2227 lines
461 KiB
XML
2227 lines
461 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4e1afe42-af9b-4295-b0c5-83376f9183ea" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534487" checkinTime="1632837969227" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Mather, Ellen K., Lee, Michael S. Y., Camens, Aaron B. & Worthy, Trevor H." docDate="2021" docId="D14B87DD0006FF90FFB5FCD9FA73FACE" docLanguage="en" docName="HistBiol.34.7.1175-1207.pdf" docOrigin="Historical Biology 34 (7)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777" docTitle="Archaehierax sylvestris Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="2D72FFA50001FF86FFC5FFF6FFB9FF97" masterDocTitle="An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia" masterLastPageNumber="1207" masterPageNumber="1175" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1665098898414" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mather, Ellen K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lee, Michael S. Y.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Camens, Aaron B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Worthy, Trevor H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Historical Biology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-09-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>34</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1175</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1207</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/08912963.2021.1966777</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">4e1afe42-af9b-4295-b0c5-83376f9183ea</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534416" ID-GBIF-Taxon="188519143" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534416" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:092140CA-E937-43B3-B3F1-7127C97094F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D14B87DD0006FF90FFB5FCD9FA73FACE" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[112,797,815,927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[112,719,815,838]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
Archaehierax sylvestris
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[369,719,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
gen. et
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[112,195,844,867]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[202,349,844,867]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[112,797,815,927]" box="[202,349,844,867]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[202,349,844,867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[210,342,844,867]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStart-3="Figure 6" captionStart-4="Figure 7" captionStart-5="Figure 8" captionStart-6="Figure 9" captionStart-7="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionStartId-1="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionStartId-2="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionStartId-3="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-4="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-5="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-6="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionStartId-7="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox-0="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetBox-1="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetBox-2="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetBox-3="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetBox-4="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetBox-5="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetBox-6="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetBox-7="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId-0="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetId-1="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetId-2="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetId-3="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-4="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-5="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-6="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetId-7="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="17" captionTargetPageId-6="19" captionTargetPageId-7="21" captionText-0="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-1="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-2="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-3="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-4="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-5="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-6="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-7="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figures 3-10</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,797,815,927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
http://zoobank.org/
|
||
<uri pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
|
||
<uuid pageId="7" pageNumber="7">092140CA-E93743B3-B3F1-7127C97094F4</uuid>
|
||
</uri>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3358837301" collectionCode="SAMA" latitude="-31.124983" location="Frome Downs Station" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="140.21259" municipality="Lake Pinpa" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="P.54998" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,798,975,1703]" box="[112,209,975,998]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,209,975,998]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,209,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[112,209,975,998]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,798,975,1703]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[112,182,1005,1028]" collectionName="Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, South Australian Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SAMA</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[190,274,1005,1028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">P.54998</specimenCode>
|
||
, 63 elements and associated fragments of a single skeleton (see
|
||
<figureCitation box="[250,335,1034,1057]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[112,167,1103,1123]" captionTargetBox="[152,754,146,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-608@4.[152,757,143,1074]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Exemplar accipitriform skeleton, Pandion haliaetus cristatus, derived from an illustration in Eyton (1867), showing the bones preserved in the fossil accipitrid specimen SAMA P.54998 shaded in grey. The illustrated taxon and fossil material are not identical in terms of the morphology of individual elements." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534491/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,798,975,1703]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Fragments of mandible; rostral majority of rostrum; R pterygoid; L quadratojugal; L quadrate; ceratohyal; atlas vertebra; axis vertebra; partial cervical vertebra #3; caudal vertebrae x3 (position in tail indeterminate); cranial part sternum; LR scapulae; cranial and sternal parts LR coracoids; proximal LR humeri; Land distal R ulna; Land distal R radius; L carpometacarpus; LR os carpi ulnare; Los carpi radiale; Rmanual phalanges, proximal fragment MI.1, proximal fragment MII.1 and MII.2; Lmanual phalanges MI.1, MII.2 with distal end eroded, and MIII.1; LR proximal femur fragments; Rtibiotarsus reconstructed in two parts; L tibiotarsus; fragmented LR fibulae; LR tarsometatarsi; LR ossa metatarsalia; pedal phalanges: RI.1, RII.1, RII.2, RIII.1, RIII.2, RIII.3 (partial), RIII.4, LI.1, LI.2 (fragmented), LII.1, LII.2, LIII.1, LIII.2, LIII.3 (partial), LIII.4, LIV.1, LIV.2, LIV.3, LIV.4, LIV.5. The skeleton was found eroding out on the surface with surviving elements recovered in a semi-articulated state from within dolomitic clays (equivalent to layer 5 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thorn KM & Hutchinson MN & Lee MSY & Brown NJ & Camens AB & Worthy TH" box="[489,669,1533,1556]" journalOrPublisher="Roy Soc Open Sci." pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="201686" part="8" refId="ref32969" refString="Thorn KM, Hutchinson MN, Lee MSY, Brown NJ, Camens AB, Worthy TH. 2021. A new species of Proegernia from the Namba Formation in South Australia and the early evolution and environment of Australian egerniine skinks. Roy Soc Open Sci. 8: 201686. doi: 10.1098 / rsos. 201686." title="A new species of Proegernia from the Namba Formation in South Australia and the early evolution and environment of Australian egerniine skinks" type="journal article" year="2021">Thorn et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with most large elements fractured into many roughly articulated pieces, presumably by expansion and contraction associated with the wetting and drying of the clays. The fragments for each element were, where possible, separated, cleaned and reassembled by THW.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,374,1751,1804]" box="[112,333,1751,1774]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,333,1751,1774]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,333,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Measurements (mm)</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,374,1751,1804]" box="[112,374,1781,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">See Appendix 1 Table S1.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,797,1853,1964]" box="[112,225,1853,1876]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,225,1853,1876]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,225,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[112,797,1853,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">The species name ‘sylvestris’ is derived fromthe Greek world ‘sylvas’, meaning forest, and the Latin suffix ‘-estris’, meaning ‘belonging to’.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1202,143,196]" box="[829,1202,143,166]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[829,1202,143,166]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,1202,143,166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[829,880,143,166]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality/Stratigraphy and age
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1202,143,196]" box="[829,969,173,196]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">As per genus.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[829,965,239,291]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,965,239,291]" box="[829,934,239,262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[829,934,239,262]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,934,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,965,239,291]" box="[829,965,268,291]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">As for genus.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,960,334,357]" box="[829,960,334,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[829,960,334,357]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,960,334,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Descriptions</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[992,1351,364,387]" box="[992,1351,364,387]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1180,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Rostrum maxillare</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1194,1282,364,387]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
(A, B)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1514,408,1399]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">The rostral section of the rostrum maxillare is preserved in reasonably good condition. Morphology of its rostral tip, tomial margin, rostral marginof the nares, and the palatines is visible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1514,408,1399]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The rostrum has a preserved length of
|
||
<quantity box="[1256,1345,496,519]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.26" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="32.6">32.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the rostral tip to the posterior base of the nares, and a preserved depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[829,919,555,578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="17.3">17.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the tomial margin to the dorsal side of the rostrum taken at the rostral end of the nares.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1204,1295,584,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
The rostral tip of the rostrum is hooked, descending below the tomial margin at a 30–40° angle.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[898,928,643,666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The lateral tomial margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1228,1333,643,666]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
: CT), positioned distal to the nares, is ventrally convex.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1267,1298,672,695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The nasal aperture (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,941,701,724]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
: N) is large (height
|
||
<quantity box="[1152,1233,701,724]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and fully open as in most accipitrids, spanning just over half the rostrum depth.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1461,731,754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The ossified section rostral to the incisura ventromedialis is of small to moderate size (
|
||
<quantity box="[995,1092,790,813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
preserved length) relative to the total length of the rostrum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1063,1094,819,842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
In ventral aspect, an incisura ventromedialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[903,1007,848,871]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
: IV) (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Livezey BC & Zusi RL" box="[1148,1391,848,871]" journalOrPublisher="Zool J Linn Soc-Lond." pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 95" part="149" refId="ref30899" refString="Livezey BC, Zusi RL. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: neornithines) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zool J Linn Soc-Lond. 149: 1 - 95." title="Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: neornithines) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion" type="journal article" year="2007">Livezey and Zusi 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is present (sediment filled) extending from where damage destroys it rostrally to the preserved caudal end of the palate; it is narrow and widens caudally, rather than being closed forming a fenestra. The pars maxillaris palatini (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1027,1125,966,989]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
: PM) are unfused and diverge slightly caudally, the left being least fragmented although it has broken fromthe adjacent lateral margin creating a false incision. Asmall fragment of bone preserved between the pars maxillaris palatini is interpreted as a displaced fragment of the processus maxillopalatinus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[880,911,1112,1135]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
Damage precludes ascertaining the presence/form of the fenestra ventrolaterale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1514,408,1399]" box="[861,1323,1171,1194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Other accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1514,408,1399]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,952,1200,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
Compared to the fossil, the tip of the rostrum is much more sharply hooked ventrally in most subfamilies. Only members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[859,949,1259,1282]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Perninae (except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[1148,1409,1258,1282]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Chondrohierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uncinatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1409,1258,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Chondrohierax uncinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is sharper),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[931,1049,1288,1311]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[1115,1230,1288,1311]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar or shallower angled tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[829,1514,408,1399]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The rostrum maxillare is overall most similarto that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[829,945,1376,1399]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[1039,1303,1457,1480]" box="[1039,1303,1457,1480]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading box="[1039,1303,1457,1480]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1039,1136,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Quadrate</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1150,1238,1457,1480]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
(C, D))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[828,1514,1501,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">The left quadrate has considerable breakage affecting the lateral side ventrally, the medial side of the processus oticus, and loss of the processus orbitalis. Preservation of morphological detail isbest medially. On the processus oticus, only about half of the capitulum squamosum is preserved and the dorsal half of the crista medialis is lost. Of the processus orbitalis, only the well-preserved base remains. Both thecondylus pterygoideus and medialisare intact, butthe entire condylus lateralis and caudal half of the condylus caudalis are lost.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[828,1514,1501,1964]" lastBlockId="9.[112,798,143,958]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,956,1736,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus oticus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1204,1310,1736,1759]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
: POt) is short and broad leading up to the capitulum squamosum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1325,1355,1765,1788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The capitulum squamosum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[970,1075,1795,1818]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
: CS), as preserved is relatively small, and has a tuberculum subcapitulare forming a distinct hook projecting ventrally on its cranial margin.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1207,1237,1853,1876]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus orbitalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,942,1883,1906]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
: POr) is dorsomedially oriented.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1299,1330,1883,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus is set entirely in the ventral half of the quadrate, creating a gentle, shallow sloping arc between the base of the processus and the capitulum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[227,257,1904,1927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
Alarge and deep foramen pneumaticum basiorbitale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,222,1933,1956]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
: FPB) is present between the processus orbitalis and the condylus pterygoideus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[357,388,1962,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
Breakage prohibits assessing the status of the foramen rostromediale.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[429,460,1991,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral section of the crista medialis is preserved and is quite broad and flat with no projecting ridge.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[892,922,1933,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
A thin, distinct sulcusruns along the ventral margin of the crista to connect to the foramen pneumaticum caudomediale.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1513,1962,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
A distinct, deep foramen pneumaticum caudomediale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1405,1508,1991,2014]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
: FPC) is present just medial of the ventral-most point of the crista medialis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[212,256,173,196]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The condylus pterygoideus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[563,669,173,196]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
: CP) is distinct, high-set and well separated from the condylus medialis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[753,797,202,225]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The condylus medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[359,461,231,254]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
: CM) is well preserved, showing a large (4.0 mm wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[389,471,261,284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep), semi-ovular facet, with a pointed medial margin that extends further medially than the condylus pterygoideus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[358,401,319,342]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
The portion of the condylus caudalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,223,349,372]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
: CC) preserved indicates a facet of a similar size to the condylus medialis, with a semicircular shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" startId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" targetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[112,1515,1698,1838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,189,1698,1718]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[195,376,1698,1718]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[195,376,1698,1718]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[112,798,143,958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Other accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows (variable characters excluded):</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[112,798,143,958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,247,466,489]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(Trait 8)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus running along the ventral crista is broad and indistinct in all other taxa except in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[113,184,525,548]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Milvus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,184,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Milvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haliaeetinae)" baseAuthorityName="Haliaeetinae" box="[248,523,525,548]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,359,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Haliaeetus</emphasis>
|
||
(Haliaeetinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where it is narrow and indistinct.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[231,262,554,577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa caudomediale is practically absent in the subfamilies
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1849" box="[298,419,583,606]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Circaetinae">Circaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[490,611,583,606]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the species in
|
||
<emphasis box="[250,532,612,636]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1845" box="[250,374,612,635]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Hamirostra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hamirostra</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1847" box="[400,532,613,636]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Lophoictinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lophoictinia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Perninae),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[694,797,613,636]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Neophron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,797,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Neophron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[120,246,642,665]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haliaeetinae)" baseAuthorityName="Haliaeetinae" box="[349,639,642,665]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[349,460,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Haliaeetus</emphasis>
|
||
(Haliaeetinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; shallow in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[113,217,671,694]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,797,671,694]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1818" box="[495,598,671,694]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Elanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1843" box="[639,797,671,694]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Chondrohierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chondrohierax</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Perninae),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1829" box="[249,382,701,724]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Polyboroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[249,382,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Polyboroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1836" box="[457,578,701,724]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gypohierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,578,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Gypohierax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[603,729,701,724]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and deep in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[217,311,730,753]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[332,463,730,753]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[536,659,730,753]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as species in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[238,303,758,781]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pernis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[238,303,758,781]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Pernis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Perninae). The depressio was indistinctly shaped (i.e. a gradually deepened area rather than a defined pit) in all species, and apneumatic in all species except in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[113,178,846,869]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pernis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,178,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Pernis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliaeetinae" box="[238,349,847,870]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[238,349,847,870]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Haliaeetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[112,798,143,958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The quadrate is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[159,278,906,929]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[336,573,1008,1031]" box="[336,573,1008,1031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading box="[336,573,1008,1031]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[336,435,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Vertebrae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,565,1008,1031]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 3E
|
||
<emphasis box="[549,557,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">-</emphasis>
|
||
J
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[112,798,1053,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The atlas vertebra of SAMA P.54998 is
|
||
<quantity box="[599,698,1053,1076]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="10.7">10.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[113,209,1082,1105]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="10.7">10.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
high (from the proximal margin of arcus atlantis to the distal margin of fossa condyloidea).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[574,674,1112,1135]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
The arcus atlantis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[213,327,1141,1164]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
: Arc. At.) forms a low, flat arch, which dorsally has a maximum proximodistal width of
|
||
<quantity box="[645,727,1170,1193]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
at the centre, overhanging the fossa condyloidea cranially.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[711,742,1200,1223]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura fossae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[292,403,1229,1252]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
: IF) is shallow and broad, forming a semicircular shape in cranial aspect.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[541,572,1258,1281]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa condyloidea (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[168,278,1288,1311]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
: FC) is
|
||
<quantity box="[370,453,1288,1311]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[559,642,1288,1311]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[715,746,1288,1311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsolateral eminences of the fossa condyloidea are small.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[766,797,1317,1340]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral margin of the fossa forms a rounded point in cranial aspect and is prominent cranially in lateral aspect.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,144,1405,1428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The zygopophyses caudales are badly worn and difficult to assess, but what is preserved indicates they were distinct and caudally projected from the rest of the arcus atlantis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[766,797,1464,1487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisurae caudales arcus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[453,560,1493,1516]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
: IAC) are very shallow.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,205,1522,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis axialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[570,682,1522,1545]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAA) is
|
||
<quantity box="[113,197,1552,1575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[471,555,1552,1575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[631,662,1552,1575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The rest of the distal corpus atlantis is worn away and cannot be assessed, but what is present suggests that few additional structures were present, and that there was some asymmetry in the shape of the lateral fossa condyloidea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[112,798,1053,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The axis vertebra is quite fragmented, with most of the neural spine, facies articularis atlantica, dens, facies articularis caudalis, processus ventralis and the area of incisurae caudales arcus broken away. Its width is
|
||
<quantity box="[470,566,1786,1809]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="12.7">12.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
across the processus articulares caudales and mid-line length of the corpus vertebra is
|
||
<quantity box="[141,211,1845,1868]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The facies articularis on zygopophyses caudales are
|
||
<quantity box="[112,197,1874,1897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[307,436,1874,1897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9499999999999997" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.9499999999999997" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="3.8">3.8–4.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[512,556,1874,1897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
Ashort but caudally prominent projection is present dorsal to each facet (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[683,791,1904,1927]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
: FA), measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[289,398,1933,1956]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[516,560,1933,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
There is no evidence of a bridge enclosing the incisurae caudales arcus (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 3F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
: PAC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[829,1513,143,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">The three known caudal vertebrae are too broken to identify their position in the caudal series.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[829,1513,143,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The vertebrae are overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[880,971,231,254]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1032,1310,348,371]" box="[1032,1310,348,371]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading box="[1032,1310,348,371]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1032,1119,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Sternum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1133,1221,348,371]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
(A, B, C))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[828,1514,392,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">The cranial section of the sternum of SAMA P.54998 is preserved, retaining the structure of the spina externa, pila carinae, crista medialis carinae, apex carinae, the left sulcus articularis coracoideus, and the left labrum internum. It is characterised by:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[828,1514,392,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,954,509,532]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
Aspina interna is absent; a small notch exists in its place.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[894,924,539,562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The spina externa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1135,1235,539,562]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
: SE) is
|
||
<quantity box="[1317,1397,539,562]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at its base,
|
||
<quantity box="[884,961,568,591]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at its blunt tip and
|
||
<quantity box="[1217,1294,568,591]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. In cranial view, the spina externa is triangular as a medial crista forming a lobe projecting
|
||
<quantity box="[936,1012,627,650]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
ventrally. The base of the spina externa is broader than the apex carinae (4.0 mm).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1187,1217,656,679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The crista medialis carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,937,685,708]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
: CMC) is short, extending dorsally from the apex carinae to mid-height of the pila carinae with a low profile in lateral view. More dorsad, the pila carinae is smooth to the base of the spina externa.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,947,774,797]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The pila carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1139,1241,774,797]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
: PC) is robust for its size, measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[939,1016,803,826]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
at mid-depth. It is
|
||
<quantity box="[1207,1295,803,826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="23.3">23.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long from the ventral margin of the carina sterni to where the pila carinae meets the spina externa.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,947,862,885]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The apex carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1150,1253,862,885]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
: AC) at 4.0 mm wide, is noticeably expanded from the width of the pila carinae immediately dorsal to it (3.0).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1008,1038,920,943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The apex carinae is rounded, with no hooked projection extending cranially.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1163,1193,950,973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The maximum carina depth below the sternal basin is roughly equivalent to basin depth below the costal margin, typical of most accipitrids except for certain vulture species (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[987,1105,1038,1061]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1120,1150,1038,1061]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The apex carinae is set well caudally [assuming the junction of the carina with the pars cardiaca is aligned horizontally] from the base of the spina externa.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1339,1369,1096,1119]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
There are no small, dispersed pneumatic foramina present dorsally in the body of the sternum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[973,1016,1155,1178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The small part of the carina sterni preserved narrows caudally from the pila carinae.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1238,1281,1184,1207]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The left sulcus articularis coracoideus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1016,1116,1214,1237]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
: SAC) is
|
||
<quantity box="[1219,1298,1214,1237]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
dorsoventrally deep, and extends to the midline of the sternum, directly dorsal to the spina externa, where it does not overlap the right sulcus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1423,1465,1272,1295]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
The left labrum internum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1055,1156,1301,1324]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
: LI) is maximally
|
||
<quantity box="[1338,1415,1301,1324]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep and
|
||
<quantity box="[828,911,1331,1354]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in dorsal view as preserved.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1296,1338,1331,1354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
Apila medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,939,1360,1383]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
: PM),
|
||
<quantity box="[1013,1093,1360,1383]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, on the dorsal face of the sternum separates two deep, pneumatic fossae in the pars cardiaca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[828,1514,392,1810]" box="[861,1329,1419,1442]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[828,1514,392,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,890,1454,1477]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The crista medialis extends to the base of the spina externa in membersof allsubfamilies except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[1158,1271,1483,1506]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1278,1308,1483,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
Theapex carinaelies directly ventral to the base of the spina externa, or projects more craniad, in species in all subfamilies except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[1350,1461,1542,1565]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[828,941,1571,1594]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[950,992,1571,1594]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulci articularis coracoidei overlap in all species except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[944,1173,1599,1622]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gampsonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swainsonii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,1173,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Gampsonyx swainsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1191,1279,1600,1623]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="MNH S." box="[1347,1512,1599,1623]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Sarcogyps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1347,1512,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Sarcogyps calvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[835,951,1630,1653]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[971,1013,1630,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
No species in any subfamily has a distinct pila medialis separating pneumatic fossae in the pars cardiaca, which is thus an autapomorphy suggesting subfamilial distinction for the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[828,1514,392,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The sternum is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[829,943,1787,1810]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1019,1322,1888,1911]" box="[1019,1322,1888,1911]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading box="[1019,1322,1888,1911]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1019,1111,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Coracoid</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1214,1888,1911]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
(F, G, H, I))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[829,1514,1933,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">The well-preserved left and right omal ends and fragments of both sternal ends of the coracoids of SAMA P.54998 were recovered. They reveal the following:</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" startId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" targetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[112,1515,1684,1824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,188,1684,1704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[193,373,1684,1704]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[193,373,1684,1704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid indorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[112,797,1933,2014]" lastBlockId="11.[112,798,143,1252]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,235,1933,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
Aforamen nervi supracoracoidei (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[594,696,1933,1956]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Figure 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
: FoNS) is present and located adjacent to the shaft rather than near the medial margin of the processus procoracoideus;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[536,566,1991,2014]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The foramen lacks an opening into the corpus; and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1166,1933,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
it is small, about
|
||
<quantity box="[1352,1413,1933,1956]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, and positioned just sternal of the cotyla scapularis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1393,1423,1962,1985]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
Alarge (
|
||
<quantity box="[836,919,1991,2014]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) pneumatic foramen is present in the sulcus m. supracoracoidei (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[388,485,143,166]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
: SMS). The width of the sulcus is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[298,392,173,196]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
fromthe ventrosternal corner of the facies articularis clavicularis to the facies articularis humeralis, and
|
||
<quantity box="[159,252,231,254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="12.8">12.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the medial margin to the laterodorsal margin immediately cranial to the cotyla scapularis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[577,608,261,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis clavicularis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[293,392,290,313]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAC) is large, broad, and clearly delineated sternally by a crista that dorsally overhangs the aforementioned foramen, and ventrally is a low non-overhanging crista. The sternal margin of this facet is straight with no notch nor dorsal or ventral projections directed sternally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[639,669,407,430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The cotyla scapularis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[229,332,437,460]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
: CtS), preserved on the right omal fragment, is deep and large (
|
||
<quantity box="[300,380,466,489]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[475,554,466,489]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) in relation to the processus procoracoideus and triangular shaped.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[645,676,495,518]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis humeralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[355,466,525,548]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAH) is
|
||
<quantity box="[593,679,525,548]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity box="[112,215,554,577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="12.8">12.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[305,335,554,577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,227,583,606]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
: ILA), best seen on the left specimen, forms a distinct sulcus ~
|
||
<quantity box="[197,260,613,636]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[360,452,613,636]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.81" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="18.1">18.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long on the processus acrocoracoideus, although this may be exaggerated by damage to the fossil.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,142,671,694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus procoracoideus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[493,591,671,694]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
: P. Procor.) forms a short projection medially, barely as long again as the cotyla scapularis width, with its tip sharply angling ventrally towards the medial face to partly enclose the triosseal canal.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[648,692,759,782]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The best preserved sternal-end fragment shows that the angulus medialis is acute, forming a 30–45° angle.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[441,484,818,841]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The medial side of the facies articularis sternalis is
|
||
<quantity box="[355,439,847,870]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at its broadest point, and shallow, with little deepening towards the dorsal margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,798,143,1252]" box="[144,613,906,929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,798,143,1252]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,235,935,958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(Trait 5)</emphasis>
|
||
The sternal margin of the facies articularis clavicularis does not form a crest overhanging the sulcus supracoracoideus in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[112,200,994,1017]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Perninae (except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[400,658,993,1017]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Chondrohierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uncinatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[400,658,993,1017]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Chondrohierax uncinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[683,796,994,1017]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[193,379,1023,1046]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Polyboroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[193,379,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Polyboroides
|
||
<typeStatus box="[327,379,1023,1046]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">typus</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[403,517,1023,1046]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Haliaeetinae,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[668,793,1023,1046]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[157,273,1053,1076]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[283,313,1053,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis is shallow in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[179,267,1082,1105]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Perninae,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[376,491,1082,1105]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[500,625,1082,1105]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[677,793,1082,1105]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,142,1111,1134]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
In all subfamilies, the processus procoracoideus does not, or barely, angles ventrally towards the medial face.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,798,143,1252]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The coracoid is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[112,229,1199,1222]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[237,362,1199,1222]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[412,528,1199,1222]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[335,574,1302,1325]" box="[335,574,1302,1325]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading box="[335,574,1302,1325]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,416,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Scapula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[430,519,1302,1325]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
(D,E))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,798,1346,1927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Both the left and right scapulae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[490,720,1346,1369]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,720,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. are almost complete, lacking only the distal third or less of the corpus scapulae. In total, the preserved craniocaudal length of the scapulae is
|
||
<quantity box="[268,358,1434,1457]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.68" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="56.8">56.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(left) and
|
||
<quantity box="[468,558,1434,1457]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.33" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="53.3">53.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(right).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,798,1346,1927]" lastBlockId="11.[829,1514,143,518]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The proximal dorsoventral width of the scapula is
|
||
<quantity box="[651,740,1463,1486]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="14.4">14.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the acromion to the ventral side of the facies articularis humeralis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,143,1522,1545]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
The tuberculum coracoideum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[467,566,1522,1545]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
: TC) is low and barely cranially prominent dorsal of the facies articularis humeralis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[766,796,1551,1574]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The acromion (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[290,401,1581,1604]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
: Ac) has a distinct cranio-laterally oriented crista lig. acrocoracoacromiali dorsally, and a robust rounded medial prominence.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[416,446,1640,1663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
There are no pneumatic foramina or fossae present in the acromion cranially,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[556,587,1669,1692]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
nor on the lateral or medial facies between the acromion and the facies articularis humeralis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[229,259,1728,1751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis humeralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[616,722,1728,1751]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAH) is quite large and broad, measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[516,599,1757,1780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
dorsoventrally by
|
||
<quantity box="[112,202,1786,1809]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
craniocaudally on the left specimen;
|
||
<quantity box="[588,666,1786,1809]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity box="[706,796,1786,1809]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.4">10.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
on the right.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[246,276,1816,1839]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The acromion barely projects proximally/cranially of the tuberculum coracoideum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[452,482,1845,1868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
Minimum dorsoventral depth of the collum scapulae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[361,461,1874,1897]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
: ColS) is
|
||
<quantity box="[563,645,1874,1897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[656,687,1874,1897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
While the extremitas caudalis is broken off, the corpus scapulae is elongate and moderately narrow,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1081,1112,143,166]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
but it greatly increases in depth caudal to the margo dorsalis ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1117,1220,173,196]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
: MD), attaining a maximum dorsoventral depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[1062,1144,202,225]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1156,1199,202,225]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The lateral face dorsal to and immediately posterior to the facies articularis humeralis is flat.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1470,1513,231,254]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The ligamental attachment on the margo dorsalis has a very small prominence and is not elevated dorsally above the rest of the margo dorsalis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,143,518]" box="[861,1329,349,372]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,143,518]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,952,378,401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(Trait 6)</emphasis>
|
||
The acromion strongly projects cranially in all species except in pernines (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[1056,1324,406,430]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Chondrohierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uncinatus">Chondrohierax uncinatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[1344,1509,406,429]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pernis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apivorus">Pernis apivorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ANWC" box="[829,1025,437,460]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aviceda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subcristata">Aviceda subcristata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ANWC" box="[1092,1319,436,459]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Ictinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mississippiensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1092,1319,436,459]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Ictinia mississippiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1333,1455,437,460]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,143,518]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The scapula is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1425,1513,466,489]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[1068,1274,568,591]" box="[1068,1274,568,591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading box="[1068,1274,568,591]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1068,1160,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Humerus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1174,1262,568,591]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,613,958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The humeri are poorly preserved in SAMA P.54998. Only the caput humeri, crus dorsale fossae, fossa pneumotricipitalis, and the incisura capitis of the proximal end of the right humerus is preserved. The left humerus is more complete, preserving about
|
||
<quantity box="[1447,1513,701,724]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="60.0">60mm</quantity>
|
||
of proximodistal length of the proximal end including the caput humeri, crus dorsale fossae, fossa pneumotricipitalis, incisura capitis, sulcus lig. transversus, facies bicipitalis, crista deltopectoralis, and some of the proximal shaft. However, there is also significant breakage and fracturing of the bone surface in this specimen, which has resulted in the loss of the tuberculum dorsale, the ventral marginof the crista bicipitalis, tuberculum ventrale, and sulcus n. coracobrachialis. These specimens reveal the following:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,994,1927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,891,994,1017]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura capitis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1116,1220,994,1017]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
: IC), as best observed in the left humerus, is shallow and lacks secondary deepening.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1445,1023,1046]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
There is no visible ligamental scar in the distal incisura capitis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1434,1464,1053,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The caput humeri (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[985,1089,1082,1105]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1103,1141,1082,1105]" name="Switzerland" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">CH</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is quite flattened, projecting proximal to the incisura capitis only a few millimetres.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1373,1404,1111,1134]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa pneumotricipitalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1036,1142,1141,1164]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FP) was large and deep, although breakage precludes assessing its former width. The betterpreserved left specimen shows it was minimally
|
||
<quantity box="[1363,1447,1199,1222]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,859,1229,1252]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The crus dorsale fossae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1229,1229,1252]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
: CDF) is broad, measuring 4.0 mm wide, and is caudally convex.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1225,1256,1258,1281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus lig. transversus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[877,980,1287,1310]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
: SLT), best seen in the left humerus, is shallow but well defined, and seems continuous between the ventral and dorsal sections. Ventrally, the sulcus is deep and round, measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[829,910,1375,1398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[1009,1090,1375,1398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long cranial to the incisura capitis. The crista deltopectoralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1066,1170,1405,1428]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionTargetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
: CrD), while quite fractured, is preserved in its entirety in the left specimen. Preserved length is
|
||
<quantity box="[829,921,1463,1486]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.27" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="42.7">42.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the assumed position of the tuberculum dorsale to its distal end.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,1005,1493,1516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The profile of the proximal section of the dorsal margin of the crista between its origin near the tuberculum dorsale and the angulus cristae of the crista deltopectoralis is flat in a ventro-cranial view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1065,1096,1581,1604]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The angulus cristae of the crista deltopectoralis is very prominent and distinctly triangular in dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[890,921,1640,1663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
Distally, the crista deltopectoralis, while fractured, projected mainly cranially (shaft margin visible proximal to the distal point of crista).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,994,1927]" box="[861,1329,1728,1751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[829,1514,994,1927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,958,1757,1780]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
In all subfamilies except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[1248,1362,1757,1780]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Latham" baseAuthorityYear="1790" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spilornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheela">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Spilornis cheela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1849" box="[927,1045,1786,1809]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Circaetinae">Circaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, species have a deep incisura capitis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1465,1786,1809]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The caput humeri is more elevated proximal to the incisura capitis and tuberculum ventrale, ranging from a moderate (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1315,1407,1845,1868]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to a large proximal projection (all other subfamilies) so a low flattened caput is identified as an autapomorphy of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" startId="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" targetBox="[301,1324,143,1555]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[112,1514,1585,1653]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,188,1585,1605]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Proximal humerus fragments of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[457,636,1585,1605]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,636,1585,1605]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[112,797,1757,1839]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The proximal humerus is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[143,233,1786,1809]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[248,365,1786,1809]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[378,480,1786,1809]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Haliaeetinae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[680,796,1786,1809]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[334,574,1888,1911]" box="[334,574,1888,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading box="[334,574,1888,1911]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,382,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Ulna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[397,484,1888,1911]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
(C, D, E))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[112,797,1933,2015]" lastBlockId="12.[829,1514,1757,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">SAMA P.54998 preserves a near-complete left ulna, reassembled from fragments, that is only missing the olecranon, parts of the ventral margin of the cotyla ventralis contiguous with the olecranon, and the caudodorsal margin of the cotyla dorsalis. The distal right ulna is also preserved with the condyles mostly intact, with only the ventrocaudal margin of the condylus dorsalis and condylus ventralis worn away. They reveal the following features:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[829,1514,1757,2014]" lastBlockId="14.[112,798,143,1134]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,891,1874,1897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
The ulna is largely straight in dorsal and ventral view, with only very slight caudal curvature towards the proximal and distal ends. The processus cotylaris dorsalis projects distally of the cotyla ventralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[930,1028,1962,1985]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figure 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
: PCD), is
|
||
<quantity box="[1131,1208,1962,1985]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1318,1348,1962,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
is quadrangular in shape with a flattened dorsal tip between parallel equal-length proximodorsal and distoventral sides.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[509,539,1816,1839]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The cotylae are shallow, separating by a moderately proximally protruding crista intercotylaris (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[171,275,1874,1897]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figure 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
: CrI). Breakage precludes assessing if a pneumatic fossa or foramen was present caudal of the cotylaris dorsalis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[766,796,1904,1927]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The impressio scapulotricipitis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[443,542,1933,1956]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figure 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
: IST) is shallow.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[719,750,1933,1956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura radialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[287,390,1962,1985]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figure 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
: IR), defined by the margin of the cotyla ventralis proximoventrally, the tuberculum cranialis distally, and a ridge descendingventrodistally fromthe base of the processus cotylaris dorsalis dorsally, is shallow.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1240,1270,1845,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
Distal to the incisura radialis two tubercula are present, one on the cranial face is large and round (
|
||
<quantity box="[957,1040,1904,1927]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) and distinctly projects from the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,980,1933,1956]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figure 6D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
: T), the other smaller (
|
||
<quantity box="[1238,1322,1933,1956]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) and flatter positioned adjacent to it on the ventral face.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1321,1352,1962,1985]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The impressio brachialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[946,1052,1992,2015]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: IB) is shallow, with the base flat and not depressed relative to the shaft and is
|
||
<quantity box="[496,569,143,166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long proximodistally. The midshaft of the left specimen is
|
||
<quantity box="[482,560,173,196]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
craniocaudally wide in dorsal aspect.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[258,288,202,225]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The papillae remigales caudales form low, barely prominent scars, which is typical of most accipitrids. The distal end of the ulna measures
|
||
<quantity box="[329,418,261,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="12.9">12.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (left) and
|
||
<quantity box="[579,669,261,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="12.2">12.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (right) between the cranial point of the tuberculum carpale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[686,791,290,313]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: TCr) and the caudal margin of the condylus dorsalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[687,791,319,342]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: CD) in ventral aspect.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[361,391,349,372]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The tuberculum carpale is short and blunt, or rounded, in dorsal and ventral view,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[688,732,378,401]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
with a flattened facet directed ventrodistally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,566,407,430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura tuberculum carpale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[248,350,437,460]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: ITC) forms a distinct notch separating the tuberculum carpale and condylus ventralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[572,675,466,489]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: CV) when viewed in dorsal aspect. The condylus dorsalis (left specimen) is
|
||
<quantity box="[112,205,525,548]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long proximodistally along its caudal margin in ventral aspect, and
|
||
<quantity box="[237,318,554,577]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep fromthe caudal margin to the incisura tendinosa, in caudodorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[462,505,583,606]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal marginof the condylus dorsalis forms a continuous curve in the proximal half, best visible in either craniodorsal or caudodorsal view, interrupted only by a small notch for the incisura tendinosa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[641,742,671,694]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
: IT).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,155,701,724]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura tendinosa lies between the condylus dorsalis and the condylus ventralis (dorsal aspect), though it does not quite separate the two proximodistally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[496,539,759,782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(14)</emphasis>
|
||
The depressio radialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,224,789,812]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: DR) is shallow and not pneumatized.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[634,678,789,812]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(15)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus intercondylaris (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[284,388,818,841]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
: SI) forms a relatively deep v-shape in ventral aspect.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[269,312,847,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(16)</emphasis>
|
||
The condylus ventralis distinctly projects distocranially, and measures
|
||
<quantity box="[399,484,877,900]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (in ventral aspect) by
|
||
<quantity box="[112,202,906,929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="11.2">11.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep (in cranial aspect).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" startId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" targetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[112,1515,1620,1736]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,189,1620,1640]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[195,375,1620,1640]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[195,375,1620,1640]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,143,1134]" box="[144,613,935,958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,143,1134]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,242,965,988]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal shaft is notably curved cranially in elanines, most pernines (except
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ANWC" box="[454,656,994,1017]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aviceda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subcristata">Aviceda subcristata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV B" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Lophoictinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isura">Lophoictinia isura</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[215,488,1023,1046]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Hamirostra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanosternon">
|
||
<emphasis box="[215,488,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Hamirostra melanosternon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and buteonines (except species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[184,248,1052,1075]" class="Globothalamea" family="Ammosphaeroidinidae" genus="Circus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,248,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Circus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,143,1134]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The ulna is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1849" box="[681,797,1082,1105]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Circaetinae">Circaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[338,570,1184,1207]" box="[338,570,1184,1207]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading box="[338,570,1184,1207]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[338,406,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Radius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[420,508,1184,1207]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
(A, B))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,1229,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">In SAMA P.54998, the left radius is complete, preserving most features of the proximal (cotyla humeralis slightly worn ventrocaudally) and distal ends.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,1229,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The cotyla humeralis is large, measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[581,662,1317,1340]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep dorsoventrally, and
|
||
<quantity box="[259,338,1346,1369]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. It shows the following:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,1229,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Atuberculum bicipitale radiale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[502,610,1376,1399]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[628,677,1376,1399]" country="Russia" name="Tver'" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">TBR</collectingRegion>
|
||
) is located
|
||
<quantity box="[112,194,1405,1428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
distal of the facies articularis ulnaris on the dorsal face. The tuberculum has
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[354,385,1434,1457]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
a large, deep, non-pneumatic fossa (
|
||
<quantity box="[119,205,1464,1487]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[311,395,1464,1487]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
proximodistal length) on it, and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[766,797,1464,1487]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
has a distinct profile in cranial view as a low, quadrangular ridge.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,143,1522,1545]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus tendineus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[395,498,1522,1545]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
: ST) is very shallow, barely differentiated from the corpus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[450,481,1552,1575]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[215,317,1581,1604]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
: TAV) projects ventrally at approximately 60– 70°, and its tip is rounded.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[400,431,1610,1633]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis radiocarpalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,226,1640,1663]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAR) is quite flat in dorsal view, but slightly curves out distally from the tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis to the opposite margin.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[298,329,1698,1721]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The depressio ligamentosa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[635,740,1698,1721]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
: DL) on the ventral face of the distal end is deep but lacks pneumatism.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,143,1757,1780]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis ulnaris (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[486,578,1757,1780]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
(A, B): FAU) forms a prominent bulb that projects out ventrally, and which has a deep notch on the proximal margin that gives it a doublepeaked appearance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,1229,2015]" box="[144,613,1874,1897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[112,798,1229,2015]" lastBlockId="14.[829,1513,142,342]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,236,1904,1927]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa associated with the tuberculum bicipitalis is shallow in all species except some pernines e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[600,796,1933,1956]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forficatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,796,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Elanoides forficatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(absent) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[245,400,1961,1984]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pernis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apivorus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[245,400,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Pernis apivorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(deep).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[483,513,1962,1985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis projects at a more abrupt angle in all taxa except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[829,991,143,166]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Neophron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percnopterus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,991,143,166]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">N. percnopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[1010,1131,143,166]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1266,1315,142,165]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gyps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1266,1315,142,165]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Gyps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[1333,1453,143,166]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[829,993,172,196]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Hieraaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morphnoides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,993,172,196]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">H. morphnoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV B" box="[1051,1185,173,196]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysaetos">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1051,1185,173,196]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">A. chrysaetos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1202,1308,173,196]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1328,1358,173,196]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The depressio ligamentosa is shallower in Perninae (except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[1366,1498,201,225]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forficatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1366,1498,201,225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">E. forficatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[829,946,231,254]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1849" box="[957,1075,231,254]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Circaetinae">Circaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1085,1187,231,254]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Haliaeetinae, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1383,1502,231,254]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[829,1513,142,342]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The radius is overall most similar to that of species of Haliaeetinae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[1006,1121,290,313]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[993,1348,392,415]" box="[993,1348,392,415]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading box="[993,1348,392,415]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1180,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Os carpale radiale</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1195,1283,392,415]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
(G, H))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[828,1514,437,1164]" box="[861,1448,437,460]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">The left os carpale radiale is complete in SAMA P.54998.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[828,1514,437,1164]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Measurements: proximodistal length
|
||
<quantity box="[1273,1363,466,489]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, dorsoventral width
|
||
<quantity box="[895,987,496,519]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="12.3">12.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and depth
|
||
<quantity box="[1109,1191,496,519]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[828,1514,437,1164]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Ithasthefollowing features, terminologyfrom
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G." box="[1310,1433,525,548]" journalOrPublisher="Zoomorphology." pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="425 - 434" part="133" refId="ref31256" refString="Mayr G. 2014. Comparative morphology of the radial carpal bone of neornithine birds and the phylogenetic significance of character variation. Zoomorphology. 133: 425 - 434. doi: 10.1007 / s 00435 - 014 - 0236 - 5." title="Comparative morphology of the radial carpal bone of neornithine birds and the phylogenetic significance of character variation" type="journal article" year="2014">Mayr (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1440,1470,525,548]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
The distoventralprojection (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1061,1157,554,577]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7G</figureCitation>
|
||
: DVP) issmalland pointed, oriented at an angle between 45° and 60°.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1183,1212,584,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The notch for the musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1099,1198,613,636]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
: NMUMV) is distinct, but shallow.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,906,642,665]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis metacarpalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1262,1363,642,665]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAM) slightly projects distally from the cranial face in cranial view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1341,1370,672,695]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus for the musculus extensor carpi radialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1220,1325,701,724]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
: ECR) is shallow, forming a gentle curve at about a 160° angle between the ventral and dorsal ends.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[952,981,760,783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
A broad, deep fossa covers most of the ventral half of the cranial face (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[992,1092,789,812]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
: CVFos), which is open towards the proximo-ventral corner.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1025,1055,818,841]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
Asecond smaller and deep fossa is present on the dorsal half of the cranial face (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1157,1256,848,871]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
: DVF), and is apneumatic and oriented more craniodorsally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1183,1213,877,900]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis radialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,939,906,929]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7G</figureCitation>
|
||
: FARad) is broad (depth ~
|
||
<quantity box="[1224,1308,906,929]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, dorsoventral width 11.0 mm) and strongly marked on the caudal face.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1361,1391,935,958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal face has a small but deep fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1158,1259,965,988]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7G</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAUF), set in the facies articularis ulnaris (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1013,1111,994,1017]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7G</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAU) close towards the ventral end.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1513,994,1017]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudalmargin of the faciesarticularis metacarpalis formsa convex continuous curve from the ventral margin to the dorsal margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[828,1514,437,1164]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The os carpale radiale is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[943,1035,1111,1134]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1094,1215,1111,1134]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[1004,1337,1214,1237]" box="[1004,1337,1214,1237]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading box="[1004,1337,1214,1237]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1004,1186,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Os carpale ulnare</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1200,1292,1214,1237]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
(I, J))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[829,1514,1258,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Both the right and left os carpale ulnare are complete in SAMA P.54998. Measurements (mm) right/left: dorsoventral width 12.2/11.8, craniocaudal depth (excluding cranial projection) 4.4/4.6, and proximodistal length 9.9/9.2. They show:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[829,1514,1258,2015]" lastBlockId="16.[112,797,143,606]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,892,1376,1399]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
Adistinct projection, roughly in the centre of the cranial face (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[979,1083,1405,1428]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
: CrPro), extends well cranially above the margin of the proximal ligament attachment, and lacks a prominent ridge that makes it contiguous with the proximodorsal corner.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[990,1021,1493,1516]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The rest of the cranial face is roughly equal in cranial height towards the crus breve (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1301,1405,1522,1545]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
: CB) and the crus longus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1011,1110,1552,1575]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
: CrL).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1189,1220,1552,1575]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximodorsal corner of the crus longus is distinctly notched by a deepened apneumatic fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[970,1071,1610,1633]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
: PDF).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1161,1193,1610,1633]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal margin of the cranial face has a distinct ligament attachment point (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[838,945,1669,1692]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
: PLA), projecting slightly proximally above the face and positioned ventrally adjacent to the proximal end of the crus longus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1011,1042,1728,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The crus breve is slightly shorter (
|
||
<quantity box="[1429,1514,1728,1751]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) in the right specimen, than total length (
|
||
<quantity box="[1355,1443,1757,1780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) from the proximal point of the crus longus to the distal margin,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1482,1513,1786,1809]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
and has a flattened, ventral face.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1189,1220,1816,1839]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
On the caudal face, a very low projection is present on the proximal margin immediately adjacent to the ventral crus breve (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1268,1376,1874,1897]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
: PVP).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1482,1514,1874,1897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
A distinct, deep impression is present in the caudal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[838,942,1933,1956]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
: CaD).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1038,1069,1933,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
This depression is separated from the rest of the distal face by a distinct but low crista that extends dorsoventrally across the face from the caudal projection (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,223,1934,1957]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Figure 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
: CCr), connecting to both the crus breve and crus longus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[204,248,1963,1986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura metacarpalis is deep and broadly v-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[948,1053,1934,1957]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Figure 7J</figureCitation>
|
||
: IM), with the peak offset towards the crus breve.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[961,1005,1963,1986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
Avery shallow sulcus is seen running along the proximodistal extent of the caudal face of the crus longus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,222,173,196]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
: CLS),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[309,353,173,196]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
which terminates in a shallow fossa on the distal point of the crus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[429,529,202,225]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
: CLF).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" startId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" targetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[112,1515,1620,1856]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,187,1620,1640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[191,370,1620,1640]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[191,370,1620,1640]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[112,797,143,606]" box="[144,613,231,254]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[112,797,143,606]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,234,261,284]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(Trait 2)</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral cranial face is higher set cranially than the dorsalcranial facein allsubfamiliesexcept
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[524,646,290,313]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[653,683,290,313]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
There isno notchontheproximalendof thecruslongusin allsubfamiliesexceptin the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[228,294,349,372]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[228,294,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Aquila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[311,411,349,372]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haliaeetinae)" baseAuthorityName="Haliaeetinae" box="[432,683,349,372]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[432,534,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Haliaeetus</emphasis>
|
||
(Haliaeetinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[740,796,348,371]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[740,796,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[118,234,378,401]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which have a shallow notch.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[543,573,378,401]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
There is no deepened depression on the caudal face in all subfamilies except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[695,792,407,430]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NMV R" box="[112,306,437,460]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aegypius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[112,306,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Aegypius monachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1931" box="[321,436,437,460]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aegypiinae">Aegypiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[455,577,437,460]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[740,796,436,459]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[740,796,436,459]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[118,235,466,489]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[254,283,466,489]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
There is no raised crista on the caudal face in all subfamilies except in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[422,478,494,517]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[422,478,494,517]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Buteo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[490,607,495,518]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[112,797,143,606]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The os carpale ulnare is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[112,202,554,577]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Perninae,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[322,437,554,577]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[496,596,554,577]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[280,628,664,687]" box="[280,628,664,687]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading box="[280,628,664,687]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,463,664,687]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Carpometacarpus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[478,566,664,687]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
(A, B))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[112,797,708,1934]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">For SAMA P.54998, the left carpometacarpus is almost complete, missing only the cranial section of the facies articularis digitalis majus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[112,797,708,1934]" lastBlockId="16.[829,1514,143,1046]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,175,796,819]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa infratrochlearis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[463,566,796,819]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FI) is deep and lacks pneumatisation.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[283,314,826,849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
Arounded ridge extending from the processus pisiformis to the trochlear rim separates the fossa infratrochlearis from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,203,884,907]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
an extremely deep sulcus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[500,605,884,907]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: SV) between the processus pisiformis and the processus extensorius. This sulcus is elongate and extends from the trochlea carpalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[608,708,943,966]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: TrC) to adjacent to the processus alularis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[481,584,972,995]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: PA).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[656,686,972,995]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa supratrochlearis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[291,389,1002,1025]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: FS), which is caudoventrally positioned on the ventral face of the proximal end, is shallow and lacks pneumatisation.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[286,316,1060,1083]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
There is a shallow sulcus on the ventral face, on the proximal margin at the base of the processus extensorius just distal to the trochlea carpalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[418,518,1119,1142]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: PS).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[577,607,1119,1142]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The fovea carpalis cranialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[217,323,1148,1171]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FCCr) is shallow and apneumatic.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[715,746,1148,1171]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The fovea carpalis caudalis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[375,481,1178,1201]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: FCCd) is very shallow and apneumatic.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[248,278,1207,1230]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral rim of the trochlea carpale projects strongly caudally and distally is short, terminating slightly distal to the level of the processus pisiformis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[481,511,1266,1289]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal margin of the processus extensorius (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[360,467,1295,1318]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: PE) and the trochlea carpale forms an approximately 120° angle, with the proximal margin slightly upturned proximally. From base to tip, the processus extensorius measures
|
||
<quantity box="[285,364,1383,1406]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in craniocaudal width, and is 39% of the
|
||
<quantity box="[112,204,1412,1435]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="19.6">19.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
proximal width of the carpometacarpus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[640,683,1412,1435]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximodorsal margin of the processus extensorius forms a sharp crista that dorsally overhangs the dorsal face of the processus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[705,748,1471,1494]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus alularis protrudes slightly cranially in a triangular bulge, with a single curved articular facet distally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[592,635,1530,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus alularis is separated from the caudal surface of the shaft by a small notch on the dorsal face.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[370,414,1588,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
The processus pisiformis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[689,791,1588,1611]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: PrPis) strongly projects ventrally in caudal and cranial view, and is positioned central on the ventral face between the processus extensorius and the caudal margin of the trochlea carpalis. It is separated from the spatium intermetacarpale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[555,674,1706,1729]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: SpI) by a dorsoventral length of
|
||
<quantity box="[373,468,1735,1758]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[480,523,1735,1758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(14)</emphasis>
|
||
This region of separation between the processus pisiformis and spatium intermetacarpale is occupied by a shallow sulcus that is bound by the os metacarpale minus in its distal half.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[373,416,1823,1846]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(15)</emphasis>
|
||
The synostosal region distal to the processus alularis is wider craniocaudally than it is long dorsoventrally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,220,1882,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(16)</emphasis>
|
||
The intermetacarpal tuberosity (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[559,661,1882,1905]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: ITR), which is the scar for the insertion of the m. extensor metacarpi ulnaris has almost no caudal projection and is positioned well distal of the proximal synostosis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1051,1154,173,196]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: Psyn).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1241,1285,173,196]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(17)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus tendineus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,938,202,225]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: ST) is primarily located on the dorsal face of the shaft.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,872,231,254]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(18)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus tendineus is broad.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1191,1234,231,254]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(19)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal region of the os metacarpale minus has a distinct groove on the caudal face, which lacks any pneumatisation.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1181,1225,290,313]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(20)</emphasis>
|
||
The os metacarpale minus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,942,319,342]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: OMMi) is slightly arched caudally when viewed in ventral and dorsal aspect.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1130,1174,349,372]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(21)</emphasis>
|
||
The facies articularis digitalis minor (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[908,1009,378,401]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
: FADMin) projects further distally than the preserved facies articularis digitalis major (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1241,1344,407,430]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FADMaj).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1470,1514,407,430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(22)</emphasis>
|
||
The length between the distal point of the facies articularis digitalis minor and the spatium intermetacarpale is approximately equal to the width of the spatium.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1111,1155,495,518]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(23)</emphasis>
|
||
The distal synostosis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1402,1507,495,518]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: DSyn) is very short.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1053,1096,525,548]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(24)</emphasis>
|
||
The os metacarpale majus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1402,1507,525,548]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
: OMMa) has a markedly flattened cranial face and is dorsoventrally deeper than it is craniocaudally wide.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1228,1272,583,606]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(25)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus interosseus positioned in the distal synostosis is slightly deepened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[829,1514,143,1046]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Measurements – see Appendix 1 Table S1; overall, the carpometacarpus has a proximal craniocaudal width that is equivalent to 25% of the total length, which is moderately gracile.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[829,1514,143,1046]" box="[861,1357,759,782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[829,1514,143,1046]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,951,789,812]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(Trait 1)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa infratrochlearisis shallow, except in Perninae (deep in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="SAMA B" box="[926,1084,817,840]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pernis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apivorus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,1084,817,840]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Pernis apivorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[1142,1402,817,841]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Chondrohierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uncinatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1142,1402,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Chondrohierax uncinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter also pneumatic) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[1045,1160,847,870]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(deep).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1245,1288,847,870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(19)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal section of the os metacarpale minus has a shallower groove, except in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[829,925,905,928]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Polyboroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,925,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
P.
|
||
<typeStatus box="[872,925,905,928]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">typus</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1784" box="[956,1075,906,929]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gypaetinae">Gypaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, deep) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ANWC" box="[1245,1513,906,929]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1245,1513,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Haliaeetus leucocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Haliaeetinae, deep), or in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1104,1192,935,958]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(flat, ungrooved).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[829,1514,143,1046]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The carpometacarpus is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[949,1070,994,1017]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1035,1306,1133,1156]" box="[1035,1306,1133,1156]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading box="[1035,1306,1133,1156]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1035,1104,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Manus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1119,1299,1133,1156]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figure 7C, D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[828,1514,1178,1934]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">The manus bones are moderately well-preserved in SAMA P.54998, with a mostly intact left phalanx digiti alulae (L MI.1), complete left phalanx digiti minoris (L MIII.1) and left phalanx digiti majoris 2 (L MII.2), and a mostly intact R MI.1, partial R MII.1 and fragment of the R MII.2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[828,1514,1178,1934]" lastBlockId="17.[829,1514,1886,1997]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,892,1324,1347]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal L MI.1 has a dorsoventral width of
|
||
<quantity box="[829,913,1354,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
and a craniocaudal depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[1243,1328,1354,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and from proximal view is triangular.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1093,1124,1383,1406]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The cranial margin is tapered into a thin crista that continues along the length of the preserved bone.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[897,928,1442,1465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
Asmall tuberculum is present on the caudal margin of the ventral face, close to the proximal end.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1354,1385,1471,1494]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal margin and face of the proximal end is much more protruding than the ventral margin and face and has two ligament attachment points on its dorsal surface.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1217,1248,1559,1582]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The width of the bone narrows distally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1023,1054,1588,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The L MIII.1 is
|
||
<quantity box="[1257,1355,1588,1611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="14.2">14.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and has a prominent caudal projection slightly less than halfway distally along its length, the tip of which is oriented caudoproximally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[907,938,1676,1699]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
Both the dorsal and ventral face lack any sort of depression or sulcus. Only the proximal end of the MII.1 is preserved, which is
|
||
<quantity box="[1058,1145,1735,1758]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="8.3">8.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity box="[1259,1346,1735,1758]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1428,1460,1735,1758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal margin projects caudally into a thin crista, and a deep depression is visible just distal of the projecting point. The left MII.2 is
|
||
<quantity box="[937,1038,1823,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="24.1">24.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and proximally has a dorsoventral height of
|
||
<quantity box="[943,1029,1852,1875]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
and a craniocaudal depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[1377,1466,1852,1875]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1482,1513,1852,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal margin forms a thin crista.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1302,1346,1882,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal quarter of the cranial margin is also flattened, but then expands notably with the presence a shallow sulcus extending to the distal end.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[319,364,1945,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
On the dorsal surface, a low ridge is present at the proximal end, with a small but deep fossa set into the caudal side of it.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1122,1166,1886,1909]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
Asimilar fossa is also set into the caudal side of this ridge in proximal view, just distal of the articular facet.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1004,1048,1945,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral face has a deep depression lacking pneumatic foramina just distal of the proximal end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" startId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" targetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[112,1515,1620,1760]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,187,1620,1640]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[191,370,1620,1640]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[191,370,1620,1640]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[112,796,143,196]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">The manus bones are overall most similar to those of species of Perninae (see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[339,569,246,269]" box="[339,569,246,269]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading box="[339,569,246,269]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[339,404,246,269]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Femur</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[419,507,246,269]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
(A, B))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[112,797,290,460]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In SAMA P.54998, only the caput of both femora has been preserved, preserving the articularis acetabularis face and the fovea ligamenti capitis. The width of the caput is
|
||
<quantity box="[657,742,349,372]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The fovea ligament capitis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[357,462,378,401]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FLC) is shallow and set in the proximal margin of the caput. The articularis acetabularis face (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,220,437,460]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
: FAAce) is not well defined from the medial face.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[276,632,510,533]" box="[276,632,510,533]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading box="[276,632,510,533]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[276,388,510,533]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Tibiotarsus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[402,489,510,533]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
(C, D, E, F, G))
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[112,798,554,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Both the right and left tibiotarsi are preserved in SAMA P.54998. The left tibiotarsus is almost complete with only the proximal articular surfaces missing. It preservesthebase of thecnemial crestsand the entirecrista fibularis, butdamageto thedistal end obscuresthedetails of the pons supratendineus, the tuberculum retinaculum m. fibularis, and the distal insertion scar for the retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi. The right tibiotarsus is missing the entire proximal end, and the distal end could not be reconnected to the shaft but is very wellpreserved revealing most features of interest.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[112,798,554,2015]" lastBlockId="18.[829,1514,143,988]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
As observed on the left element,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,580,818,841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
the impressio lig. collateralis medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[351,462,848,871]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
: ILCM) is a slightly elevated tuberculum on the medial face, measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[599,684,877,900]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity box="[113,202,906,929]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="8.9">8.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[287,318,906,929]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The crista fibularis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[577,692,906,929]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
: CrF) is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[275,371,936,959]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3299999999999996" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="33.3">33.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, or roughly 24% of the preserved length (
|
||
<quantity box="[204,326,965,988]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3569999999999998" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="135.7">135.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[356,387,965,988]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The crista fibularis is prominent, maximally projecting
|
||
<quantity box="[355,442,994,1017]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, or approximately 26% of shaft width (
|
||
<quantity box="[190,277,1024,1047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) at the same point.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[503,534,1024,1047]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The width of the crista fibularis is greatest distally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,454,1053,1076]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The cranial face directly adjacent to the crista fibularis is slightly convex.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[619,650,1082,1105]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The scar for the ligament that connected to the distal end of the fibula is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[280,379,1141,1164]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="34.5">34.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and extends distally along the lateral margin of the shaft, from
|
||
<quantity box="[496,576,1170,1193]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
|
||
distal to the crista fibularis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[214,245,1200,1223]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
Adistinct linea is visible on the medial margin of the shaft that extends approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[523,619,1229,1252]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.74" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="77.4">77.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
proximodistally fromthe distal base of the impressio lig. collateralis medialis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,145,1288,1311]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
The cross-section of the shaft at mid length is roughly circular.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[210,241,1317,1340]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus extensorius (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[516,626,1317,1340]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
: SExt) is medially positioned on the distal third of the shaft and is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[194,260,1376,1399]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at broadest, compared to a shaft width of
|
||
<quantity box="[113,210,1405,1428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
at the same section.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,501,1405,1428]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The lateral margin of the sulcus is bordered by a raised crista (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[538,649,1434,1457]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
: SELC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[752,797,1434,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
The canalis extensorius (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[394,506,1464,1487]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
: CExt) is deep, and both openings are quite large.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[435,480,1493,1516]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
The pons supratendineus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,237,1522,1545]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
: PS) is obliquely angled at roughly 45° to the long axis, and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[291,335,1552,1575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
is distinctly arched cranially.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[696,741,1552,1575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(14)</emphasis>
|
||
The distomedial margin of the pons supratendineus lies close (
|
||
<quantity box="[120,208,1610,1633]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) to the medial shaft margin.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,585,1610,1633]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(15)</emphasis>
|
||
The cranial tuberculum retinaculi m. fibularis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[448,559,1640,1663]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
: CrTRMF) is craniolaterally prominent.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[398,442,1669,1692]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(16)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal tuberculum retinaculi m. fibularis is low and barely projecting, but preservation is poor in this region of the bone.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[598,642,1728,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(17)</emphasis>
|
||
The proximal scar (tuberositas retinaculum extensoris medialis,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[679,791,1757,1780]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
|
||
: PTREM) is separated proximally from the pons supratendineus by a distance equal to the proximodistal width of the pons.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,157,1845,1868]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(18)</emphasis>
|
||
The distal/lateral attachment of the extensor retinaculum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,217,1874,1897]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
: DREM) is marked by a deep, round fossa.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[752,797,1874,1897]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(19)</emphasis>
|
||
Distal width (
|
||
<quantity box="[270,373,1904,1927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is greater than the maximum distal depth (
|
||
<quantity box="[194,297,1933,1956]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="13.4">13.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) by roughly 24% (right element).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[698,743,1933,1956]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(20)</emphasis>
|
||
The increase in width from the shaft to the distal end is gradual and symmetrical either side.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[440,485,1992,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(21)</emphasis>
|
||
The condyles have roughly equal craniocaudal depth in distal view,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1313,1358,143,166]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(22)</emphasis>
|
||
with a deep incisura intercondylaris roughly 25% of depth of the distal end,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[884,929,202,225]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(23)</emphasis>
|
||
and the impression in the trochlea cartilaginis tibialis in caudal view forms an inverted v-shape.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1329,1374,231,254]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(24)</emphasis>
|
||
The epicondylus medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1012,1122,261,284]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
|
||
: ECM) is large and projects well medial to the condylus medialis, being visible in cranial view, and is of moderate robustness.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1197,1242,319,342]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(25)</emphasis>
|
||
The epicondyle is surrounded by a deep depressio medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1305,1418,349,372]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
|
||
: DEM), which is bordered by a thin but prominent crista on the margins of the condyle.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1165,1210,407,430]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(26)</emphasis>
|
||
The depressio lateralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[838,949,437,460]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionTargetBox="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetId="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
: DEL) is shallow, and bordered by a flattened, broad crista on the distal margin of the lateral condyle. The trochlea cartilaginis tibialis is difficult to assess due to breakage,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[881,925,525,548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(27)</emphasis>
|
||
but appears largely flat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[829,1514,143,988]" box="[861,1317,554,577]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Extant accipitrid subfamilies differ as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[829,1514,143,988]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The medial side of the pons supratendineus is more widely separated from the medial shaft margin
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1271,1381,613,636]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(Trait 14)</emphasis>
|
||
in elanines, pernines except
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="USNM" box="[1006,1132,641,665]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forficatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1006,1132,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">E. forficatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gypaetines, aegypiines, circaetines, aquilines, and haliaeetines.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1119,1163,671,694]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
There is no crista on the lateral margin of the sulcus extensorius in elanines, gypaetines, aegypiines, circaetines, aquilines, haliaeetines, accipitrines or buteonines.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1470,1513,730,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(18)</emphasis>
|
||
No species in any subfamily has the lateral/distal retinaculum scar in a deep fossa; it ranges from a shallow fossa (pernines, aegypiines, circaetines, aquilines, haliaeetines), to flat (elanines, some pernines, gypaetines), or slightly elevated rugose surface (accipitrines, buteonines), identifying the deep pit for the distolateral insertion of the retinaculum extensoris medialis as an autapomorphy of the fossil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[829,1514,143,988]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The tibiotarsus is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[829,945,965,988]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[1139,1202,1038,1061]" box="[1139,1202,1038,1061]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading box="[1139,1202,1038,1061]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1139,1202,1038,1061]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fibula</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[829,1514,1082,1311]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The proximal ends of the left and right fibulae are preserved in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[829,1058,1111,1134]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,1058,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. Craniocaudal depth is about
|
||
<quantity box="[829,921,1141,1164]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="10.2">10.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, while width is 3.7 (right) and 4.0 mm (left).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[829,1514,1082,1311]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,891,1170,1193]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
Ashallow fossa is present in the cranial half of the proximal lateral face.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[953,984,1199,1222]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal face has a very shallow depression just distal to the caudal projection.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1147,1177,1229,1252]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The medial face has a broad but shallow sulcus that extends from near the proximal margin down the shaft.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[1031,1310,1360,1383]" box="[1031,1310,1360,1383]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading box="[1031,1310,1360,1383]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1031,1201,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Tarsometatarsus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1216,1303,1360,1383]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[828,1514,1405,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">The right and left tarsometatarsi are both imperfectly preserved in SAMA P.54998. The left tarsometatarsus preserves the original length of the bone, though the medial half and the proximal end, from mid-length on the medial side to and including the area proximal to the foramen vasculare proximale laterale, has been dorsolaterally twisted approximately 90° relative to the rest of the bone. The lateral half is thus undistorted from just proximal to the foramen vasculare proximale laterale distally. The cotyla lateralis is missing with about half of the eminentia intercotylaris. The foramen vasculare proximale mediale is obscured by the distortion on both the dorsal and plantar side.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[828,1514,1405,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">The right specimen has the distal half preserved well with all features, but the proximal half is so badly fragmented that nearly all identifying features are lost. Only the crista medialis hypotarsi is recognisable. The specimens reveal the following features:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[828,1514,1405,2015]" lastBlockId="20.[112,797,143,1927]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,891,1845,1868]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(1)</emphasis>
|
||
Thelength of the tarsometatarsus is about 66–75% of the length of the tibiotarsus (uncertainty allows for the missing proximal end of the tibiotarsus).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[992,1022,1904,1927]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(2)</emphasis>
|
||
The length to distal width (maximal across trochleae) ratio is approximately 1:6 and shows the tarsometatarsus is moderately elongate among accipitrids.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1258,1287,1962,1985]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(3)</emphasis>
|
||
The cotyla medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[837,937,1992,2015]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 9D</figureCitation>
|
||
: CtM) is deep and with a notably convex dorsal margin.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,142,1859,1882]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">(4)</emphasis>
|
||
The eminentia intercotylaris (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[445,545,1859,1882]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Figure 9D</figureCitation>
|
||
: EI) projects a few millimetres proximally to the rim of the cotyla medialis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[655,685,1889,1912]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">(5)</emphasis>
|
||
The crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G." box="[496,603,1918,1941]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool." pageId="19" pageNumber="19" pagination="196 - 210" part="97" refId="ref31300" refString="Mayr G. 2016. Variations in the hypotarsus morphology of birds, and their evolutionary significance. Acta Zool. 97 (2): 196 - 210. doi: 10.1111 / azo. 12117." title="Variations in the hypotarsus morphology of birds, and their evolutionary significance" type="journal article" year="2016">Mayr 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (lateral hypotarsal crista) and the crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus (medial hypotarsal crista) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[244,337,1977,2000]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Figure 9E</figureCitation>
|
||
: CMFDL) are not fused together plantarly, and so form a wide monosulcate hypotarsus.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1249,1278,1859,1882]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">(6)</emphasis>
|
||
The medial hypotarsal crista is distinctly proximodistally longer (
|
||
<quantity box="[1268,1351,1889,1912]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="8.9">8.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
from proximal margin to distal hook,
|
||
<quantity box="[1076,1170,1918,1941]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="11.4">11.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
from proximal margin to distal termination point) than the lateral hypotarsal crista (6.0 mm).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1513,1947,1970]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">(7)</emphasis>
|
||
The plantar depth of the lateral hypotarsal crista is
|
||
<quantity box="[1333,1421,1977,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="13.6">13.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(76%) of the depth of the medial hypotarsal crista
|
||
<quantity box="[512,601,143,166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="17.8">17.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[610,640,143,166]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(8)</emphasis>
|
||
In medial view, themedialhypotarsal cristahaslittle or nohook distally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[658,688,173,196]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
Thesulcus flexorius (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[211,306,202,225]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
: SF) is moderately deep, with the cristae plantares lateralis and medialis quite distinct and projecting plantarly.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[709,751,231,254]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(10)</emphasis>
|
||
The tuberositas m. cranialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[350,447,261,284]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
: T) is positioned towards the lateral side of the shaft, moderately projects dorsally to the adjacent laterodorsal margin,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,306,321,344]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(11)</emphasis>
|
||
is short and oval shaped,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[574,616,321,344]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(12)</emphasis>
|
||
and is positioned well distal (
|
||
<quantity box="[221,299,351,374]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) of the lateral foramina vascularia proximalia.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[754,797,351,374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(13)</emphasis>
|
||
The impressio retinaculi extensorii, preserved on the dislocated cotyla medialis, are a pairof distinctlyprojecting cristae, withthe retinaculum itself unossified, which is the typical state among the accipitrids.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[754,797,441,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(14)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa infracotylaris dorsalis is shallow in the undamaged section distal to the eminentia intercotylaris and towards the retinaculi.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[754,797,501,524]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(15)</emphasis>
|
||
There is a distinct sulcus extensorius (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[488,586,531,554]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
: SExt) at mid-length, which opens to the medial face around two-thirds of the distance distally along the shaft.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[349,391,590,613]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(16)</emphasis>
|
||
The medial half of the proximal 40% of the shaft is highly compressed as it is in many accipitrids, forming a crista
|
||
<quantity box="[193,272,650,673]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[344,386,650,673]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(17)</emphasis>
|
||
The crista plantaris lateralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[690,791,650,673]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9G</figureCitation>
|
||
: CPL) is well-developed, extending from the hypotarsus to level with thefossa metatarsi I.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[315,357,710,733]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(18)</emphasis>
|
||
In lateral aspect the cristaplantaris lateralisis markedly projecting plantarly, deepest just proximal to mid-length.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,154,770,793]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(19)</emphasis>
|
||
The foramen vasculare distale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[461,558,770,793]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
: FVD) has a diameter of about
|
||
<quantity box="[175,253,800,823]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
and is positioned close to the incisura intertrochlearis lateralis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[196,237,830,853]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(20)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossametatarsi I (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[455,548,830,853]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
: FMI) issetlargelyon the plantar face, though partially faces medially, and measures
|
||
<quantity box="[717,796,860,883]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity box="[201,282,890,913]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[356,398,890,913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(21)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura m. flexor hallucis brevis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[120,215,920,943]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9F</figureCitation>
|
||
: IMFHB) is very distinct, passing dorsally above and distal tothe fossa metatarsi I, toopen plantarly between thefacet in metatarsi Iand trochlea metatarsi II. This state of the incisura was rarely seen in our comparative sample, with a similar but shallower incisura in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliaeetinae" box="[216,318,1039,1062]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[216,318,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Haliaeetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NHMUK S." box="[373,525,1038,1062]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Harpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harpyja">
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,525,1038,1062]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Harpia harpyja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slightly deeper) that ends just proximal to the fossa metatarsi I.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[489,530,1069,1092]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(22)</emphasis>
|
||
The fossa supratrochlearis plantaris is very shallow.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[370,411,1099,1122]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(23)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura intertrochlearis medialis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[120,217,1129,1152]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
: IIM) and incisura intertrochlearis lateralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[650,747,1129,1152]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
: IIL) areextremely wide comparedto in other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[509,631,1159,1182]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[638,679,1159,1182]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(24)</emphasis>
|
||
From distal view, the trochleae are arched dorsally. All trochleae are higher than they are wide (excluding extension from flanges).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[626,668,1219,1242]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(25)</emphasis>
|
||
The plantar extent of trochleae metatarsorum II (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[469,567,1249,1272]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
: TII) and IV are almost identical (
|
||
<quantity box="[214,297,1279,1302]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="9.1">9.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity box="[357,439,1279,1302]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="9.5">9.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
respectively, measured from right specimen).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[228,269,1309,1332]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(26)</emphasis>
|
||
Trochlea metatarsi III (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[522,626,1309,1332]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
: TIII) is located comparatively much higher dorsally, and while it has a depth of
|
||
<quantity box="[112,188,1368,1391]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the plantar-most point of it is separated from that of trochlea metatarsi IV by about
|
||
<quantity box="[331,409,1398,1421]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[418,459,1398,1421]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(27)</emphasis>
|
||
Trochlea metatarsi II has a robust profileindistal view, with a short, robustplantarprojection on itsouter margin and a deep fovea ligamentosa collateralis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[598,639,1458,1481]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(28)</emphasis>
|
||
Trochlea metatarsi III has a robust profile in distal view and has a shallow medial groove dorsodistally.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[326,368,1518,1541]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(29)</emphasis>
|
||
Trochlea metatarsi III is laterally directed relative to the shaft axis.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[350,391,1548,1571]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(30)</emphasis>
|
||
Trochlea metatarsi IV is the narrowest of the trochleae in distal view, with a short, thin plantar projection on the lateral margin.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[262,304,1608,1631]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(31)</emphasis>
|
||
The flange on trochlea metatarsi II is moderately projecting plantarly,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[317,358,1638,1661]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(32)</emphasis>
|
||
while the flange on trochlea metatarsi IV is quite prominent and plantar oriented.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,548,1668,1691]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(33)</emphasis>
|
||
The distal extent of the trochleae metatarsorum II and III is roughly equal and surpass distally the distal margin of IV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" startId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" targetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[112,1515,1608,1724]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,188,1608,1628]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Tarsometatarsi of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[343,523,1608,1628]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[343,523,1608,1628]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[112,797,143,1927]" box="[144,723,1757,1780]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Extant accipitrids differ across all subfamilies as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[112,797,143,1927]" lastBlockId="20.[829,1514,143,313]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,174,1786,1809]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(9)</emphasis>
|
||
The sulcus flexorius is shallower, with the cristae plantares lateralis and medialis relatively low in elanines, gypaetines, circaetines, haliaeetines, and buteonines.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[474,517,1845,1868]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(21)</emphasis>
|
||
The incisura m. flexor hallucis brevis is shallower and shorter ending at or proximal to the fossa metatarsi Iin all observed species.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[526,570,1904,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">(23)</emphasis>
|
||
In all subfamilies, the incisura intertrochleae are relatively narrower and the autapomorphically wide incisura in the fossil is one of its most characteristic features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[829,1514,143,313]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The tarsometatarsus is overall most similar to that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[829,917,261,284]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elaninae">Elaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(although more elongate),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[1198,1298,261,284]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1849" box="[1351,1467,261,284]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Circaetinae">Circaetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see SI.2 for more detailed differential comparisons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1071,1270,379,402]" box="[1071,1270,379,402]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading box="[1071,1270,379,402]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1071,1133,379,402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">DigitI</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1148,1264,379,402]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[828,1514,423,1062]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The os metatarsale Iin SAMA P.54998 is fairly robust, with the proximal end attenuated to a thin point. In dorsal and plantar view, the region immediately proximal to the medial side of the articular surfacefor I.1 isinflated, creatinga> 90° anglejustdistal of themidlength point along the ‘shaft’. The attachment facet for the tarsometatarsus is quite long, extending to be adjacent with the previously mentioned inflation, but is not prominent in lateral view. The sulcus for a tendon on the distal dorsal face is bordered by a reduced crest that is positioned slightly medial of centre in the metatarsal. The phalanx I.1 is long and moderately robust, with the enlarged proximal end much wider than the corpus. Plantarly, the tubercula flexoria are enlarged, enclosing a broad sulcus that extends as a shallowattachment point to roughly midway on the corpusdistally. The lateral side of the face dorsalis of the proximal end is slightly inflated into a ligamental attachment point, forming a modest, rounded mound. The foveae lig. collaterales on the distal end are very deep, and there is only a very shallow indentation set between the two foveae on the dorsal face. The ungual phalanx I.2 (as seen in right side) is slightly larger than the ungual phalanx II.3, with mild curvature along the ungual phalanx. The phalanx I.1 and ungual I.2 exhibit notable hypertrophy in contrast to digits III and IV, a trait that is present in almost all
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Fowler et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Fowler et al." baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1109,1435,1039,1062]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Accipitridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fowler DW & Freedman EA & Scannella JB & Pizzari T." box="[1244,1425,1039,1062]" journalOrPublisher="PloS One." pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="7999" part="4" refId="ref29897" refString="Fowler DW, Freedman EA, Scannella JB, Pizzari T. 2009. Predatory functional morphology in raptors: interdigital variation in talon size is related to prey restraint and immobilisation technique. PloS One. 4: e 7999. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0007999." title="Predatory functional morphology in raptors: interdigital variation in talon size is related to prey restraint and immobilisation technique" type="journal article" year="2009">Fowler et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1069,1273,1128,1151]" box="[1069,1273,1128,1151]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading box="[1069,1273,1128,1151]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1069,1137,1128,1151]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Digit II</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1151,1265,1128,1151]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[829,1514,1173,1372]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Like most accipitrids, there is no fusion of the phalanges II.1 and II.3. The species in Haliaeetinae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[1225,1291,1201,1224]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Ictinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1225,1291,1201,1224]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Ictinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are notable for such fusion (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jollie M." box="[944,1051,1231,1254]" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Theory" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="285 - 298" part="1" refId="ref30532" refString="Jollie M. 1976. A contribution to the morphology and phylogeny of the Falconiformes. Evolutionary Theory, 1: 285 - 298." title="A contribution to the morphology and phylogeny of the Falconiformes" type="journal article" year="1976">Jollie 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The phalanx II.1 is quite short compared to phalanx II.2, being just under half its length and considerably shortened lengthwise (not compressed lateromedially), which is a common trait in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fowler et al." baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1031,1159,1319,1342]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Accipitridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All phalanges are notably hypertrophied compared to those in digits III and IV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1066,1276,1437,1460]" box="[1066,1276,1437,1460]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading box="[1066,1276,1437,1460]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1066,1140,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Digit III</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1154,1269,1437,1460]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[829,1514,1482,1593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Four phalanges are present. The medial face of the ungual phalanx (III.4) lacks the central ridge present in most accipitrids and falconids, though it is possibly that this feature has been poorly preserved.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1064,1278,1659,1682]" box="[1064,1278,1659,1682]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading box="[1064,1278,1659,1682]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1064,1140,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Digit IV</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1154,1271,1659,1682]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Figure 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[829,1513,1703,1932]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The midshaft width of phalanx IV.4 is
|
||
<quantity box="[1256,1335,1703,1726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, compared to the
|
||
<quantity box="[829,906,1733,1756]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
of phalanx I, and the distal end of phalanx IV.4 is distinctly widened, measuring
|
||
<quantity box="[1040,1120,1762,1785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. This dramatic shift in width along the digit does not appear in the sampled elanine genera (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1809" box="[1439,1510,1791,1814]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Elanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Elanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[829,948,1820,1843]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Gampsonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gampsonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1844" box="[1079,1189,1820,1843]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Hieraaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1079,1189,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Hieraaetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(though the section before the articular end is swollen) or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[1108,1202,1849,1872]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1108,1202,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Spizaetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but appears to a lesser degree in the pernines, gypaetines, circaetines, aegypiines, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[829,897,1909,1932]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,897,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Aquila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and species of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliaeetinae" box="[1061,1168,1909,1932]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Haliaeetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1168,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Haliaeetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5534507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" startId="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" targetBox="[333,1292,170,1625]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[112,1513,1654,1698]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,199,1654,1674]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[707,887,1654,1674]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,887,1654,1674]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[112,798,1746,1917]" box="[112,214,1746,1769]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,214,1746,1769]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,214,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Summary</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[112,798,1746,1917]" lastBlockId="22.[112,798,143,430]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[112,342,1776,1799]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[112,342,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares a mosaic of characters across a broad range of taxa and thus the above comparisons do not reveal clear affinity with any one taxon. Different elements in the fossil skeleton differ markedly as to which subfamilies they most closely resemble: the rostrum maxillare – buteonines; the quadrate – aegypiines; the vertebrae – elanines; the sternum – aegypiines; the coracoid – aegypiines, accipitrines, and buteonines; the scapula – elanines; the humerus – elanines, aegypiines, aquilines, haliaeetines and buteonines; the ulna – circaetines; the os carpi radiale – elanines and buteonines; the os carpi ulnare - elanines, pernines, gypaetines and aquilines; the carpometacarpus - buteonines; the tibiotarsus – buteonines; and the tarsometatarsus – elanines (fossil is more elongate), aquilines and circaetines. There are several autapomorphies which further differentiate it from all extant subfamilies. Notably these include the sternal basin having a medial bar separating deep pneumatic fossae, humerus with very low proximal projection of the caput, and tarsometatarsus with broad incisurae intertrochleae and the incisura for the m. flexor hallucis brevis tendon extending distal to the fossa metatarsi I. Together, these support differentiation of this taxon with separate subfamilial status, consistent with the phylogenetic results discussed below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" box="[112,473,479,502]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[112,473,479,502]" fontSize="10" level="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,473,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Comparison with fossil accipitrids</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[112,203,509,532]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
has only two described pre-Pleistocene accipitrids.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boles" authorityYear="1993" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Pengana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robertbolesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Pengana robertbolesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from Sticky Beak Site in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, of? Late Oligocene – Early Miocene age, which is now considered one of the Faunal Zone Asites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Travouillon KJ & Archer M & Hand SJ & Godthelp H." journalOrPublisher="Alcheringa: an Australasian journal of Palaeontology, 30 (S" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="323 - 349" refId="ref33029" refString="Travouillon KJ, Archer M, Hand SJ, Godthelp H. 2006. Multivariate analyses of Cenozoic mammalian faunas from Riversleigh, north-western Queensland. Alcheringa: an Australasian journal of Palaeontology, 30 (S 1): 323 - 349." title="Multivariate analyses of Cenozoic mammalian faunas from Riversleigh, north-western Queensland" type="journal article" year="2006">Travouillon et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that onbiochronological grounds are slightly younger than the Pinpa LF (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Woodhead J & Hand SJ & Archer M & Graham I & Sniderman K & Arena DA & Black KH & Godthelp H & Creaser P & Price E." box="[218,441,656,679]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Res." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="153 - 167" part="29" refId="ref33735" refString="Woodhead J, Hand SJ, Archer M, Graham I, Sniderman K, Arena DA, Black KH, Godthelp H, Creaser P, Price E. 2016. Developing a radiometrically-dated chronologic sequence for Neogene biotic change in Australia, from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area of Queensland. Gondwana Res. 29 (1): 153 - 167. doi: 10.1016 / j. gr. 2014.10.004." title="Developing a radiometrically-dated chronologic sequence for Neogene biotic change in Australia, from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area of Queensland" type="journal article" year="2016">Woodhead et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is represented by a distal tibiotarsus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boles WE" box="[185,295,685,708]" journalOrPublisher="Alcheringa." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="19 - 25" part="17" refId="ref28844" refString="Boles WE. 1993. Pengana robertbolesi, a peculiar bird of prey from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa. 17: 19 - 25. doi: 10.1080 / 03115519308619485." title="Pengana robertbolesi, a peculiar bird of prey from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="1993">Boles 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and while of similar size, is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[171,398,714,737]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,398,714,737]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characters: the distal marginof thepons supratendineus isangled less steeply, ~30° relative to the long axis; the condyles have flattened sides in cranial aspect and are not medially and laterally expanded relative to the distal end of the shaft.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaff & Boles" authorityYear="2010" box="[250,445,832,855]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bullockensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[250,445,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aquila bullockensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from themid-Miocene Camfield Beds (12 Ma) of Bullock Creek (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gaff P & Boles WE" box="[467,688,861,884]" journalOrPublisher="Rec Aust Mus." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="71 - 76" part="62" refId="ref29992" refString="Gaff P, Boles WE. 2010. A new eagle (Aves: Accipitridae) from the Mid Miocene Bullock Creek Fauna of northern Australia. Rec Aust Mus. 62: 71 - 76. doi: 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.62.2010.1557." title="A new eagle (Aves: Accipitridae) from the Mid Miocene Bullock Creek Fauna of northern Australia" type="journal article" year="2010">Gaff and Boles 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Megirian D & Prideaux GJ & Murray PF & Smit N." journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="658 - 671" part="36" refId="ref31518" refString="Megirian D, Prideaux GJ, Murray PF, Smit N. 2010. An Australian land mammal biochronological scheme. Paleobiology. 36 (4): 658 - 671. doi: 10.1666 / 09047.1." title="An Australian land mammal biochronological scheme" type="journal article" year="2010">Megirian et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was described from a distal humerus – which was not preserved in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[241,466,920,943]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[241,466,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaff & Boles" authorityYear="2010" box="[580,726,920,943]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bullockensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[580,726,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">A. bullockensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very much (>10 Ma) younger than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[427,653,949,972]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,653,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, much larger, and the morphology of the distal humerus was interpreted to be typical of species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[310,611,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[310,380,1008,1031]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aquila</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[388,611,1008,1031]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">Archaehierax sylvestris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has many features on other bone elements that exclude close affinity with both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[729,796,1037,1060]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[729,796,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aquila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1824" box="[206,306,1066,1089]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aquilinae">Aquilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so conspecificity with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaff & Boles" authorityYear="2010" box="[561,713,1066,1089]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bullockensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[561,713,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">A. bullockensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be ruled out.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In relation to Oligocene-age fossil accipitrids from elsewhere in the world, the geographic isolation of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[700,797,1154,1177]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
makes it unlikely that any described species are closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[149,397,1213,1236]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[149,397,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As reviewed in the Introduction, most late Oligocene and early Miocene accipitrid species are found in North America and Europe. Nearly all of them are described from a single skeletal element, making assessment of relationships with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[330,580,1330,1353]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,580,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
difficult. The late Oligocene – early Miocene accipitrids from North America, including the relatively complete
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wetmore" authorityYear="1933" box="[484,748,1389,1412]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Palaeoplancus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[484,748,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Palaeoplancus sternbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are all easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[449,697,1418,1441]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,697,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by size, and by morphology of the distal tarsometatarsus; specifically, trochlea metatarsi II is relatively broader and/or the intertrochlear incisions are much narrower.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Four Oligocene fossil accipitrids are described from Europe, all but one of which is based on a single bone:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Milne-Edwards, 1892)" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[144,602,1600,1623]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquilavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypogaea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,350,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aquilavus hypogaea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[368,593,1600,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus duSecond Congres Ornithologique International, Budapest" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="60 - 80" refId="ref31740" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1892. Sur les oiseaux fossiles des depots Eocenes de Phosphate de Chaux du sud de la France. Comptes Rendus duSecond Congres Ornithologique International, Budapest. p. 60 - 80." title="Sur les oiseaux fossiles des depots Eocenes de Phosphate de Chaux du sud de la France" type="book chapter" year="1892">Milne-Edwards, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Quercy fissure fillings, is incomparable as it is based on a femur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Gaillard, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Gaillard" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[144,509,1663,1687]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquilavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corroyi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,328,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aquilavus corroyi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gaillard C." box="[348,500,1664,1687]" journalOrPublisher="Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 100" part="15" refId="ref30039" refString="Gaillard C. 1939. Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils. Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon. 15: 1 - 100." title="Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils" type="journal article" year="1939">Gaillard, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also from Quercy fissure fillings, was described from a tarsometatarsus that resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[112,181,1722,1745]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Milvus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[112,181,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Milvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G." box="[349,486,1722,1745]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeodiversity." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="315 - 320" part="2" refId="ref31179" refString="Mayr G. 2009. A well-preserved skull of the " falconiform " bird Masillaraptor from the middle Eocene of Messel (Germany). Palaeodiversity. 2: 315 - 320." title="A well-preserved skull of the " falconiform " bird Masillaraptor from the middle Eocene of Messel (Germany)" type="journal article" year="2009">Mayr (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It lacks the wide incisura intertrochleae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[300,537,1752,1775]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[300,537,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the flange on the trochlea metatarsi II is oriented more medially (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gaillard C." box="[645,791,1781,1804]" journalOrPublisher="Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 100" part="15" refId="ref30039" refString="Gaillard C. 1939. Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils. Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon. 15: 1 - 100." title="Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils" type="journal article" year="1939">Gaillard 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[112,200,1810,1833]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[112,167,1970,1990]" captionTargetBox="[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. (A) Map of South Australia with general location of Frome Sub-Basin fossil sites marked with a rectangle, (B) detailed map of the study sites in the Frome Sub- Basin. Lake Pinpa Sites 11 and 12, Ericmas Quarry, and Wells Bog Site located by black squares." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534489/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[112,798,479,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Milne-Edwards, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[144,626,1844,1868]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Palaeohierax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gervaisii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,371,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Palaeohierax gervaisii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[390,618,1845,1868]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Sci Nat Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 176" part="4" refId="ref31660" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1863. Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Ann Sci Nat Zool. 4 (20): 133 - 176." title="Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles" type="journal article" year="1863">Milne-Edwards, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, late Oligocene
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[112,183,1874,1897]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is described from a tarsometatarsus and is larger than
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
‘A.’
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gaillard" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[112,182,1903,1926]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquilavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corroyi">corroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[351,586,1904,1927]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,586,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the incisura intertrochleae are narrow and the flange on trochlea metatarsi II is oriented more medially (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[375,594,1962,1985]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Sci Nat Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 176" part="4" refId="ref31660" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1863. Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Ann Sci Nat Zool. 4 (20): 133 - 176." title="Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles" type="journal article" year="1863">Milne-Edwards 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 183,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStart-6="Figure 7" captionStart-7="Figure 8" captionStart-8="Figure 9" captionStart-9="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="2.[112,167,1970,1990]" captionStartId-1="4.[112,167,1103,1123]" captionStartId-2="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionStartId-3="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionStartId-4="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionStartId-5="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-6="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-7="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-8="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionStartId-9="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox-0="[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,754,146,1071]" captionTargetBox-2="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetBox-3="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetBox-4="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetBox-5="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetBox-6="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetBox-7="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetBox-8="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetBox-9="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId-0="figure-657@2.[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetId-1="figure-608@4.[152,757,143,1074]" captionTargetId-2="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetId-3="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetId-4="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetId-5="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-6="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-7="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-8="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetId-9="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="13" captionTargetPageId-6="15" captionTargetPageId-7="17" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="21" captionText-0="Figure 1. (A) Map of South Australia with general location of Frome Sub-Basin fossil sites marked with a rectangle, (B) detailed map of the study sites in the Frome Sub- Basin. Lake Pinpa Sites 11 and 12, Ericmas Quarry, and Wells Bog Site located by black squares." captionText-1="Figure 2. Exemplar accipitriform skeleton, Pandion haliaetus cristatus, derived from an illustration in Eyton (1867), showing the bones preserved in the fossil accipitrid specimen SAMA P.54998 shaded in grey. The illustrated taxon and fossil material are not identical in terms of the morphology of individual elements." captionText-2="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-3="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-4="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-5="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-6="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-7="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-8="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-9="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534489" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534491" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5534489/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5534491/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figures 1-10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis box="[861,1049,143,166]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aviraptorlongicrus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G & Hurum JH" box="[1053,1287,143,166]" journalOrPublisher="Sci Nat." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="48" part="107" refId="ref31400" refString="Mayr G, Hurum JH. 2020. A tiny, long-legged raptor from the early Oligocene of Poland may be the earliest bird-eating diurnal bird of prey. Sci Nat. 107 (48). doi: 10.1007 / s 00114 - 020 - 01703 - z." title="A tiny, long-legged raptor from the early Oligocene of Poland may be the earliest bird-eating diurnal bird of prey" type="journal article" year="2020">Mayr and Hurum, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, of early Oligocene age from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[884,956,173,196]" name="Poland" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is described from a complete skeleton. It is a very small accipitrid with highly elongate legs like those seen in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[828,953,231,254]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Accipitrinae">Accipitrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which clearly distinguishes it from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
There are two Middle Oligocene species from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1343,1444,290,313]" name="Mongolia" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kurochkin, 1968" authorityName="Kurochkin" authorityYear="1968" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Buteo circoides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kurochkin EN" box="[927,1104,319,342]" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologiya." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="323 - 330" part="9" refId="ref30628" refString="Kurochkin EN. 1968. Fossil remains of birds from Mongolia. Ornitologiya. 9: 323 - 330." title="Fossil remains of birds from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1968">Kurochkin, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(distal ulna), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kurotchkin" authorityYear="1969" box="[1313,1414,319,342]" class="Aves" genus="Venerator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1313,1414,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Venerator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[1441,1499,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Tutor</emphasis>
|
||
’)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Kurochkin, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Kurochkin" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[829,1140,349,372]" class="Aves" genus="Venerator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dementjevi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,938,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">dementjevi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kurochkin EN" box="[955,1131,349,372]" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologiya." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="323 - 330" part="9" refId="ref30628" refString="Kurochkin EN. 1968. Fossil remains of birds from Mongolia. Ornitologiya. 9: 323 - 330." title="Fossil remains of birds from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1968">Kurochkin, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(distal humerus). Only
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kurochkin" authorityYear="1968" box="[1397,1513,348,372]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circoides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1397,1513,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">B. circoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be directly compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[1138,1372,378,401]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1138,1372,378,401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with images indicating the tuberculum carpale is less prominent of the ventral condyle, and the ventral condyle has greater distal extent than the dorsal condyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kurochkin EN" box="[992,1160,466,489]" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologiya." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="323 - 330" part="9" refId="ref30628" refString="Kurochkin EN. 1968. Fossil remains of birds from Mongolia. Ornitologiya. 9: 323 - 330." title="Fossil remains of birds from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1968">Kurochkin 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1164,1250,466,489]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[112,167,1970,1990]" captionTargetBox="[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-657@2.[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. (A) Map of South Australia with general location of Frome Sub-Basin fossil sites marked with a rectangle, (B) detailed map of the study sites in the Frome Sub- Basin. Lake Pinpa Sites 11 and 12, Ericmas Quarry, and Wells Bog Site located by black squares." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534489/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Three fossil accipitrids are known from early Miocene deposits of Europe;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Gaillard, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Gaillard" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[861,1217,553,577]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Promilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="incertus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[861,1040,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Promilio incertus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gaillard C." box="[1057,1207,554,577]" journalOrPublisher="Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 100" part="15" refId="ref30039" refString="Gaillard C. 1939. Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils. Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon. 15: 1 - 100." title="Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils" type="journal article" year="1939">Gaillard, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from a right tarsometatarsus from Chavroches,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1202,1275,583,606]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which lacks the wide incisura of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[960,1202,613,636]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1202,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the flange on the trochlea metatarsi II is oriented more medially, and the hypotarsal crests are of roughly equal craniocaudal depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gaillard C." box="[1350,1507,671,694]" journalOrPublisher="Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 100" part="15" refId="ref30039" refString="Gaillard C. 1939. Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils. Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon. 15: 1 - 100." title="Contribution a l'etude des oiseaux fossils" type="journal article" year="1939">Gaillard 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[829,921,701,724]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionTargetBox="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Milne-Edwards, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[861,1320,729,753]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquilavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="priscus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[861,1051,729,753]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aquilavus priscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[1077,1312,730,753]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Sci Nat Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 176" part="4" refId="ref31660" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1863. Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Ann Sci Nat Zool. 4 (20): 133 - 176." title="Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles" type="journal article" year="1863">Milne-Edwards, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from a tarsometatarsus, tibiotarsus and carpometacarpus, is from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[829,930,789,812]" country="France" name="Auvergne" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Auvergne</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[948,1020,789,812]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1232,1350,788,811]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Palaeohierax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gervaisii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1350,788,811]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">P. gervaisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[829,1061,818,841]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,1061,818,841]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the incisura intertrochleae are narrow and the flange on trochlea metatarsi II is oriented more medially (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[835,1052,877,900]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Sci Nat Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 176" part="4" refId="ref31660" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1863. Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Ann Sci Nat Zool. 4 (20): 133 - 176." title="Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles" type="journal article" year="1863">Milne-Edwards 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 184,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1175,1293,877,900]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="2.[112,167,1970,1990]" captionStartId-1="4.[112,167,1103,1123]" captionStartId-2="8.[112,167,1698,1718]" captionStartId-3="10.[112,167,1684,1704]" captionTargetBox-0="[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,754,146,1071]" captionTargetBox-2="[301,1324,144,1640]" captionTargetBox-3="[301,1325,143,1655]" captionTargetId-0="figure-657@2.[269,1357,1297,1941]" captionTargetId-1="figure-608@4.[152,757,143,1074]" captionTargetId-2="figure-88@8.[301,1325,143,1669]" captionTargetId-3="figure-71@10.[301,1325,143,1656]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="Figure 1. (A) Map of South Australia with general location of Frome Sub-Basin fossil sites marked with a rectangle, (B) detailed map of the study sites in the Frome Sub- Basin. Lake Pinpa Sites 11 and 12, Ericmas Quarry, and Wells Bog Site located by black squares." captionText-1="Figure 2. Exemplar accipitriform skeleton, Pandion haliaetus cristatus, derived from an illustration in Eyton (1867), showing the bones preserved in the fossil accipitrid specimen SAMA P.54998 shaded in grey. The illustrated taxon and fossil material are not identical in terms of the morphology of individual elements." captionText-2="Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride.Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-3="Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view;omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid in dorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B,and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534489" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534491" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534493" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534495" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5534489/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5534491/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5534493/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5534495/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figures 1-4</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the carpometacarpus, the os metacarpale minus is flat, the processus alularis is less distinct from the distal processus extensorius, and the facies articularis digitalis major has less distal extent than the facies articularis digitalis minor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[1002,1222,994,1017]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Sci Nat Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 176" part="4" refId="ref31660" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1863. Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Ann Sci Nat Zool. 4 (20): 133 - 176." title="Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles" type="journal article" year="1863">Milne-Edwards 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 184,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1355,1468,994,1017]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[112,167,1150,1170]" captionTargetBox="[256,1371,143,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-429@27.[246,1380,143,1121]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5534515/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figures 14</figureCitation>
|
||
-16). The tibiotarsus seems to lack a distinct scar or rugosity for the distal retinaculum extensorium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[1174,1394,1053,1076]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Sci Nat Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 176" part="4" refId="ref31660" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1863. Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Ann Sci Nat Zool. 4 (20): 133 - 176." title="Memoire sur la distribution geologique des oiseaux fossils et description de quelques especes nouvelles" type="journal article" year="1863">Milne-Edwards 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 184,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[829,971,1082,1105]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="23.[112,167,1258,1278]" captionStartId-1="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionStartId-2="26.[112,167,1555,1575]" captionTargetBox-0="[414,1212,145,1227]" captionTargetBox-1="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetBox-2="[336,1293,143,1523]" captionTargetId-0="figure-430@23.[413,1213,143,1229]" captionTargetId-1="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetId-2="figure-52@26.[333,1293,143,1526]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="25" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionText-0="Figure 11. Accipitrid distal right humerus SAMA P.58917 in cranial (A), caudal (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CDCS, condylus dorsalis caudal scars; CV, condylus ventralis; EV, epicondylus ventralis; FB, fossa brachialis; FO, fossa olecrani; II, incisura intercondylaris; MECR, m. extensor carpi radialis insertion scars; MFCUS, musculus flexor carpi ulnaris scars; PF, processus flexorius; PSD, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale;PSI,pronator superficialis insertion; SHT, sulcus humerotricipitalis; SST, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; TSV, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-1="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-2="Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus,ulna, humerus,tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes.Note: axes in A and B have been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534509" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534513" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5534509/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5534513/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figures 11-13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Milne-Edwards, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[861,1336,1111,1134]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquilavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="depredator">
|
||
<emphasis box="[861,1083,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Aquilavus depredator</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[1101,1328,1111,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Victor Masson et Fils, Paris, France" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="406 - 473" refId="ref31694" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1871. Des caracteres osteologiques des oiseaux de proie diurnes. In: Recherches anatomiques et paleontologiques pour servir a l'histoire des oiseaux fossils de la France. Victor Masson et Fils, Paris, France; p. 406 - 473." title="Des caracteres osteologiques des oiseaux de proie diurnes" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Recherches anatomiques et paleontologiques pour servir a l'histoire des oiseaux fossils de la France" year="1871">Milne-Edwards, 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from a tarsometatarsus, is from Saint-Gérand le Puy,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1323,1395,1141,1164]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mather, Lee, Camens and Worthy" box="[860,1094,1170,1193]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Archaehierax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,1094,1170,1193]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Archaehierax sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the incisura intertrochleae are narrow and the flange on trochlea metatarsi II is oriented more medially (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milne-Edwards A." box="[835,1053,1229,1252]" journalOrPublisher="Victor Masson et Fils, Paris, France" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="406 - 473" refId="ref31694" refString="Milne-Edwards A. 1871. Des caracteres osteologiques des oiseaux de proie diurnes. In: Recherches anatomiques et paleontologiques pour servir a l'histoire des oiseaux fossils de la France. Victor Masson et Fils, Paris, France; p. 406 - 473." title="Des caracteres osteologiques des oiseaux de proie diurnes" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Recherches anatomiques et paleontologiques pour servir a l'histoire des oiseaux fossils de la France" year="1871">Milne-Edwards 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 183
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1172,1315,1229,1252]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStart-3="Figure 14" captionStartId-0="23.[112,167,1258,1278]" captionStartId-1="25.[112,167,1394,1414]" captionStartId-2="26.[112,167,1555,1575]" captionStartId-3="27.[112,167,1150,1170]" captionTargetBox-0="[414,1212,145,1227]" captionTargetBox-1="[416,1212,155,1364]" captionTargetBox-2="[336,1293,143,1523]" captionTargetBox-3="[256,1371,143,1115]" captionTargetId-0="figure-430@23.[413,1213,143,1229]" captionTargetId-1="figure-380@25.[413,1213,143,1365]" captionTargetId-2="figure-52@26.[333,1293,143,1526]" captionTargetId-3="figure-429@27.[246,1380,143,1121]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="25" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionTargetPageId-3="27" captionText-0="Figure 11. Accipitrid distal right humerus SAMA P.58917 in cranial (A), caudal (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CDCS, condylus dorsalis caudal scars; CV, condylus ventralis; EV, epicondylus ventralis; FB, fossa brachialis; FO, fossa olecrani; II, incisura intercondylaris; MECR, m. extensor carpi radialis insertion scars; MFCUS, musculus flexor carpi ulnaris scars; PF, processus flexorius; PSD, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale;PSI,pronator superficialis insertion; SHT, sulcus humerotricipitalis; SST, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; TSV, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-1="Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis;EL,epicondylus lateralis; FPop,fossa poplitea; IG,impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis;ILCC,impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-2="Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus,ulna, humerus,tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus,pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes.Note: axes in A and B have been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square." captionText-3="Figure 14. Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534509" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534511" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534513" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534515" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5534509/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5534511/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5534513/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5534515/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figures 11-14</figureCitation>
|
||
; Plate 184,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart-0="Figure 5" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStart-2="Figure 7" captionStart-3="Figure 8" captionStart-4="Figure 9" captionStart-5="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="12.[112,167,1585,1605]" captionStartId-1="13.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-2="15.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-3="17.[112,167,1620,1640]" captionStartId-4="19.[112,167,1608,1628]" captionStartId-5="21.[112,167,1654,1674]" captionTargetBox-0="[301,1324,143,1555]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1302,154,1585]" captionTargetBox-2="[305,1314,170,1573]" captionTargetBox-3="[328,1309,181,1564]" captionTargetBox-4="[302,1322,146,1576]" captionTargetBox-5="[333,1292,170,1625]" captionTargetId-0="figure-159@12.[301,1325,143,1556]" captionTargetId-1="figure-159@13.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-2="figure-48@15.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-3="figure-83@17.[301,1325,143,1591]" captionTargetId-4="figure-116@19.[301,1325,143,1579]" captionTargetId-5="figure-113@21.[333,1293,143,1626]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionTargetPageId-5="21" captionText-0="Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views.Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm." captionText-1="Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm." captionText-2="Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view,manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD,caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr,caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-3="Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen.et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view,left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-4="Figure 9. Tarsometatarsi of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, left in dorsal (A), plantar (B), proximal end plantar (D) and proximal E) view, and distal right in dorsal (C),medial (F), lateral (G), and distal (H) view.Abbreviations:CLFHL,crista lateralis flexoris hallucis longus;CtM, cotyla medialis;CMFDL,crista medialis flexoris digitorum longus; CPL, crista plantares lateralis; CPM, crista plantares medialis; EI, eminentia intercotylaris; FLCo, fovea ligamentosa collateralis; FMI, fossa metatarsi I; FVD, foramen vasculare distale; FVP, foramen vasculare proximale; IIL, incisura intertrochlearis; IIM, incisura intertrochlearis medialis; IMFHB, incisura musculus flexor hallucis brevis; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SF, sulcus flexorius; T, tuberculum; TII, trochlea metatarsi II; TIII, trochlea metatarsi III; TIV, trochlea metatarsi IV. Scale bars 10 mm." captionText-5="Figure 10. Image showing left pedal phalanges and os metatarsale 1 of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998, digit 1 (A), digit 2 (B), digit 3 (C) and digit 4 (D) with RI.2 added given the left counterpart was broken. Scale bar 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534497" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534499" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534501" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534503" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534505" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5534507" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5534497/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5534499/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5534501/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5534503/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5534505/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5534507/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Figures 5-10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[828,1514,143,1369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The middle Miocene accipitrids from Asia are all aegypiine vultures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hou L & Zhou Z & Zhang F & Li J." box="[927,1092,1317,1340]" journalOrPublisher="Vert PalAs." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="108 - 112" part="38" refId="ref30494" refString="Hou L, Zhou Z, Zhang F, Li J. 2000. A new vulture from the Miocene of Shandong, eastern China. Vert PalAs. 38 (2): 108 - 112." title="A new vulture from the Miocene of Shandong, eastern China" type="journal article" year="2000">Hou et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang Z & Zheng X & Zheng G & Hou L." box="[1106,1289,1317,1340]" journalOrPublisher="J Ornithol." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="401 - 408" part="151" refId="ref34139" refString="Zhang Z, Zheng X, Zheng G, Hou L. 2010. A new Old World vulture (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) from the Miocene of Gansu Province, northwest China. J Ornithol. 151: 401 - 408. doi: 10.1007 / s 10336 - 009 - 0468 - 1." title="A new Old World vulture (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) from the Miocene of Gansu Province, northwest China" type="journal article" year="2010">Zhang et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang Z & Feduccia A & James HF & Iwaniuk A." box="[1303,1352,1317,1340]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="48842" part="7" refId="ref34082" refString="Zhang Z, Feduccia A, James HF, Iwaniuk A. 2012. A Late Miocene accipitrid (Aves: Accipitriformes) from Nebraska and its implications for the divergence of Old World vultures. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e 48842. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0048842." title="A Late Miocene accipitrid (Aves: Accipitriformes) from Nebraska and its implications for the divergence of Old World vultures" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Li Z & Clarke JA & Zhou Z & Deng T." box="[1367,1505,1317,1340]" journalOrPublisher="Auk." pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="615 - 625" part="133" refId="ref30768" refString="Li Z, Clarke JA, Zhou Z, Deng T. 2016. A new Old World vulture from the late Miocene of China sheds light on Neogene shifts in the past diversity and distribution of the Gypaetinae. Auk. 133: 615 - 625. doi: 10.1642 / AUK- 15 - 240.1." title="A new Old World vulture from the late Miocene of China sheds light on Neogene shifts in the past diversity and distribution of the Gypaetinae" type="journal article" year="2016">Li et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and so are not closely related (see phylogenetic analysis below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |