and G scale bars, 2 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g005" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12827450/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig 5D and 5E</figureCitation>
). This character still needs to be explored in
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFCCF7EA3AF91FD0E" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1863" box="[828,977,693,717]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lorenzianus">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFCCF7EA3AF0DFD0F" box="[828,845,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFCAA7EA3AF91FD0E" box="[857,977,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">lorenzianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="606A36E28345FFFAFDC67ECEAF56FCD1" blockId="33.[533,1535,207,786]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Resting spores were not observed in
<taxonomicName id="A7D54D618345FFFAFC4B7ECEA86BFD2C" authorityName="Li &amp; Boonprakob &amp; Gaonkar &amp; Kooistra &amp; Lange &amp; Hernández-Becerril &amp; Chen &amp; Moestrup &amp; Lundholm" authorityYear="2017" box="[952,1067,728,752]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="mannaii">
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFC4B7ECEAF89FD2C" box="[952,969,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="52A1EAF08345FFFAFC277ECEA86BFD2C" box="[980,1067,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">mannaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
although several attempts were made to induce spore formation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>