388 lines
42 KiB
XML
388 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2CC9526F9D1CA81F33FC8C734FA37B78">Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) associated with avocados (Persea americana) in México’s main production areas, with keys for identification and natural enemies</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ADE6C2C19156FDE2FB003C89153F50B8">Lázaro-Castellanos, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B6290675F6B8705AC8782EA1489401D8">Equihua-Martínez, Armando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D1925F07C778AAACD7399C97B01C8FD3">Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Paseo Lázaro Cárdenas Esquina Berlín s / n. C. P. 60170. Colonia Viveros, Uruapan, Michoacán, México & sochoa @ umich. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9019 - 4141</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F92293A4E1CD6E135393BFE73B7D91B6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A5C0E9FB5D0E97CDB5E96E888785FEFF">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="19D343AC1B634EAFDD2FD823E7E4263D">5357</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="00240577F2930919BE1C611A53BC0DA7">241</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="2DF08AB9F377BCF85D5E5F47C923719F">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5357.2.4</mods:url>
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<treatment id="5F1287D5FF94D82078F0F87E3B30DC98" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5F1287D5FF94D82078F0F87E3B30DC98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F1287D5FF94D82078F0F87E3B30DC98" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="254" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">
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<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF94D82178F0F87E3A69DFD7" box="[151,786,1933,1960]" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D70436C3FF94D82178F0F87E3A69DFD7" blockId="12.[151,786,1933,1960]" box="[151,786,1933,1960]" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">
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<heading id="8C4C81AFFF94D82178F0F87E3A69DFD7" bold="true" box="[151,786,1933,1960]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF94D82178F0F87E3A69DFD7" authority="(Evans, Watson & Miller)" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[151,786,1933,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF94D82178F0F87E3A69DFD7" bold="true" box="[151,786,1933,1960]" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF94D82178F0F87E38B2DFD8" bold="true" box="[151,457,1933,1960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">Davidsonaspis aguacatae</emphasis>
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(Evans, Watson & Miller)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF94D82078F0F8213ACAD8DF" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="254" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D70436C3FF94D82178F0F8213B90DF9A" blockId="12.[151,747,2002,2026]" box="[151,747,2002,2026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="F7AB11EDFF94D82178F0F8213B90DF9A" box="[151,747,2002,2026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">
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<treatmentCitation id="561A10D2FF94D82178F0F8213B9DDF9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5617779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5617779" author="Evans, G. A. & Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R." box="[151,742,2002,2026]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E02987DFFFF5FFFCF9D2FB3A9639EA48" page="58" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" year="2009">
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<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF94D82178F0F8213B9DDF9A" authority="Evans, Watson & Miller 2009: 58" authorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,742,2002,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Abgrallaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF94D82178F0F82138F2DF9A" box="[151,393,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="253">Abgrallaspis aguacatae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF94D82179E8F8213B9DDF9A" author="Evans, G. A. & Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R." box="[399,742,2002,2026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref22463" refString="Evans, G. A., Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R. (2009) A new species of armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) found on avocado fruit from Mexico and a key to the species of armored scales found on avocado worldwide. Zootaxa, 1991 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1991.1.5" type="journal article" year="2009">Evans, Watson & Miller 2009: 58</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078F0FF643ACAD8DF" blockId="13.[151,945,151,175]" box="[151,945,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="F7AB11EDFF95D82078F0FF643ACAD8DF" box="[151,945,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
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<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82078F0FF643BD7D8DF" authority="(Evans, Watson & Miller)" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[151,684,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078F0FF6438E6D8DE" box="[151,413,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Davidsonaspis aguacatae</emphasis>
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(Evans, Watson & Miller)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="561A10D2FF95D8207AD1FF643AD6D8DF" author="Normark, B. B. & Morse, G. E. & Krewinski, A. & Okusu, A." box="[694,941,151,175]" page="44" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" year="2014">
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207AD1FF643AD6D8DF" author="Normark, B. B. & Morse, G. E. & Krewinski, A. & Okusu, A." box="[694,941,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="37 - 49" refId="ref25633" refString="Normark, B. B., Morse, G. E., Krewinski, A. & Okusu, A. (2014) Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) of San Lorenzo National Park, Panama, with descriptions of two new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107 (1), 37 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 13110" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Normark
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B7FFF643A30D8DF" box="[792,843,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
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2014: 44
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</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF95D82078F0FF2E3C2FD913" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078F0FF2E3C2FD913" blockId="13.[151,1437,221,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078F0FF2E3831D887" bold="true" box="[151,330,221,247]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Field diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
. Adult female scale cover subcircular to broadly oval and flat, flimsy, about
|
||
<quantity id="10439B26FF95D8207CD0FF2E3C75D887" box="[1207,1294,221,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, brown to dark brown, with subcentral exuviae. Body of live adult female pyriform, with rather sharp pygidial apex, whitish yellow, about
|
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<quantity id="10439B26FF95D82079F6FED6389CD94F" box="[401,487,293,319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
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||
in diameter. According to
|
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207B72FED63A94D94F" author="Evans, G. A. & Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R." box="[789,1007,293,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref22463" refString="Evans, G. A., Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R. (2009) A new species of armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) found on avocado fruit from Mexico and a key to the species of armored scales found on avocado worldwide. Zootaxa, 1991 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1991.1.5" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Evans
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B06FED53AE0D94F" box="[865,923,293,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the pygidium is yellow brown with a darker apex, and the slide-mounted body of the adult female is
|
||
<quantity id="10439B26FF95D8207B3CFEBA3A85D913" box="[859,1022,329,355]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.105" metricValueMax="1.37" metricValueMin="0.84" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" unit="mm" value="1.105" valueMax="1.37" valueMin="0.84">0.84‒1.37 mm</quantity>
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long and
|
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<quantity id="10439B26FF95D8207C0AFEBA3C6BD913" box="[1133,1296,329,355]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.55" metricValueMax="10.7" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" unit="mm" value="0.855" valueMax="1.07" valueMin="0.64">0.64‒1.07 mm</quantity>
|
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wide.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF95D82078A0FE9E3BECDAD7" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078A0FE9E3B35DA67" blockId="13.[151,1437,221,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078A0FE9E383ED9F7" bold="true" box="[199,325,365,391]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207936FE9E3B14D9F7" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[337,623,365,391]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207936FE9E3B14D9F7" box="[337,623,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Davidsonaspis aguacatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207B39FE9D3AB0D9F7" box="[862,971,365,391]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B39FE9D3AB0D9F7" box="[862,971,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">H. diffinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the latter’s scale cover sometimes turns dark when honeydew from other sucking insects falls on it. The slide-mounted adult females can be separated by the following characteristics:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207A6EFE453BD4D9BF" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[521,687,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207A6EFE453BD4D9BF" box="[521,687,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Da. aguacatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three well-developed pygidial lobes and L2 and L3 each have two or more lateral teeth, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207A67FE293B0AD983" box="[512,625,473,499]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207A67FE293B0AD983" box="[512,625,473,499]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">H. diffinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only two well-developed lobes, and L2 has one or two lateral teeth; L3 is only small and lacks lateral teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078A0FDD23BECDAD7" blockId="13.[151,1437,221,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078A0FDD238D0DA4B" bold="true" box="[199,427,545,571]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Habits on the hosts</emphasis>
|
||
. The scale was collected from leaves, branches, and fruits, where it was observed grouped in small to large colonies, with intermingled females and males. On leaves it was detected on the adaxial and/or abaxial surfaces. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207983FD993BF1DAF3" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[484,650,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207983FD993BF1DAF3" box="[484,650,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Da. aguacatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found associated with other armored scales such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207D68FD993C1EDAF3" authority="Costa, 1828" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1828" box="[1295,1381,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207D68FD993C1EDAF3" box="[1295,1381,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Diaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078F0FD7D3989DAD7" box="[151,242,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82078F0FD7D3995DAD7" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,238,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccois">coccois</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D820789EFD7D3812DAD7" box="[249,361,653,679]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D820789EFD7D3876DAD7" box="[249,269,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D820797CFD7E3812DAD7" box="[283,361,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">diffinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207910FD7D388EDAD7" box="[375,501,653,679]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lataniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207910FD7D38F0DAD7" box="[375,395,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82079FEFD7E388EDAD7" box="[409,501,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">lataniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207A4BFD7D3BECDAD7" box="[556,663,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207A4BFD7D3BE8DAD7" box="[556,659,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapax">H. rapax</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF95D82078A0FD423DC9DA9F" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078A0FD423DC9DA9F" blockId="13.[151,1437,221,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078A0FD423871DABB" bold="true" box="[199,266,689,715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Hosts</emphasis>
|
||
. The scale has only been found attacking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207A97FD413AC4DABB" box="[752,959,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Persea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207A97FD413AC4DABB" box="[752,959,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Persea americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207BA8FD423DE7DABB" author="Evans, G. A. & Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R." box="[975,1180,689,715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref22463" refString="Evans, G. A., Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R. (2009) A new species of armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) found on avocado fruit from Mexico and a key to the species of armored scales found on avocado worldwide. Zootaxa, 1991 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1991.1.5" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Evans
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C79FD413D23DABB" box="[1054,1112,689,715]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207CCDFD4239AFDA9F" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." pageId="13" pageNumber="254" refId="ref22857" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 2 August 2023) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207D05FD413CE6DABB" box="[1378,1437,689,715]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the present study found it on the varieties Fuerte, Hass, Mexican 1, Granón and Padua.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF95D82078A0FD0A3B30DC98" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078A0FD0A3865DBB7" blockId="13.[151,1437,221,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078A0FD0A3822DB63" bold="true" box="[199,345,761,787]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82079B1FD093B00DB63" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[470,635,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82079B1FD093B00DB63" box="[470,635,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Da. aguacatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded only from the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF95D8207C20FD0A3DB8DB63" box="[1095,1219,761,787]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207CB5FD0A3CECDB63" author="Evans, G. A. & Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R." box="[1234,1431,761,787]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref22463" refString="Evans, G. A., Watson, G. W. & Miller, D. R. (2009) A new species of armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) found on avocado fruit from Mexico and a key to the species of armored scales found on avocado worldwide. Zootaxa, 1991 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1991.1.5" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Evans
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207D79FD093C2DDB63" box="[1310,1366,761,787]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D82078F0FCEE38A8DB47" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." box="[151,467,797,823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" refId="ref22857" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 2 August 2023) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207935FCED38F6DB47" box="[338,397,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), previously González Hernández & Atkinson (1984) had detected it on avocado in Zacatlán,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF95D820796DFCB23822DB2B" box="[266,345,833,859]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Puebla</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where it was initially identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207B6DFCB23D28DB2B" box="[778,1107,833,859]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Quadraspiditous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B6DFCB23D28DB2B" box="[778,1107,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Quadraspiditous perniciosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207C0EFCB23CE8DB2B" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1921" box="[1129,1427,833,859]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Comstockaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C0EFCB23CE8DB2B" box="[1129,1427,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Comstockaspis perniciosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Comstock). The present study recorded it in the following states and orchards:
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C22FC973C7DDB0F" bold="true" box="[1093,1286,868,895]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
State of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF95D8207CC8FC973C7DDB0F" box="[1199,1286,868,895]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">México</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: La
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF95D8207D26FC963CE3DB0F" box="[1345,1432,869,895]" country="El Salvador" name="Cabanas" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Cabaña</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Cochisquila 1, Cochisquila 2, La Colonia, Ixtlahuaca 1, La Casita, Ixtlahuaca 2, and Ixtlahuaca 3; and
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207D7AFC7A3C14DBD3" bold="true" box="[1309,1391,905,931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF95D8207D7AFC7A3C14DBD3" box="[1309,1391,905,931]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Puebla</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: La Aguacatera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF95D82078A0FC223B30DC98" blockId="13.[151,1437,221,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078A0FC2238F5DB9B" bold="true" box="[199,398,977,1003]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
. Among the natural enemies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207B60FC213AD4DB9B" baseAuthorityName="Evans, Watson & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[775,943,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Davidsonaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aguacatae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B60FC213AD4DB9B" box="[775,943,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Da. aguacatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported are the hymenopteran parasitoids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82078F0FC06386CDC7F" box="[151,279,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Aphytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078F0FC063990DC7F" box="[151,235,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Aphytis</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207941FC05389BDC7F" box="[294,480,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207941FC05389BDC7F" box="[294,480,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Encarsia citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207996FC053AA6DC7F" authority="(Lazaro-Castellanos et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Lazaro-Castellanos" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[497,989,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207996FC053B79DC7F" box="[497,514,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207A74FC053B24DC7F" box="[531,607,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">juanae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207A17FC063AAEDC7F" author="Lazaro-Castellanos, C. & Gonzalez-Hernandez, H. & Lomeli-Flores, J. R. & Myartseva, S. N. & Ortega-Arenas, L. D. & Ochoa-Ascencio, S." box="[624,981,1013,1039]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="6 - 13" refId="ref23805" refString="Lazaro-Castellanos, C., Gonzalez-Hernandez, H., Lomeli-Flores, J. R., Myartseva, S. N., Ortega-Arenas, L. D. & Ochoa-Ascencio, S. (2012) Enemigos naturales de escamas armadas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en aguacate Hass en Michoacan, Mexico. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 38 (1), 6 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.25100 / socolen. v 38 i 1.8907" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Lázaro-Castellanos
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B33FC053AF4DC7F" box="[852,911,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207B8CFC053CE6DC7F" authority="(Stocks & Evans 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Stocks & Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[1003,1437,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lounsburyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B8CFC053A87DC7F" box="[1003,1020,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C6AFC063DFEDC7F" box="[1037,1157,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">lounsburyi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207CF0FC063CEEDC7F" author="Stocks, I. C. & Evans, G. A." box="[1175,1429,1013,1039]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="491 - 494" refId="ref26674" refString="Stocks, I. C. & Evans, G. A. (2017) Armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infesting Hass avocado intercepted in Florida and a new parasitoid-host association for Davidsonaspis aguacatae. Florida Entomologist, 100 (2), 491 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.100.0244" type="journal article" year="2017">Stocks & Evans 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82078F8FBEA3855DC43" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[159,302,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207911FBEA3B2ADC43" box="[374,593,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" genus="Signiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavella">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207911FBEA3B2ADC43" box="[374,593,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Signiphora flavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(mistakenly identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207BE7FBEA3A87DC43" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1880" box="[896,1020,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" genus="Signiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207BE7FBEA3A87DC43" box="[896,1020,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Signiphora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C26FBEA3DA9DC43" box="[1089,1234,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">borinquensis</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207C8BFBEA3CEBDC43" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1894" box="[1260,1424,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Signiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and the predatory beetle
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82079CCFBCE3B1FDC27" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[427,612,1085,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacti">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82079CCFBCE3B1FDC27" box="[427,612,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Chilocorus cacti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207A14FBCE3A6ADC27" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" box="[627,785,1085,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF95D8207B41FBCE3DF9DC27" author="Lazaro-Castellanos, C. & Gonzalez-Hernandez, H. & Lomeli-Flores, J. R. & Myartseva, S. N. & Ortega-Arenas, L. D. & Ochoa-Ascencio, S." box="[806,1154,1085,1111]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" pagination="6 - 13" refId="ref23805" refString="Lazaro-Castellanos, C., Gonzalez-Hernandez, H., Lomeli-Flores, J. R., Myartseva, S. N., Ortega-Arenas, L. D. & Ochoa-Ascencio, S. (2012) Enemigos naturales de escamas armadas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en aguacate Hass en Michoacan, Mexico. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 38 (1), 6 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.25100 / socolen. v 38 i 1.8907" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Lázaro-Castellanos
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C60FBCD3D44DC27" box="[1031,1087,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the present study, we obtained
|
||
<specimenCount id="C1BDFD4AFF95D820789AFB9238ECDC0B" box="[253,407,1121,1147]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" type="generic">19 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, of which 14 were hymenopteran parasitoids and five were coccinellid predators. The species identified were the parasitoids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207998FB763BB4DCEF" box="[511,719,1157,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" rank="species" species="lepidosaphes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207998FB763BB4DCEF" box="[511,719,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Aph. lepidosaphes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1F),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207B7BFB753AADDCEF" box="[796,982,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207B7BFB753AADDCEF" box="[796,982,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Encarsia citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2F),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207C45FB753DE4DCEF" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1058,1183,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aonidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C45FB753D48DCEF" box="[1058,1075,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C22FB753DE4DCEF" box="[1093,1183,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">aurantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1F),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207C8BFB753C21DCEF" box="[1260,1370,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207C8BFB753D86DCEF" box="[1260,1277,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207D69FB753C21DCEF" box="[1294,1370,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">juanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1F),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82078F0FB593871DCB3" box="[151,266,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078F0FB5939D3DCB3" box="[151,168,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D82078DFFB593871DCB3" box="[184,266,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">gaonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D820797DFB5938C8DCB3" baseAuthorityName="Stocks & Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[282,435,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lounsburyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D820797DFB593850DCB3" box="[282,299,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D820795CFB5A38C8DCB3" box="[315,435,1193,1219]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">lounsburyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4F) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D820799BFB5A3BF2DCB3" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[508,649,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207AADFB5A3AF4DCB3" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1913" box="[714,911,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Signifora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavella">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D8207AADFB5A3AF4DCB3" box="[714,911,1193,1219]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">Signifora flavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2F, 2M) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D8207C6AFB5A3DCADCB3" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1894" box="[1037,1201,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Signiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and the coccinellid predator
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF95D820789CFB3E3B66DC97" box="[251,541,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="254">
|
||
Coccidophillus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF95D82079CBFB3D3B66DC97" baseAuthorityName="Casey" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[428,541,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Coccidophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atronitens">atronitens</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |