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<document id="01AA8CC6E01D81A4CF486FA903A71E16" ID-CLB-Dataset="22193" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2018.467" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7a1afb26-e06c-43fc-bc68-fff2a45859c0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3824775" ID-ZooBank="8D27AAB8-B7F2-424C-B1A6-66FEFA66EDFF" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589386207548" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Cupello, Mario &amp; Vaz-De, Fernando Z." docDate="2018" docId="A72C87FBFF36FF180D68092C0F3E9613" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-467_cupello_vaz-de-mello.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 467" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Sylvicanthon mayri Cupello &amp; Vaz-De 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="260557DD-3E56-47DE-94AC-6F8DD638C039" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="166" masterDocId="5B15FF83FF94FFBD0F1B0C210B2E905D" masterDocTitle="A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ‘ Canthon sensu lato’" masterLastPageNumber="205" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="163" updateTime="1698839428571" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="43729863E3C62742D31C89A6723E0905">A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of ‘ Canthon sensu lato’</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D2301A8EC7C1A633759DE794A7DCA9B">Cupello, Mario</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F2D24E554CE8449089983570D5B5E8E6">Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="07B43B55C78199AA5BE898A5D371C51C" type="email">mcupello@hotmail.com&amp;vazdemello@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="EC0206B0AC5B0D3ADFDE814AC5F81B65">Vaz-De, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF36FF1F0D68092C08719575" ID-CoL="53N54" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[627,863,1293,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF36FF1F0D68092C08719575" bold="true" box="[627,863,1293,1320]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">Sylvicanthon mayri</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF36FF1F0D0209790F34952F" blockId="162.[364,1224,1293,1394]" box="[537,1050,1368,1394]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0D02097909A6952F" box="[537,648,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,708,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1399,708,1733]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Morphological variation in the metafemora of Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977. A. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). Note the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of the metafemur (arrow) and the tegument without microsculpture. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). Observe the tegument entirely covered by coarse non-elongate punctures. C. S. monnei sp. nov. D. S. mayri sp. nov. E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. edmondsi sp. nov. G. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). H. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (northern populations). Note the differences in colouration and in the presence of coarse punctation at the base of metafemur in the two ends of the clinal variation observed in S. bridarollii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824805/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">Figs 13D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0D8F097909E6952F" box="[660,712,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="41.[189,232,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,584,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[189,1399,578,1934]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Fig. 16. Abdominal lateral foveae of females (arrows). A. Sylvicanthon furvus (Schmidt, 1920). B. S. mayri sp. nov. C. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824811/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">16B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0DCF0979082B952F" box="[724,773,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1965,1991]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,1019,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[189,1399,1007,1932]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 19. Aedeagus morphological diversity in Sylvicanthon. A. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). C. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. monnei sp. nov. E. S. mayri sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824817/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">19E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0C0A0979081F952F" box="[785,817,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1684,1710]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,519,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[189,1398,515,1649]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 20. Combined distribution of the species of Sylvicanthon in the Neotropical region. Note that the genus occupies the four great areas of tropical humid forest of the American continent: Central American forests, the Choco of the South American northwest, the Amazon Rainforest and the Atlantic Forest. Following the hypothesis of Martínez et al. (1964) that the Amazon Basin was the ancestral area of the Sylvicanthon of the candezei group, three lineages have independently dispersed from there (arrows): that of the ancestors of S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868), which, from the Choco, invaded Central America at the pace of the tropical forests’ gradual northwards advance, occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene, and those of the ancestors of respectively S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920) and S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920), which reached the Atlantic Forest through the corridors of humid forests that bridged that biome to the Amazon forest during the wettest periods of the Neogene (see a more detailed discussion in the text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824819/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">20</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0C2609790873952F" box="[829,861,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="144.[189,232,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[199,1386,957,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[189,1399,949,1921]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Fig. 41. Distribution of Sylvicanthon securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. and the four species of the furvus subgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824865/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">41</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0C7209790894952F" box="[873,954,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="155.[189,232,1932,1958]" captionTargetBox="[189,1385,796,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@155.[189,1399,789,1905]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Fig. 43. The three Amazonian species of the furvus subgroup. A, D. Sylvicanthon furvus (Schmidt, 1920). A. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. B, E. S. monnei sp. nov. B. Dorsal view. E. Ventral view. C, F. S. mayri sp. nov. C. Dorsal view. F. Ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824869/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">43C, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF36FF1F0CDD097908CA952F" box="[966,996,1368,1394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="161.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[194,1388,1040,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@161.[189,1397,1024,1709]" captionTargetPageId="161" captionText="Fig. 44. Differences on the parameres of Sylvicanthon mayri sp. nov. and S. monnei sp. nov. (grayish zones represent original membraneous areas). A–B. S. mayri sp. nov. C–D. S. monnei sp. nov. Note that both branches of the apical bifurcation of the parameres of S. mayri sp. nov. are much more divergent than those of S. monnei sp. nov., which makes the internal angle between them more open in the first species (~110º) than in the second (~78º). In the same way, as the inferior branch is much more projected in S. mayri sp. nov. than in S. monnei sp. nov., the angle between the posterior region of that branch and the rest of the paramere is more open in S. monnei sp. nov. (~147º) than in S. mayri sp. nov. (~137º), species that seems to have a strong excavation at this point of the paramere (indicated by red arrow in A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824871/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">44</figureCitation>
A–B
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<subSubSection id="679F6566FF36FF1F0FA609BA08D396FD" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF36FF1F0FA609BA0A6A95E8" blockId="162.[189,324,1435,1461]" box="[189,324,1435,1461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF36FF1F0FA609BA0A6A95E8" bold="true" box="[189,324,1435,1461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF36FF1F0FA609ED08D396FD" blockId="162.[189,1399,1484,1696]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
A tribute to the German-American ornithologist, evolutionary theorist, philosopher and historian of biology Ernst Mayr (
<date id="5B3B102DFF36FF1F0EAE09D009119651" box="[437,575,1521,1548]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" value="1904" valueMax="2005">1904–2005</date>
), author of some of the major classics in evolutionary biology and, in the first author’s view, one of the greatest and most versatile biologists of the 20 
<superScript id="D8F09BA5FF36FF1F0B9E0A350FBC967F" attach="left" box="[1157,1170,1556,1570]" fontSize="6" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">th</superScript>
century. In special recognition of the immense intellectual influence he had (and continues to have) on MC’s formation and in his choice to pursue a career as a systematist. 
<bibRefCitation id="4B144B1CFF36FF1F0DE70A4108B09627" author="Haffer J." box="[764,926,1632,1658]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" refId="ref135936" refString="Haffer J. 2007. Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy: The Life and Science of Ernst Mayr 1904 - 2005. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg." type="book" year="2007">Haffer (2007)</bibRefCitation>
presented the most complete biography of Ernst Mayr to date. The specific name is a noun in the genitive case.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF36FF1F0FA60AE90A8496BF" bold="true" box="[189,426,1736,1762]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">Material examined</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF36FF1F0FF10AD80A72974E" bold="true" box="[234,348,1785,1811]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
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<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF36FF1F0FA60B3F0A029765" box="[189,300,1822,1848]" name="Brazil" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: 
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Fazenda Experimental 
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, 
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(see comments below) (“ 
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: 
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AC. Rio Branco / Faz. 
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<collectingDate id="4B7FE9C5FF36FF1F0CA00B650F079700" box="[955,1065,1859,1886]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" value="1997-02">II - 1997</collectingDate>
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/ F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello leg.”), genital capsule extracted and glued to a point card (
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).
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="9FED3CB0FF36FF1E0FF10B8D0A4F9117" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2614776316" lastPageId="163" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" typeStatus="paratype">
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF36FF1F0FF10B8D092E979B" blockId="162.[189,1320,1962,2027]" box="[234,512,1962,1990]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF36FF1F0FF10B8D0A49979B" bold="true" box="[234,359,1964,1990]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
<typeStatus id="F03E884FFF36FF1F0FF10B8D0A49979B" box="[234,359,1964,1990]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(1 ♂, 
<specimenCount id="3983FD64FF36FF1F0EAF0B8D0ADA979B" box="[436,500,1964,1990]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF36FF1F0FA60BF00E0697B6" blockId="162.[189,1320,1962,2027]" box="[189,1320,2000,2027]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF36FF1F0FA60BF00A0297B6" box="[189,300,2001,2027]" name="Brazil" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF36FF1F0E2D0BF10A9697B7" bold="true" box="[310,440,2000,2026]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF36FF1F0E2D0BF10A9697B7" box="[310,440,2000,2026]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCount id="3983FD64FF36FF1F0ED30BF00ADA97B6" box="[456,500,2001,2027]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF36FF1F0D180BF0095797B6" box="[515,633,2001,2027]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
de Olivença, 
<date id="5B3B102DFF36FF1F0C070BF008FE97B6" box="[796,976,2001,2027]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" value="1883-06" valueMax="1883-07-31" valueMin="1883-06-00">Jun.– Jul. 1883</date>
, M. de Mathan leg. (
<collectionCode id="4994AE28FF36FF1F0BDF0BF00E3297B6" box="[1220,1308,2001,2027]" pageId="162" pageNumber="163">CEMT</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60D2A0A4F9117" blockId="163.[189,1398,265,330]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF37FF1E0FA60D2A0A709178" box="[189,350,267,293]" name="Colombia" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF37FF1E0E730D2D0A87917B" bold="true" box="[360,425,268,294]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF37FF1E0E730D2D0A87917B" box="[360,425,268,294]" country="Colombia" name="Meta" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Meta</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 1 ♂ (dissected), “ 
<quantity id="E87D9B08FF37FF1E0D9A0D2A09E29178" box="[641,716,267,293]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" unit="km" value="33.0">33 km</quantity>
E Villavicencio”, 
<date id="5B3B102DFF37FF1E0CBA0D2A0F609178" box="[929,1102,267,294]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" value="1972-03-02" valueMax="1972-03-04" valueMin="1972-03-02">2–4 Mar. 1972</date>
, dung trap, S. and J. Peck leg. (
<collectionCode id="4994AE28FF37FF1E0FE30D110A7B9117" box="[248,341,304,330]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">CMNC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60D55095291EF" blockId="163.[189,1399,369,435]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF37FF1E0FA60D550A2391D3" box="[189,269,372,398]" name="Peru" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">PERU</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF37FF1E0E030D520AFA91D0" bold="true" box="[280,468,371,397]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF37FF1E0E030D520AFA91D0" box="[280,468,371,397]" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Madre De Dios</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCount id="3983FD64FF37FF1E0EFF0D52093E91D3" box="[484,528,371,398]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, Tambopata, Puerto Maldonado, 
<geoCoordinate id="4AB1502AFF37FF1E0C8C0D500F0B91D0" box="[919,1061,369,397]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-12.355278">12º21′19″ S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4AB1502AFF37FF1E0B290D500FE691D3" box="[1074,1224,369,398]" degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-69.03001">69º01′48″ W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="E87D9B08FF37FF1E0BCF0D520E0F91D3" box="[1236,1313,371,398]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="221.0">221 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="5B3B102DFF37FF1E0A360D520A1791EF" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" value="2009-03-26" valueMax="2009-03-27" valueMin="2009-03-26">26–27 Mar. 2009</date>
, L. Figueroa leg. (
<collectionCode id="4994AE28FF37FF1E0D140DB9094191EF" box="[527,623,408,434]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">MUSM</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="679F6566FF37FF180FA60DFA0976938B" lastPageId="165" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" type="description">
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60DFA0A6091A8" blockId="163.[189,334,475,501]" box="[189,334,475,501]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
<heading id="74728181FF37FF1E0FA60DFA0A6091A8" bold="true" box="[189,334,475,501]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF37FF1E0FA60DFA0A6091A8" bold="true" box="[189,334,475,501]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60E2A08FD9217" blockId="163.[189,1398,523,586]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">COLOURATION. Head, pronotum, elytra, metaventrite, and pygidium dark green or dark blue. Meso- and metafemora reddish-brown; occasionally, with greenish reflections.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60E550ACA931B" blockId="163.[189,1398,627,838]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">HEAD. Tegument shiny, with weak alveolar microsculpture and covered by dense well-marked micropunctation, which is almost imperceptible or even absent at apex of clypeus. Clypeus with two apical teeth obtuse only and only slightly separated from one another; with single transverse row of very short setae covering base of both teeth. Genae with small denticle immediately behind clypealgenal juncture. Posterior edge of head unmargined between eyes or with very fine, almost imperceptible interrupted line at centre.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60F4E0FB99489" blockId="163.[189,1399,878,1237]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
THORAX. Pronotoum with shiny tegument and with dense micropunctation at centre; towards the sides, micropunctation progressively less well-marked, but always present, although occasionally almost imperceptible; alveolar microsculpture between micropunctures present only on anterolateral angles and in narrow strip on lateral margins; at centre, tegument between micropunctures smooth or with very subtle microsculpture (as on elytra). Posterior edge with fine transverse line at centre (usually extending up to second elytral stria) which occasionally may be difficult to see. Hypomeral cavity with some long yellowish setae at centre; external margin with slight, almost inconspicuous tubercle. Metaventrite glabrous at centre; sides with few sparse setae near anterior margin of metacoxae (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF37FF1E0B8208510FD894D6" box="[1177,1270,1136,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,372,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[189,1398,372,1849]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 7. Pterothorax, ventrolateral views. A. Sylvicanthon aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). C. Canthon xanthopus Blanchard, 1846. Abbreviations: MsC = mesocoxa; MMsC = external margin of mesocoxa; CMtE = centre of metaventrite; LMtE = lateral region of metaventrite; MtC = metacoxa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824793/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
); posterior region of metaventrite with narrow transverse strip of tegument with distinct rivose microsculpture; centre and posterior region with dense micropunctation and without microsculpture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA608DF0E0596DA" blockId="163.[189,1399,1277,1672]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
LEGS.Ventral surface of all femora and tibiae bright.Profemora with tegument with sparse micropunctation and without microsculpture at anterior half, and with strong rivose microsculpture at posterior half. Protibiae narrow and with distinct expansion on the internal edge; at their apical third, external edge with three small acute teeth, the two most apical ones subequal in length and larger than the basal (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF37FF1E0FDD09B10A1F95F6" box="[198,305,1424,1451]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,645,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[189,1399,645,1755]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 11. Morphological diversity in the protibiae of Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977. A. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. B. S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1869) comb. nov. C. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. D. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). G. S. bridarollii (northern populations). H. S. attenboroughi sp. nov. I. S. edmondsi sp. nov. J. S. candezei (Harold, 1869). Note the variation related to the presence and degree of development of an expansion on the internal edge of protibiae and to the number, size and position of the external teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824801/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
). Mesofemora margined anteriorly only at their basal half; unmargined portion of anterior edge covered by row of very short setae; posterior margin absent; tegument smooth and with sparse micropunctation, except for anterior half, which has rivose microsculpture. Metafemora margined only anteriorly, posterior margin absent; apical third of anterior edge covered by row of setae; tegument with rivose microsculpture at anterior half, and smooth with sparse micropunctation at posterior half; base with very short, ill-delimitated or even almost totally absent coarse punctures (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF37FF1E0B250A680F86963E" box="[1086,1192,1609,1635]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,708,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1399,708,1733]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Morphological variation in the metafemora of Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977. A. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). Note the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of the metafemur (arrow) and the tegument without microsculpture. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). Observe the tegument entirely covered by coarse non-elongate punctures. C. S. monnei sp. nov. D. S. mayri sp. nov. E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. edmondsi sp. nov. G. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). H. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (northern populations). Note the differences in colouration and in the presence of coarse punctation at the base of metafemur in the two ends of the clinal variation observed in S. bridarollii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824805/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
). Metatarsomeres II and V subequal in length and longer than the others; metatarsomere IV shorter than the others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60A900FC89703" blockId="163.[189,1399,1712,1886]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
ELYTRA. With only six or seven narrow visible striae: the first three striae well marked, finely carinulate, and widened at base; striae IV–VII progressively more effaced and interrupted; all striae lack carinulae before reaching apex of elytra, where they are marked only by microsculpture or are completely indistinct; humeral carina absent. Tegument of interstriae shiny, with very diffuse microsculpture (never in a well-delimitated alveolar pattern as in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF37FF1E0DAF0B6508349703" box="[692,794,1860,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF37FF1E0DAF0B6508349703" box="[692,794,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and with very dense micropunctation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF37FF1E0FA60BA6091397B6" blockId="163.[189,1399,1927,2027]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">ABDOMEN. Tegument of ventrites I–V with strong rivose microsculpture; ventrite VI smooth at centre and with weaker rivose microsculpture on sides. Pygidium with shiny tegument, without microsculpture, and with dense micropunctation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA60D2D0A8B91C9" blockId="164.[189,1399,267,404]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
AEDEAGUS. Parameres much longer than half-length of phallobase, and without noticeable asymmetry, both external faces flat. In lateral view, parameres with apex widely bifurcate, with inferior branch of bifurcation distinctly projected and divergent from superior branch; without ventral keel or notch (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF30FF190FDE0D5B0A1C91C9" box="[197,306,378,404]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[189,232,1965,1991]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,1019,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[189,1399,1007,1932]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 19. Aedeagus morphological diversity in Sylvicanthon. A. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). C. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. monnei sp. nov. E. S. mayri sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824817/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Figs 19E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF30FF190E240D5B0A7091C9" box="[319,350,378,404]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="161.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[194,1388,1040,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@161.[189,1397,1024,1709]" captionTargetPageId="161" captionText="Fig. 44. Differences on the parameres of Sylvicanthon mayri sp. nov. and S. monnei sp. nov. (grayish zones represent original membraneous areas). A–B. S. mayri sp. nov. C–D. S. monnei sp. nov. Note that both branches of the apical bifurcation of the parameres of S. mayri sp. nov. are much more divergent than those of S. monnei sp. nov., which makes the internal angle between them more open in the first species (~110º) than in the second (~78º). In the same way, as the inferior branch is much more projected in S. mayri sp. nov. than in S. monnei sp. nov., the angle between the posterior region of that branch and the rest of the paramere is more open in S. monnei sp. nov. (~147º) than in S. mayri sp. nov. (~137º), species that seems to have a strong excavation at this point of the paramere (indicated by red arrow in A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824871/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">44</figureCitation>
A–B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA60D9F0F8C9379" blockId="164.[189,1399,445,805]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190EA30D9F092D9185" bold="true" box="[440,515,446,472]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Males</emphasis>
: Protibial spur broad and bifid, with external projection spiniform and not much longer than internal projection, which is bent and widened (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF30FF190B0D0DC30FA691A0" box="[1046,1160,482,509]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[189,232,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[196,1383,292,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[196,1383,289,1754]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 15. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism in the protibial spur of Sylvicanthon. A. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov., ♂. B. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920), ♂. C. S. candezei (Harold, 1869), ♂. D. S. genieri sp. nov., ♂. E. S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868), ♂. F. S. aequinoctialis comb. nov., ♀. G. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov., ♂. H. S. proseni stat. et comb. nov., ♀. I. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949), ♂. J. S. seag sp. nov., ♂. K. S. edmondsi sp. nov.,♂. L. S. attenboroughi sp. nov., ♂. M. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920), ♂. N. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920), ♂. O. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov., ♂." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824809/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Fig. 15N</figureCitation>
). Abdomen without lateral foveae. Ventrite VI strongly narrowed at centre due to distinct emargination on posterior edge; anterior edge slightly covered by weak medial flange of posterior edge of ventrite V. Pygidium very long (length between 1.2 and 
<quantity id="E87D9B08FF30FF190D070E7009579231" box="[540,633,593,620]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
) and convex; apical margin of pygidium much wider than lateral margins. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E330E570AA192CD" bold="true" box="[296,399,630,656]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Females</emphasis>
: Protibial spur spiniform.Abdomen with three pairs of very shallow transverse foveae located between ventrites I–II, II–III, and III–IV, respectively; foveae not margined by row of long setae (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF30FF190E1C0EE10A5C9286" box="[263,370,704,731]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="41.[189,232,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,584,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[189,1399,578,1934]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Fig. 16. Abdominal lateral foveae of females (arrows). A. Sylvicanthon furvus (Schmidt, 1920). B. S. mayri sp. nov. C. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824811/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
). Ventrite VI wide at centre, posterior edge straight, without emargination; anterior edge subtly covered by medial flange of posterior edge of ventrite V. Pygidium shorter (between 0.9 and 
<quantity id="E87D9B08FF30FF190FA60F2B0A379378" box="[189,281,778,805]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
) and flat; apical margin of pygidium only slightly wider than lateral margins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA60F6C0A5B933A" blockId="164.[189,373,845,871]" box="[189,373,845,871]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<heading id="74728181FF30FF190FA60F6C0A5B933A" bold="true" box="[189,373,845,871]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190FA60F6C0A5B933A" bold="true" box="[189,373,845,871]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Measurements</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA60F5C086693BF" blockId="164.[189,1399,893,994]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
Males (N = 2). 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E6F0F5F0A8B93C5" bold="true" box="[372,421,894,920]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">TL:</emphasis>
AV: 7.0 ± 0.35; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190D700F5F09B193C5" box="[619,671,894,920]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 7.3; MN: 6.8. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190C480F5F08A293C5" bold="true" box="[851,908,894,920]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">EW:</emphasis>
AV: 5.0 ± 0.21; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190B490F5F0FA893C5" box="[1106,1158,894,920]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 5.2; MN: 4.9. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190A210F5F0E5893C5" bold="true" box="[1338,1398,894,920]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PrL:</emphasis>
AV: 2.3 ± 0.07 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190E760F820A8F93E0" box="[365,417,931,957]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 2.4; MN: 2.3. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190D540F8209BA93E0" bold="true" box="[591,660,931,957]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PrW:</emphasis>
AV: 4.4 ± 0.21; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190C4A0F8208AB93E0" box="[849,901,931,957]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 4.6; MN: 4.3. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190B2F0F820F5F93E0" bold="true" box="[1076,1137,931,957]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PgL:</emphasis>
AV: 1.15 ± 0.07; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190A240F820E5D93E0" box="[1343,1395,931,957]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 1.2; MN: 1.1. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E780FE90A8793BF" bold="true" box="[355,425,968,994]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PgW:</emphasis>
AV: 2.2 ± 0.14; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190D700FE909B193BF" box="[619,671,968,994]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 2.3; MN: 2.1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA6082A08BA9432" blockId="164.[189,1399,1034,1135]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
Females (N = 2). 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E9C082A0A969478" bold="true" box="[391,440,1035,1061]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">TL:</emphasis>
AV: 6.75 ± 0.07; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190D98082A09999478" box="[643,695,1035,1061]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 6.8; MN: 6.7. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190C7F082A08B29478" bold="true" box="[868,924,1035,1061]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">EW:</emphasis>
AV: 4.8 ± 0.35; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190B42082A0FA39478" box="[1113,1165,1035,1061]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 5.1; MN: 4.6. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190A21082A0E589478" bold="true" box="[1338,1398,1035,1061]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PrL:</emphasis>
AV: 2.05 ± 0.07; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190E9308110A929417" box="[392,444,1072,1098]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 2.1; MN: 2.0. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190D6B0811099A9417" bold="true" box="[624,692,1072,1098]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PrW:</emphasis>
AV: 4.15 ± 0.21; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190C9C081108959417" box="[903,955,1072,1098]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 4.3; MN: 4.0. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190B7408110F829417" bold="true" box="[1135,1196,1072,1098]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PgL:</emphasis>
AV: 0.85 ± 0.07; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190FA608740BDF9432" box="[189,241,1109,1135]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 0.8; MN: 0.9. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190EB908740AC69432" bold="true" box="[418,488,1109,1135]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PgW:</emphasis>
AV: 2.05 ± 0.07; 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190DAC087409C59432" box="[695,747,1109,1135]" name="Mexico" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">MX</collectingCountry>
: 2.1; MN: 2.0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA608B9092C94EF" blockId="164.[189,514,1176,1202]" box="[189,514,1176,1202]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<heading id="74728181FF30FF190FA608B9092C94EF" bold="true" box="[189,514,1176,1202]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190FA608B9092C94EF" bold="true" box="[189,514,1176,1202]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA608E8082194BE" blockId="164.[189,783,1224,1251]" box="[189,783,1224,1251]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
Western Amazonia, in 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190EDC08E9091094BF" box="[455,574,1224,1250]" name="Colombia" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190D5108E909BB94BF" box="[586,661,1224,1250]" name="Brazil" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190DC908E8082294BE" box="[722,780,1225,1251]" name="Peru" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Peru</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA6092A0A699578" blockId="164.[189,327,1291,1317]" box="[189,327,1291,1317]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<heading id="74728181FF30FF190FA6092A0A699578" bold="true" box="[189,327,1291,1317]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190FA6092A0A699578" bold="true" box="[189,327,1291,1317]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Ecoregions</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA6091D0F79950B" blockId="164.[189,1111,1340,1366]" box="[189,1111,1340,1366]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Guianan Moist Forests, Marajó Varzea, Japurá-Solimões-Negro Moist Forests.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA6095E0AC995C4" blockId="164.[189,487,1407,1433]" box="[189,487,1407,1433]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190FA6095E0A5795C4" bold="true" box="[189,377,1407,1433]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Collecting sites</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF30FF190E92095E0AF095C4" box="[393,478,1407,1433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="144.[189,232,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[199,1386,957,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[189,1399,949,1921]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Fig. 41. Distribution of Sylvicanthon securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. and the four species of the furvus subgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824865/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA6098E09729594" blockId="164.[189,604,1455,1482]" box="[189,604,1455,1482]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190FA6098E0A739594" box="[189,349,1455,1481]" name="Colombia" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E73098E0A879594" bold="true" box="[360,425,1455,1481]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF30FF190E73098E0A879594" box="[360,425,1455,1481]" country="Colombia" name="Meta" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Meta</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Villavicencio.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA609D30F3C9651" blockId="164.[189,1042,1522,1549]" box="[189,1042,1522,1549]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190FA609D30A059651" box="[189,299,1522,1548]" name="Brazil" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E2D09D30A5C9651" bold="true" box="[310,370,1522,1548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF30FF190E2D09D30A5C9651" box="[310,370,1522,1548]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Acre</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Senador Guiomard. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190D7509D309DE9651" bold="true" box="[622,752,1522,1548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Amazonas</emphasis>
: 
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF30FF190C1B09D308589651" box="[768,886,1522,1548]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
de Olivença.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA60A170875960D" blockId="164.[189,859,1589,1616]" box="[189,859,1589,1616]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190FA60A170A22960D" box="[189,268,1590,1616]" name="Peru" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">PERU</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190E0C0A170AE09612" bold="true" box="[279,462,1589,1616]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF30FF190E0C0A170AE09612" box="[279,462,1589,1616]" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Tambopata (Puerto Maldonado).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF190FA60A59083796CF" blockId="164.[189,793,1656,1683]" box="[189,793,1656,1683]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
<heading id="74728181FF30FF190FA60A59083796CF" bold="true" box="[189,793,1656,1683]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190FA60A59083796CF" bold="true" box="[189,793,1656,1683]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Intraspecific variation and taxonomic discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF30FF180FA60A8808E39117" blockId="164.[189,1399,1705,2027]" lastBlockId="165.[189,1399,267,330]" lastPageId="165" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
Of all the species of 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF30FF190EA40A880979969E" authorityName="Halffter &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1977" box="[447,599,1705,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190EA40A880979969E" box="[447,599,1705,1731]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Sylvicanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF30FF190D720A8809E0969E" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[617,718,1705,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190D720A8809E0969E" box="[617,718,1705,1731]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF30FF190DC20A8B08199699" box="[729,823,1706,1732]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is certainly the most enigmatic, with only four known individuals in collections, two males and two females. What we know about its distribution, for instance, is clearly fragmentary. The four known localities lie in western Amazonia and, together, they form a longitudinal arc with almost 
<quantity id="E87D9B08FF30FF190DB00B390830976F" box="[683,798,1816,1842]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" unit="km" value="2000.0">2000 km</quantity>
from one end to the other (namely, Villavicencio, 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190FA60B1C0A1A970A" box="[189,308,1853,1879]" name="Colombia" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, in the north, and Puerto Maldonado, 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190C1B0B1C0817970A" box="[768,825,1853,1879]" name="Peru" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Peru</collectingCountry>
, in the south) (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF30FF190CEA0B1C0F62970A" box="[1009,1100,1853,1879]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="144.[189,232,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[199,1386,957,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[189,1399,949,1921]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Fig. 41. Distribution of Sylvicanthon securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. and the four species of the furvus subgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824865/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
). Some questions can be raised from this observation: does 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF30FF190D480B43099B9721" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[595,693,1890,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF30FF190D480B43099B9721" box="[595,693,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF30FF190DA60B4308369721" box="[701,792,1890,1916]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
also occur in the interior of 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190B7C0B430FB39721" box="[1127,1181,1890,1916]" name="Peru" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Peru</collectingCountry>
and in 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190BEE0B430E799721" box="[1269,1367,1890,1916]" name="Ecuador" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
or northern 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190E320BA60AAC97FC" box="[297,386,1927,1953]" name="Bolivia" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
? Is its distribution extended eastwards into the lowlands of the Brazilian Amazonia? Does this species also occur across the eastern slopes of the Andes in 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190B1C0B8D0F13979B" box="[1031,1085,1964,1990]" name="Peru" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Peru</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190B610B8D0FF2979B" box="[1146,1244,1964,1990]" name="Ecuador" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
as it does in 
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF30FF190FA60BF00A1D97B6" box="[189,307,2001,2027]" name="Colombia" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Colombia</collectingCountry>
? These questions will only be answered when a larger number of dung beetle collections are made throughout the Amazon Basin, especially in the state of Amazonas (
<collectingCountry id="5792767DFF31FF180B0C0D2A0F4A917B" box="[1047,1124,267,294]" name="Brazil" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Brazil</collectingCountry>
), from where very little 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180FA60D110A7B9117" authorityName="Halffter &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1977" box="[189,341,304,330]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FA60D110A7B9117" box="[189,341,304,330]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Sylvicanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material is known (mostly from the capital, Manaus).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF31FF180FA60D520976938B" blockId="165.[189,1399,371,982]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
The morphological differences with the other two species of the 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180CC90D520F3591D0" box="[978,1051,371,397]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180CC90D520F3591D0" box="[978,1051,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup to which 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180A0A0D520E5891D0" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[1297,1398,371,397]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180A0A0D520E5891D0" box="[1297,1398,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180FA60DB90A3691EF" box="[189,280,408,434]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is most similar (
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180EC60DB9096D91EC" box="[477,579,407,434]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180EC60DB9096D91EC" box="[477,579,407,434]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180D660DB909DF91EC" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[637,753,408,434]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monnei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180D660DB909DF91EC" box="[637,753,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. monnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180DE30DB9087A91EF" box="[760,852,408,434]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
) are very clear even from the small number of specimens we currently have on hand. 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180D950D9D0856918B" box="[654,888,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180D950D9D0856918B" box="[654,888,444,470]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Sylvicanthon furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in general, is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180A080D9D0E58918B" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[1299,1398,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180A080D9D0E58918B" box="[1299,1398,444,470]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180FA60DC00A3491A6" box="[189,282,481,507]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in presenting a very strong microsculpture throughout the body tegument. This is very clear especially on the meso- and metafemora (which are almost entirely smooth, except in the apical areas of rivose microsculpture in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180D120E0B0942921E" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[521,620,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180D120E0B0942921E" box="[521,620,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180D6E0E0B09FA9219" box="[629,724,554,580]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, while they are totally covered by rivose microsculpture in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180FC60E6F0A689235" box="[221,326,590,616]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FC60E6F0A689235" box="[221,326,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and elytra (which have a diffuse microsculpture in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180CDC0E6F0F059235" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[967,1067,590,616]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180CDC0E6F0F059235" box="[967,1067,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180B2E0E6E0FBA9234" box="[1077,1172,591,617]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, while they have a strong alveolar microsculpture obliterating the micropunctation in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180CD40E520F1892D0" box="[975,1078,627,653]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180CD40E520F1892D0" box="[975,1078,627,653]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). From 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180B830E520E2292D1" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[1176,1292,627,653]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monnei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180B830E520E2292D1" box="[1176,1292,627,653]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. monnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180A0F0E520E5C92D0" box="[1300,1394,627,653]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180FA60EB90A3192EC" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[189,287,664,690]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FA60EB90A3192EC" box="[189,287,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180E330EB90AAD92EF" box="[296,387,664,690]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is different mainly in the shape of parameres (with a strongly bifurcate apex, with its inferior branch distinctly divergent from the superior one, in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180C9C0E9D08C7928B" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[903,1001,700,726]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180C9C0E9D08C7928B" box="[903,1001,700,726]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180CEA0E9D0F65928B" box="[1009,1099,700,726]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF31FF180B400E9D0F9F928B" box="[1115,1201,700,726]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="161.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[194,1388,1040,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@161.[189,1397,1024,1709]" captionTargetPageId="161" captionText="Fig. 44. Differences on the parameres of Sylvicanthon mayri sp. nov. and S. monnei sp. nov. (grayish zones represent original membraneous areas). A–B. S. mayri sp. nov. C–D. S. monnei sp. nov. Note that both branches of the apical bifurcation of the parameres of S. mayri sp. nov. are much more divergent than those of S. monnei sp. nov., which makes the internal angle between them more open in the first species (~110º) than in the second (~78º). In the same way, as the inferior branch is much more projected in S. mayri sp. nov. than in S. monnei sp. nov., the angle between the posterior region of that branch and the rest of the paramere is more open in S. monnei sp. nov. (~147º) than in S. mayri sp. nov. (~137º), species that seems to have a strong excavation at this point of the paramere (indicated by red arrow in A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824871/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
A–B), and apical bifurcation branches only weakly divergent and with inferior branch only little projected and straight in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180FC70F240A7E9342" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[220,336,773,799]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monnei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FC70F240A7E9342" box="[220,336,773,799]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. monnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180E430F240A9D9342" box="[344,435,773,799]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF31FF180ED80F2409349342" box="[451,538,773,799]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="161.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[194,1388,1040,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@161.[189,1397,1024,1709]" captionTargetPageId="161" captionText="Fig. 44. Differences on the parameres of Sylvicanthon mayri sp. nov. and S. monnei sp. nov. (grayish zones represent original membraneous areas). A–B. S. mayri sp. nov. C–D. S. monnei sp. nov. Note that both branches of the apical bifurcation of the parameres of S. mayri sp. nov. are much more divergent than those of S. monnei sp. nov., which makes the internal angle between them more open in the first species (~110º) than in the second (~78º). In the same way, as the inferior branch is much more projected in S. mayri sp. nov. than in S. monnei sp. nov., the angle between the posterior region of that branch and the rest of the paramere is more open in S. monnei sp. nov. (~147º) than in S. mayri sp. nov. (~137º), species that seems to have a strong excavation at this point of the paramere (indicated by red arrow in A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824871/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
C–D)). Lastly, the coarse punctation at the base of metafemora is distinct between 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180E330F0B0AA2931E" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[296,396,810,836]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180E330F0B0AA2931E" box="[296,396,810,836]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180E8E0F0B0ADB9319" box="[405,501,810,836]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, on the one side, and 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180DE50F0B08499319" box="[766,871,810,836]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180DE50F0B08499319" box="[766,871,810,836]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180CBF0F0B0F34931E" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[932,1050,810,836]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monnei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180CBF0F0B0F34931E" box="[932,1050,810,836]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. monnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180B380F0B0FAD9319" box="[1059,1155,810,836]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, on the other: in the two latter species, those punctures are clearly impressed and are elongated (
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF31FF180B2A0F6F0F929334" box="[1073,1212,846,873]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,708,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1399,708,1733]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Morphological variation in the metafemora of Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977. A. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). Note the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of the metafemur (arrow) and the tegument without microsculpture. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). Observe the tegument entirely covered by coarse non-elongate punctures. C. S. monnei sp. nov. D. S. mayri sp. nov. E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. edmondsi sp. nov. G. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). H. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (northern populations). Note the differences in colouration and in the presence of coarse punctation at the base of metafemur in the two ends of the clinal variation observed in S. bridarollii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824805/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Fig. 13C, E</figureCitation>
), while they are very fine and almost indistinguishable from the micropunctation in 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180CC60F520F1193D1" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[989,1087,883,909]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180CC60F520F1193D1" box="[989,1087,883,909]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180B530F520F8A93D0" box="[1096,1188,883,909]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="B7BE2A68FF31FF180BAF0F530E0C93D0" box="[1204,1314,882,909]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,708,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1399,708,1733]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Morphological variation in the metafemora of Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; Martínez, 1977. A. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). Note the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of the metafemur (arrow) and the tegument without microsculpture. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). Observe the tegument entirely covered by coarse non-elongate punctures. C. S. monnei sp. nov. D. S. mayri sp. nov. E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. edmondsi sp. nov. G. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). H. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (northern populations). Note the differences in colouration and in the presence of coarse punctation at the base of metafemur in the two ends of the clinal variation observed in S. bridarollii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3824805/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
). For a more detailed comparison between these three species and also with 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180CF80FB90F4593EC" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[995,1131,919,946]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180CF80FB90F4593EC" box="[995,1131,919,946]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see the discussions of 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180FA60F9D0A0D938B" box="[189,291,956,982]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FA60F9D0A0D938B" box="[189,291,956,982]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180E290F9D0A94938B" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[306,442,956,982]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180E290F9D0A94938B" box="[306,442,956,982]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<tableCitation id="62070356FF31FF180EE20F9D097C938B" box="[505,594,955,982]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="157.[189,258,268,294]" captionText="Table 5. Summary of the morphological and distributional differences between the four species of the furvus subgroup." pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Table 5</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="679F6566FF31FF180FA60FDF0F3E9613" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF31FF180FA60FDF0A6A9445" blockId="165.[189,324,1022,1048]" box="[189,324,1022,1048]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
<heading id="74728181FF31FF180FA60FDF0A6A9445" bold="true" box="[189,324,1022,1048]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FA60FDF0A6A9445" bold="true" box="[189,324,1022,1048]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF31FF180FA6080F0E4D9530" blockId="165.[189,1398,1070,1389]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
The 
<typeStatus id="F03E884FFF31FF180FEA080F0A769415" box="[241,344,1070,1096]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180E66080F094E9415" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[381,608,1070,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180E66080F094E9415" box="[381,608,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Sylvicanthon mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180D7C080E09EE9414" box="[615,704,1071,1097]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is part of a large series of dung beetles collected in 1997 by the second author in the Brazilian state of 
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF31FF180DB0087209CA9430" box="[683,740,1107,1133]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Acre</collectingRegion>
(some of the results of those collections were published in 
<bibRefCitation id="4B144B1CFF31FF180FC008560AED94CF" author="Vaz-de-Mello F. Z." box="[219,451,1143,1170]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="447 - 453" refId="ref147027" refString="Vaz-de-Mello F. Z. 1999. Scarabaeidae s. str. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) de um fragmento de floresta amazonica no estado do Acre, Brasil. 1. Taxocenose. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 28 (3): 447 - 453." type="journal article" year="1999">Vaz-de-Mello 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The Fazenda Experimental 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180C000856085094CC" box="[795,894,1143,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Catuaba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Catuaba</taxonomicName>
, research base administered by the Federal University of 
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF31FF180E7F08BD0A8E94EB" box="[356,416,1180,1206]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Acre</collectingRegion>
, contrary to what is said on the holotype’s precedence label, is not located at the limits of the municipality of Rio Branco, but rather it is in the municipality of Senador Guiomard, about 
<quantity id="E87D9B08FF31FF180E1E08C40A7894A2" box="[261,342,1253,1280]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
from the centre of Rio Branco. We revised for this work a great volume of envelopes with material collected by FZVM at Fazenda 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180DBB092B082E9579" box="[672,768,1290,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Catuaba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Catuaba</taxonomicName>
and other nearby localities, but we failed to find any other specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180EBB090E092F9515" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[416,513,1327,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180EBB090E092F9515" box="[416,513,1327,1353]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180D13090E094C9514" box="[520,610,1327,1353]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
As argued earlier in this monograph, this fact should reflect the low population density the species of the 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180D6B097209979530" box="[624,697,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180D6B097209979530" box="[624,697,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup naturally have (see the discussion on 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180BF009720E7C9530" box="[1259,1362,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furvus">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180BF009720E7C9530" box="[1259,1362,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. furvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF31FF180FA609B70A5095F2" blockId="165.[189,382,1429,1456]" box="[189,382,1429,1456]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
<heading id="74728181FF31FF180FA609B70A5095F2" bold="true" box="[189,382,1429,1456]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180FA609B70A5095F2" bold="true" box="[189,382,1429,1456]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Natural history</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F3A36EDFF31FF180FA609E40F3E9613" blockId="165.[189,1399,1477,1614]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
The only specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180EDE09E709099582" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[453,551,1478,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180EDE09E709099582" box="[453,551,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180D3409E709A595BD" box="[559,651,1478,1504]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
with known food habit data is the 
<typeStatus id="F03E884FFF31FF180B3D09E70FA595BD" box="[1062,1163,1478,1504]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
from Villavicencio, which was collected in a pitfall trap baited with dung. The collecting months accurately reported were February and March, with the period June─July being the date reported for the 
<collectingRegion id="ED41F80FFF31FF180B710A2E0FCF9674" box="[1130,1249,1551,1577]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
de Olivença specimen. Nothing more is known about the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="E8854D6EFF31FF180C570A1508839610" authority="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De, 2018" authorityName="Cupello &amp; Vaz-De" authorityYear="2018" box="[844,941,1588,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DF1EAFFFF31FF180C570A1508839610" box="[844,941,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">S. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06C25784FF31FF180CAE0A150F3E9613" box="[949,1040,1588,1614]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>