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<mods:title id="CCF2AE001EF7E7F27861DAE12C2E99BD">Description of two new Australian species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and females of two further species with notes on their biogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="08698A8B46C6B80A0EC6D9B52005C1DB">Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia &amp; ethan. beaver @ live. com. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0613 - 7046</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A4688DD3CAAA3DB335D20F7417F9722A">Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB6D3B5C79F82E496BE1BBFF685E3BD2">Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia &amp; a. velascocastrillon @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3516 - 6655</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A25A470B6AF7EDC389BEBE1C459B0C1F">Stevens, Mark I.</mods:namePart>
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Systematics of
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<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EE02F1EA31BBFF4C" bold="true" box="[337,472,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="A97336F60D2EFF97EFC4F1A231E0FF04" blockId="2.[151,387,223,285]" box="[151,387,223,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">
<heading id="F23B819A0D2EFF97EFC4F1A231E0FF04" bold="true" box="[151,387,223,250]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EFC4F1A231E0FF04" bold="true" box="[151,387,223,250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Molecular analyses</emphasis>
</heading>
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(see
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)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A97336F60D2EFF97EFC4F03632CBFD0F" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,1150]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">
The Bayesian analysis for each species (
<figureCitation id="31F72A730D2EFF97ED3FF03632CCFE9B" box="[620,687,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,260,1815,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,283,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-67@3.[151,1436,270,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 42 Abantiades sequences used and the ♀ specimens for A. macropusinsulariae and A. pallida. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions are available in Table S1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401270/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) reveals a well supported (PP = 1.0) monophyletic short-beaked
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<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EFC4F0123176FE77" box="[151,277,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
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clade compared to our six outgroup taxa. Although this is only based on the single mtDNA (COI) gene, it does corroborate the morphological distinction of the two new species from the six other
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EB90F0EE3522FE53" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[1219,1345,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EB90F0EE3522FE53" box="[1219,1345,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
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species in our analysis, which are each also defined by unique morphological characters (see Taxonomy section below). Supplementary Table S1 details all specimens used, including GenBank accessions and locality information. For instances where we obtained multiple individuals within species we found close intraspecific sequence divergences (Supplementary Table S2). For example, the greatest sequence divergence observed within any of our species varied between 0.63.3%, indicating variation that we would expect within species included here (Supplementary Table S2). These distances also correspond to those reported elsewhere for
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that generally indicate below 3% intraspecific while above 3% interspecific comparisons using the same COI gene (e.g.
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Grund
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EBFEF3ED3486FD57" box="[1197,1253,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CD5D4B070D2EFF97EA61F3ED309AFD33" author="Beaver, E. P. &amp; Moore, M. D. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." pageId="2" pageNumber="73" pagination="351 - 374" refId="ref11553" refString="Beaver, E. P., Moore, M. D., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020) Three new ghost moths of the genus Oxycanus Walker, 1856 from Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Zootaxa, 4732 (3), 351 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4732.3.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Beaver
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EADBF3ED30D7FD33" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). However, sequence divergences have been found to vary outside these ranges for some
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<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EBBBF3CE3505FD33" box="[1256,1382,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="CD5D4B070D2EFF97EF82F3AA31A1FD0F" author="Simonsen, T. J. &amp; Moore, M. D. &amp; Dupont, S. T. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[209,450,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" pagination="792 - 799" refId="ref12426" refString="Simonsen, T. J., Moore, M. D., Dupont, S. T. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2019) Testing DNA barcodes against morphology for the ' tripectinate Abantiades ' (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) reveals a complex relationship between COI sequence data and morphology. Austral Entomology, 58, 792 - 799. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12395" type="journal article" year="2019">
Simonsen
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EE1BF3A531E2FD0F" box="[328,385,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CD5D4B070D2EFF97EE9DF3A532FFFD0F" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Beaver, E. P. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." box="[462,668,727,754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" pagination="115 - 141" refId="ref12260" refString="Moore, M. D., Beaver, E. P., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020) Four new species of triforked Abantiades Herrich- Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from the &quot; dark obscura clade &quot;. Zootaxa, 4801 (1), 115 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4801.1.5" type="journal article" year="2020">
Moore
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ED73F3A5323BFD0F" box="[544,600,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A97336F60D2EFF97EF94F3863577FB83" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,1150]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">
Sequence divergence comparisons between all
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97ED83F386332DFCEB" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[720,846,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ED83F386332DFCEB" box="[720,846,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species compared to our outgroup taxa were between 8.612.5% (Supplementary Table S2). Examining between
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<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EC61F26233D3FCC7" box="[818,944,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species reveal interspecific sequence divergences of up to 10.2% (between
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EEACF23E32A3FCA3" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2020" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2020" box="[511,704,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalocorvus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EEACF23E32A3FCA3" box="[511,704,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. cephalocorvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ED95F23E337DFCA3" bold="true" box="[710,798,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="808B579F0D2EFF97ED95F23E337DFCA3" box="[710,798,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EC00F23E34EFFCA3" authority="(Donovan))" baseAuthorityName="Donovan" box="[851,1164,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labyrinthicus">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EC00F23E3466FCA3" box="[851,1029,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. labyrinthicus</emphasis>
(Donovan))
</taxonomicName>
and up to 6.8% between the triforked clade, which includes all
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<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ED34F21A3286FC7F" box="[615,741,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in
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except
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EB58F21A34A2FC7F" box="[1035,1217,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labyrinthicus">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EB58F21A34A2FC7F" box="[1035,1217,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. labyrinthicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We also observed several interspecific sequence divergences that are below 3%, for example
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97ECB3F2F6342DFC5B" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[992,1102,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ECB3F2F6342DFC5B" box="[992,1102,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EB0FF2F63496FC5B" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[1116,1269,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kristenseni">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EB0FF2F63496FC5B" box="[1116,1269,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. kristenseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EA61F2F635FEFC5B" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2020" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2020" box="[1330,1437,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tembyi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EA61F2F635FEFC5B" box="[1330,1437,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. tembyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EFC4F2D23090FC37" bold="true" box="[151,243,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="808B579F0D2EFF97EFC4F2D23090FC37" box="[151,243,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EE7EF2D231DAFC37" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[301,441,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpecta">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EE7EF2D231DAFC37" box="[301,441,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. inexpecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Supplementary Table S2), which has been observed in other ghost moths (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="CD5D4B070D2EFF97EA01F2CD3175FC13" author="Moore, M. D. &amp; Beaver, E. P. &amp; Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I." pageId="2" pageNumber="73" pagination="115 - 141" refId="ref12260" refString="Moore, M. D., Beaver, E. P., Velasco-Castrillon, A. &amp; Stevens, M. I. (2020) Four new species of triforked Abantiades Herrich- Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from the &quot; dark obscura clade &quot;. Zootaxa, 4801 (1), 115 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4801.1.5" type="journal article" year="2020">
Moore
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EFC4F2A930B2FC13" box="[151,209,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Although sequence divergence can be low between a number of
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EB54F2AE34E6FC13" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[1031,1157,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EB54F2AE34E6FC13" box="[1031,1157,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species,
<figureCitation id="31F72A730D2EFF97EBBDF2AE3553FC13" box="[1262,1328,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,260,1815,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,283,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-67@3.[151,1436,270,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum credibility tree from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene of all 42 Abantiades sequences used and the ♀ specimens for A. macropusinsulariae and A. pallida. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.7 are shown at each node. Details for all sequences including GenBank accessions are available in Table S1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401270/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
indicates that these are each monophyletic species (PP&gt; 75%) that correspond to morphological differences (see Taxonomy section below). Comparisons between these trees and the sequence divergences of our new species described (see below) reveal that
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EE38F542324EFBA7" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2020" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2020" box="[363,557,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalocorvus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EE38F542324EFBA7" box="[363,557,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. cephalocorvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ED66F54232F3FBA7" bold="true" box="[565,656,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="808B579F0D2EFF97ED66F54232F3FBA7" box="[565,656,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is 3.95.0% divergent from its closest neighbouring species (
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EA1AF5423085FB83" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kristenseni">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EA1AF5423085FB83" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. kristenseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), while
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97EE10F51E3270FB83" authority="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens, 2020" authorityName="Moore &amp; Beaver &amp; Velasco-Castrillón &amp; Stevens" authorityYear="2020" box="[323,531,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tembyi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97EE10F51E3270FB83" box="[323,531,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">Abantiades tembyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="808B579F0D2EFF97ED49F51E3216FB80" box="[538,629,1123,1150]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ED49F51E320DFB83" bold="true" box="[538,622,1123,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from its closest neighbour (
<taxonomicName id="6ECC4D750D2EFF97ECACF51E340EFB83" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityYear="2018" box="[1023,1133,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Abantiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="9BB8EAE40D2EFF97ECACF51E340EFB83" box="[1023,1133,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="73">A. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by 2.34.4%.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>