186 lines
19 KiB
XML
186 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="A7F8CF0FBC48E70F2FA04A24F05D6898" ID-DOI="10.4314/met.v34i1.4" ID-ISSN="2307-5031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119310" ID-ZooBank="CED01CF2-E1A6-40A1-87F8-3B91D6EBB2D4" checkinTime="1731462088339" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Williams, Mark C. & Henning, Graham A." docDate="2023" docId="D11587B6D047FFDB1E76343AFF1CFC46" docLanguage="en" docName="Metamorphosis.34.35-49.pdf" docOrigin="Metamorphosis 34 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v34i1.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA.1:Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA" docStyleName="Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Bematistes Hemming 1935, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="2D2CFFCED040FFD31D363536FFE3FF95" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tribe Acraeini Boisduval, 1833 (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1731462760707" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="C8BB036DA5168EEEF6BC4254A8DCD12D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="99288D19F06E5F5E0894D73A05F5E7AD">
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<mods:title id="9F59C2A667DA9E7C7BD7D80FFD431B59">Taxonomic revision of the tribe Acraeini Boisduval, 1833 (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="06D15756ECD2C200C04E8C8503D7897C" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="D54F36211D6040BC52D57AEC525B60F2">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ED54716576CA558D68D3672410371741">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BC11132E972A76263A4529B94CD5564D">Williams, Mark C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F1A7729C0F7404F4333F73767FC23263" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F891EC5817C8C07FD0031ED6EC97A7B5">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BFA0FD1C202095ED6910A62133DF7585">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CFECC6BAA7A9C795BED5B2228E6B2C8C">Henning, Graham A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9695F932FD5FCBD1A6D47AB0ACC3AD69">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="82A6AA8D21682A6469C2B54003053CF5">
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<mods:title id="36A4A4C61DB6D0E16EEFBF1D3C18CA2D">Metamorphosis</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B3A4BC47F6B43D907137344EB1B5E17C">
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<mods:date id="73440C266A6A15C6B8837BC47159ED26">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="A29FA0C0CBE48B1AB511FF895A004C32" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="EC9EE3227178D966D8C0957E9CF63819">2023-05-17</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="F71DE24FC9E89343F1F500C4E94D45D8" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="C2ECB743DD14368AF6257C3F4200E85A">34</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="5CE741CA056E85650C7713F8CAE35195" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="14A6658C7F6D4BEC9317D0546CDBAED8">1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="BB8CBFDA04928D7CCC215B570E120411" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="4533882407E2901AD93FD56C3F0CD92B">35</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="807AEE2B51CFDFACAF660479A9E383B2">49</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="86B5D249A9F82DD6B64BE52445081656">
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<mods:url id="ECC1256DF53DE6B5D974EB974749E71D">http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v34i1.4</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="B801979DAF136DE2EB10EE321F082C38">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="977C7D26ED0B3A5B5AE8C9E13AD566E2" type="DOI">10.4314/met.v34i1.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E7B2FBC22BF973476E184D2145DF32B5" type="ISSN">2307-5031</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="95D4A25EFE3E42C2566EDBDD96EF975D" type="Zenodo-Dep">14119310</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0D6C8750530CCF08C28D8BA1F4D72995" type="ZooBank">CED01CF2-E1A6-40A1-87F8-3B91D6EBB2D4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="D11587B6D047FFDB1E76343AFF1CFC46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D11587B6D047FFDB1E76343AFF1CFC46" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D11587B6D047FFDB1E76343AFF1CFC46" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="11A6652BD047FFD41E76343AFAC0FEB1" box="[832,1315,267,292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="590336A0D047FFD41E76343AFAC0FEB1" blockId="7.[832,1315,267,323]" box="[832,1315,267,292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="024B81CCD047FFD41E76343AFAC0FEB1" box="[832,1315,267,292]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E76343AFC6BFEB1" bold="true" box="[832,904,268,292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Genus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD41EB9343AFB59FEB6" ID-CoL="923PN" authority="Hemming, 1935" authorityName="Hemming" authorityYear="1935" box="[911,1210,267,292]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bematistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="stat. rev.">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41EB9343AFBE6FEB1" bold="true" box="[911,1029,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Bematistes</emphasis>
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Hemming, 1935
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD419F7343AFAC0FEB1" bold="true" box="[1217,1315,268,292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="70FB57C9D047FFD419F7343AFAC0FEB1" box="[1217,1315,268,292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="11A6652BD047FFD41E76341DFC1BF96D" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="590336A0D047FFD41E76341DFB10FED7" blockId="7.[832,1315,267,323]" box="[832,1267,298,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<typeStatus id="86078802D047FFD41E76341DFC94FED6" box="[832,887,299,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD41EE7341CFB10FED7" authority="Felder, 1779" authorityName="Felder" authorityYear="1779" box="[977,1267,298,322]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epaea">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41EE7341CFB85FED7" box="[977,1126,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Papilio epaea</emphasis>
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Felder, 1779
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="590336A0D047FFD41E763783FAE4FD79" blockId="7.[832,1455,693,748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">This is a purely Afrotropical genus of 35 fairly large to large species. The lineage arose ~ 27 Mya.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="590336A0D047FFD41E76363DFC1BF96D" blockId="7.[832,1456,779,1784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E76363DFC98FCB6" bold="true" box="[832,891,779,803]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Body</emphasis>
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: Head moderately large, hairy. Antennae broad and abrupt, shorter than half length of forewing, averaging 42% (38-46%) of forewing for both sexes. Palpi 1
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<superScript id="AEC99BE8D047FFD418053671FADCFCC0" attach="left" box="[1331,1343,839,853]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">st</superScript>
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joint four times as long as broad, 2
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<superScript id="AEC99BE8D047FFD4197C3653FBB8FCE6" attach="left" box="[1098,1115,869,883]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">nd</superScript>
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joint twice as long as first joint and terminal joint minute, oval. Black with lateral white line. All joints hairy. Thorax elongate; compressed laterally, hairy and scaly. Abdomen long, extending beyond outer edge of hindwings, laterally compressed, broader distally.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41EC33136FBC8FB8D" bold="true" box="[1013,1067,1024,1048]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Legs</emphasis>
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: Anterior legs slender and less than half length of pterothoracic legs; tarsi of male single joint with terminal spine, female tarsi five jointed with spines on each except last, with a terminal spine. Pterothoracic legs robust, external claw of male furrowed on inner surface, two terminal claws asymmetrical in male, symmetrical in female.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41EA0318EFBDEFB45" bold="true" box="[918,1085,1208,1232]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Wing venation</emphasis>
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: Radial veins of forewing stalked;
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<collectionCode id="3FADAE65D047FFD41E7631E1FCB5FB7A" box="[832,854,1239,1263]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">R</collectionCode>
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1 branching off from
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<collectionCode id="3FADAE65D047FFD4190331E1FBA4FB7A" box="[1077,1095,1239,1263]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">R</collectionCode>
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2-
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<collectionCode id="3FADAE65D047FFD4196B31E1FB93FB7A" box="[1117,1136,1239,1263]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">R</collectionCode>
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5 well beyond the upper angle of cell. Cell of hindwing slightly more than one third of total wing length. Markings: Hindwing has no spots or coalesced, forming a tight grouping. Hyaline areas and hyaline patches absent. There are no marginal markings or spots on forewing or hindwing.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD419863046FABBFA1D" bold="true" box="[1200,1368,1392,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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: Uncus very short with bifid tip; aedeagus long, straight and narrow but not needle like, basally narrow and not bifid; sclerotized and modified 8th tergite or sternite not present; valves comparatively short and angular, incurved and broadly claw-like; juxta small, U-shaped, weakly sclerotized; vinculum large and broad; saccus elongate.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E763371FC1CF9CA" bold="true" box="[832,1023,1607,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Female genitalia</emphasis>
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: Anal lobes short and broad, posterior apophyses as long, or longer, than the lobes; two sub-pupillary glands; sterigma broad and U-shaped; ostium posteriorly placed; ductus short and sclerotized; bursa spherical to ovoid; two pairs of prominent spinose signa. Sphragis present.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="11A6652BD047FFDB1E76322EFD80FEBC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="590336A0D047FFDB1E76322EFD80FEBC" blockId="7.[832,1456,1815,2116]" lastBlockId="8.[132,757,120,297]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E76322EFC32F8A5" bold="true" box="[832,977,1816,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Early stages</emphasis>
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: Egg cylindrical, twice as high as wide, evenly domed on top; laid in batches. Pupa with four pairs of long dorsal processes on the first four abdominal segments.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E8A3242FB42F819" bold="true" box="[956,1185,1908,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Host plant genera</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD4198A3245FAEBF81E" box="[1212,1288,1907,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Adenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD4198A3245FAEBF81E" box="[1212,1288,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Adenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(13 records),
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD41E7632A5FC79F83F" box="[832,922,1939,1962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Barteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E7632A5FC79F83F" box="[832,922,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Barteria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(3 records),
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD4191B32A4FB62F83F" box="[1069,1153,1938,1962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Oncoba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD4191B32A4FB62F83F" box="[1069,1153,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Oncoba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD4198A32A5FB0EF83F" box="[1212,1261,1939,1962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD4198A32A5FB0EF83F" box="[1212,1261,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Vitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(2 records each). One record for each of
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD419443287FB13F85C" box="[1138,1264,1969,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Basananthe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD419443287FB13F85C" box="[1138,1264,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Basananthe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD4183F3287FA95F85C" box="[1289,1398,1969,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD4183F3287FA95F85C" box="[1289,1398,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Passiflora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD41E7632F9FC3DF872" box="[832,990,1999,2023]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Tryphostemma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E7632F9FC3DF872" box="[832,990,1999,2023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Tryphostemma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41EC732E6FB31F87D" bold="true" box="[1009,1234,2000,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Host plant families</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD419D132F9FA9CF872" box="[1255,1407,1999,2023]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Passifloraceae</taxonomicName>
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(15 records),
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD41E8432D8FBC1F793" box="[946,1058,2030,2054]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD4194732D8FB2DF793" box="[1137,1230,2030,2054]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
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(2 records each).
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD41E763D3BFBEFF7B0" bold="true" box="[832,1036,2061,2085]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Habitats (biomes)</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D047FFD419283D38FB71F7B0" authorityName="Hemming" authorityYear="1935" box="[1054,1170,2062,2085]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bematistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D047FFD419283D38FB71F7B0" box="[1054,1170,2062,2085]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Bematistes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is predominantly a forest genus. Forest (19 spp.), submontane forest (3 species), montane forest (2 species). Two species are found in moist woodland. There are no savanna species.
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D048FFDB1F6C35A1FF26FF5B" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Geographical range</emphasis>
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: A genus of the Guineo-Congolian forest block. Best represented in the
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<collectingCountry id="21AB7630D048FFDB1C4B35E2FD29FF79" box="[381,714,212,236]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
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(23 spp.),
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<collectingCountry id="21AB7630D048FFDB1DF035C4FED7FE9F" box="[198,308,242,266]" name="Cameroon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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(19 spp.),
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<collectingCountry id="21AB7630D048FFDB1C9335C4FE14FE9F" box="[421,503,242,266]" name="Uganda" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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(18 spp.),
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<collectingCountry id="21AB7630D048FFDB1F5E35C4FD29FE9F" box="[616,714,242,266]" name="Tanzania" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(16 spp.),
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<collectingCountry id="21AB7630D048FFDB1DF03427FEEEFEBC" box="[198,269,273,297]" name="Gabon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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(13 spp.) and
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<collectingCountry id="21AB7630D048FFDB1C903427FE15FEBC" box="[422,502,273,297]" name="Nigeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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(11 spp.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="11A6652BD048FFDB1DB2347FFF1CFC46" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="590336A0D048FFDB1DB2347FFF12FEF4" blockId="8.[132,241,329,353]" box="[132,241,329,353]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D048FFDB1DB2347FFF12FEF4" bold="true" box="[132,241,329,353]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="590336A0D048FFDB1DB234B6FF13FD5F" blockId="8.[132,756,384,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Facies: Forewing radials stalked (not stalked in other African genera in the tribe). Generally large butterflies; wings dark with coloured patches; limited spotting restricted towards base of wings. The genus
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D048FFDB1F6134EBFD28FE61" authorityName="Hemming" authorityYear="1935" box="[599,715,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Bematistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D048FFDB1F6134EBFD28FE61" box="[599,715,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Bematistes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has no hindwing marginal spots and no hyaline areas on the wings. The cell of the hindwing is comparatively short compared to the other genera. Anterior legs of male with terminal spine present; not present in the other African genera. Pupa with four pairs of long dorsal processes not found in other African genera. Some mimics found in
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<taxonomicName id="9EBC4D23D048FFDB1DB23784FF0AFD5F" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[132,233,690,714]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Telchinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D048FFDB1DB23784FF0AFD5F" box="[132,233,690,714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Telchinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="590336A0D048FFDB1DB237DCFD5DFC0E" blockId="8.[132,756,746,923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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Genitalia: In the male genitalia the uncus is very short; aedeagus long, straight and narrow but not needle-like, basally narrow and not bifid; sclerotized and modified 8
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<superScript id="AEC99BE8D048FFDB1FD13613FD17FCA6" attach="right" box="[743,756,805,819]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">th</superScript>
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tergite or sternite absent, valves claw-shaped. In the female genitalia the sterigma is broadly U-shaped; there are two pairs of signa (only one pair in other African genera).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="590336A0D048FFDB1DB2368DFF1CFC46" blockId="8.[132,255,955,979]" box="[132,255,955,979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="6BC8EAB2D048FFDB1DB2368DFF1CFC46" bold="true" box="[132,255,955,979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Species list</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |