370 lines
40 KiB
XML
370 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3095349B7A42B9E77C987B9FE86AD4E7">Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) associated with avocados (Persea americana) in México’s main production areas, with keys for identification and natural enemies</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="13EAB6A40C8CFBCD87261109DD0C45C2">Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Paseo Lázaro Cárdenas Esquina Berlín s / n. C. P. 60170. Colonia Viveros, Uruapan, Michoacán, México & sochoa @ umich. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9019 - 4141</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2DFFE0AEF19E4C9C1857AB16F6F100C5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D2CCEC5CC9BA60C742F8063FE5D3A844">2023</mods:date>
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FAE53809DD41" bold="true" box="[151,370,1302,1329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Howardia biclavis</emphasis>
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(Comstock)
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FAA8386DDD03" box="[151,278,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Chionaspis?</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F797BFAA83810DD03" box="[284,363,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">biclavis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F7916FAA83B15DD03" author="Comstock, J. H." box="[369,622,1371,1395]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="47 - 142" refId="ref22133" refString="Comstock, J. H. (1883) Second report on scale insects, including a monograph of the sub-family Diaspinae of the family Coccidae and a list, with notes of the other species of scale insects found in North American Department of Entomology Report, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 2, 47 - 142." type="journal article" year="1883">Comstock 1883: 98–100</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FA8938D5DDE2" box="[151,430,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Chionaspis biclavis detecta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F79D3FA893B13DDE2" author="Maskell, W. M." box="[436,616,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="36 - 75" refId="ref24707" refString="Maskell, W. M. (1895) Further coccid notes: with description of new species from New Zealand, Australia, Sandwich Islands, and elsewhere, and remarks upon many species already reported. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 27 (1894), 36 - 75. [https: // paperspast. natlib. govt. nz / periodicals / TPRSNZ 1894 - 27.2.6.1.2]" type="journal article" year="1895">Maskell 1895: 49</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="F7AB11EDFF8AD83F78F0FA6B3A62DDC1" box="[151,793,1432,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
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<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F78F0FA6B38A8DDC0" ID-CoL="3MRCZ" authority="(Comstock)" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,467,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FA6B3829DDC0" box="[151,338,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Howardia biclavis</emphasis>
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(Comstock)
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="561A10D2FF8AD83F79BAFA6B3A6EDDC1" author="Berlese, A. M. & Leonardi, G." box="[477,789,1432,1457]" page="348" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" year="1896">
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F79BAFA6B3A6EDDC1" author="Berlese, A. M. & Leonardi, G." box="[477,789,1432,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="345 - 352" refId="ref20856" refString="Berlese, A. M. & Leonardi, G. (1896) Diagnosi di cocciniglie nuove. (Cont.). Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, Firenze, 4, 345 - 352." type="journal article" year="1896">Berlese & Leonardi 1896: 348</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78F0FA443AF9DDBF" blockId="18.[151,930,1371,1579]" box="[151,898,1463,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
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<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F78F0FA443B26DDBF" ID-CoL="69TNN" authority="(Comstock)" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" box="[151,605,1463,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Chionaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis" subGenus="Howardia">
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<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FA4438A7DDBF" box="[151,476,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Chionaspis (Howardia) biclavis</emphasis>
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(Comstock)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="561A10D2FF8AD83F7A00FA443A06DDBF" author="Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M." box="[615,893,1463,1487]" page="250" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" year="1902">
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<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F7A00FA443A06DDBF" author="Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M." box="[615,893,1463,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="295 - 319" refId="ref24871" refString="Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. (1902) Scale insects of the West Indies. West Indian Bulletin, 3, 295 - 319." type="journal article" year="1902">Maxwell-Lefroy 1902: 250</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78F0FA253BA4DD9E" blockId="18.[151,930,1371,1579]" box="[151,735,1494,1518]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F7AB11EDFF8AD83F78F0FA253BA4DD9E" box="[151,735,1494,1518]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F78F0FA253B76DD9E" ID-CoL="7JVXQ" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" box="[151,525,1494,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biclavis" subSpecies="detecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FA2538DADD9E" box="[151,417,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Howardia biclavis detecta</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="561A10D2FF8AD83F7A7FFA253BA0DD9E" author="Fernald, M. E." box="[536,731,1494,1518]" page="227" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" year="1903">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F7A7FFA253BA0DD9E" author="Fernald, M. E." box="[536,731,1494,1518]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref22542" refString="Fernald, M. E. (1903) A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 88, 1 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8533" type="journal article" year="1903">Fernald, 1903: 227</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78F0FA073BCFDE7C" blockId="18.[151,930,1371,1579]" box="[151,692,1524,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F7AB11EDFF8AD83F78F0FA073BCFDE7C" box="[151,692,1524,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F78F0FA073B78DE7C" ID-CoL="6QW3P" authority="(Comstock)" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" box="[151,515,1524,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Megalodiaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0FA0738F9DE7C" box="[151,386,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Megalodiaspis biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
(Comstock)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="561A10D2FF8AD83F7A6AFA073BCBDE7C" author="Paoli, G." box="[525,688,1524,1548]" page="256" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" year="1915">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F7A6AFA073BCBDE7C" author="Paoli, G." box="[525,688,1524,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="239 - 268" refId="ref25920" refString="Paoli, G. (1915) Contributo alla conoscenze della cocciniglie della Sardegna. Redia, 11 (1916), 239 - 268. [https: // biostor. org / reference / 103242]" type="journal article" year="1915">Paoli 1915: 256</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78F0F9E03AD9DE5B" blockId="18.[151,930,1371,1579]" box="[151,930,1555,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F78F0F9E03B26DE5B" authority="(Comstock)" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,605,1555,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis" subGenus="Chionaspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0F9E038A7DE5B" box="[151,476,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Howardia (Chionaspis) biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
(Comstock)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F7A00F9E03A10DE5B" author="Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V." box="[615,875,1555,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" pagination="336 - 362" refId="ref25958" refString="Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V. (1921) A check list of the Coccidae of the Indian region. Proceedings of the Entomology Meetings, India, 4, 336 - 362." type="journal article" year="1921">Ramakrishna Ayyar 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 353.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF8AD83F78F0F9AA3AEFDECC" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78F0F9AA3AEFDECC" blockId="18.[151,1437,1625,2012]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0F9AA3832DE03" bold="true" box="[151,329,1625,1651]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Field diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Adult female scale cover circular and convex, 2.5‒3.0 mm in diameter, yellowish white to brown, with fibrous appearance, exuviae subcentral. Body of live adult female membranous, slightly brown, or gray, 2.4‒
|
||
<quantity id="10439B26FF8AD83F7DECF98E39A3DECC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="2.9">2. 9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, occupying almost the entire diameter of the waxy cover.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF8AD83F78A0F9363B15DFE3" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78A0F9363ADADF57" blockId="18.[151,1437,1625,2012]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78A0F936383EDEAF" bold="true" box="[199,325,1733,1759]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. Several studies record that adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F7B73F9353AE0DEAF" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[788,923,1733,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7B73F9353AE0DEAF" box="[788,923,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Ho. biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can penetrate the epidermal tissue of its hosts although judging by their morphology, the crawlers seem not to have this capacity; on the other hand, still little is known about the biology of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8AD83F7A04F8FE3AEEDF57" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." box="[611,917,1805,1832]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" refId="ref22857" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 2 August 2023) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7B7EF8FD3A31DF57" box="[793,842,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83F78A0F8C23B15DFE3" blockId="18.[151,1437,1625,2012]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78A0F8C238C8DF3B" bold="true" box="[199,435,1841,1867]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Habits on the hosts</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F79A4F8C23BEFDF3B" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[451,660,1841,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F79A4F8C23BEFDF3B" box="[451,660,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Howardia biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found on branches individually or in small groups of no more than three individuals; it was found associated with other species of diaspidid scales such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F7CCCF8A63C08DF1F" baseAuthorityName="Morgan" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1195,1395,1877,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Chrysomphalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dictyospermi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7CCCF8A63C08DF1F" box="[1195,1395,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Chr. dictyospermi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F7DE6F8A5399EDFE3" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7DE6F8A53CEEDF1F" box="[1409,1429,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78F0F88A399EDFE3" box="[151,229,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">diffinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F7894F889380ADFE3" baseAuthorityName="Signoret" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[243,369,1913,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Hemiberlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lataniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7894F889387CDFE3" box="[243,263,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7972F88A380ADFE3" box="[277,369,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">lataniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8AD83F79C0F8893B11DFE3" box="[423,618,1913,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Pseudoparlatoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parlatorioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F79C0F88938C3DFE3" box="[423,440,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F79A1F88A3B11DFE3" box="[454,618,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">parlatorioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F7A0DF88A3B15DFE3" box="[618,622,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF8AD83E78A0F86E3987D8A5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="18" pageNumber="259" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8AD83E78A0F86E3987D8A5" blockId="18.[151,1437,1625,2012]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8AD83F78A0F86E3871DFC7" bold="true" box="[199,266,1949,1975]" pageId="18" pageNumber="259">Hosts</emphasis>
|
||
. The scale is a polyphagous species that attacks members of 196 genera belonging to 69 plant families, including several hosts of economic importance such as mango, soursop, papaya, lemon, avocado, eggplant, and tea, among others (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8BD83E790AFF643B7ED8C1" author="Watson, G. W." box="[365,517,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" refId="ref27615" refString="Watson, G. W. (2002) Arthropods of Economic Importance: Diaspididae of the World 2. 0. An illustrated identification guide and information source. Web version of a CD-ROM released by ETI Bioinformatics. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Available from: https: // diaspididae. linnaeus. naturalis. nl / linnaeus _ ng / app / views / introduction / topic. php? id = 3377 & epi = 155 (accessed 2 August 2023)" type="url" year="2002">Watson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8BD83E7A77FF643A39D8C1" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." box="[528,834,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" refId="ref22857" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 2 August 2023) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7AA2FF643B85D8C1" box="[709,766,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study it was found associated only with Hass avocado.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9FA16548FF8BD83E78A0FF2D385EDA4D" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8BD83E78A0FF2D3872D9F9" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E78A0FF2D3822D888" bold="true" box="[199,345,222,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7900FF2C3B4DD889" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[359,566,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7900FF2C3B4DD889" box="[359,566,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Howardia biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed; its presence is known in 72 countries on five continents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8BD83E78F9FEF03843D96D" author="Watson, G. W." box="[158,312,259,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" refId="ref27615" refString="Watson, G. W. (2002) Arthropods of Economic Importance: Diaspididae of the World 2. 0. An illustrated identification guide and information source. Web version of a CD-ROM released by ETI Bioinformatics. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Available from: https: // diaspididae. linnaeus. naturalis. nl / linnaeus _ ng / app / views / introduction / topic. php? id = 3377 & epi = 155 (accessed 2 August 2023)" type="url" year="2002">Watson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8BD83E7923FEF03B03D96D" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." box="[324,632,259,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" refId="ref22857" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 2 August 2023) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E799DFEF03B4FD96D" box="[506,564,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF8BD83E7ACCFEF03A78D96D" box="[683,771,259,285]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">México</collectingRegion>
|
||
, it has been collected on Hass avocado in the municipality of Los Reyes,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF8BD83E7922FED438BAD931" box="[325,449,295,321]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
|
||
(González Hernández, pers. comm., 2019). In the present study it was found in the following states and orchards:
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E798BFEB93B38D914" bold="true" box="[492,579,330,356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF8BD83E798BFEB93B38D914" box="[492,579,330,356]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Colima</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: La Calma; and
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7A9CFEB93A2CD914" bold="true" box="[763,855,330,356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF8BD83E7A9CFEB93A2CD914" box="[763,855,330,356]" country="Mexico" name="Nayarit" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Nayarit</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Camino Cerro
|
||
<collectingRegion id="157FF821FF8BD83E7C6DFEB83D0BD915" box="[1034,1136,331,357]" country="Dominican Republic" name="San Juan" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">San Juan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Camino a Cofradía and El Aguacate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D70436C3FF8BD83E78A0FE60385EDA4D" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E78A0FE6038F2D9DC" bold="true" box="[199,393,402,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
. Among the natural enemies that regulate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7B3BFE603A99D9DD" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[860,994,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7B3BFE603A99D9DD" box="[860,994,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Ho. biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the following:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7CD5FE603C44D9DD" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[1202,1343,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7D2FFE603878D9A1" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7D2FFE603984D9A1" baseAuthorityName="Howard" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Aphytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diaspidis">Aphytis diaspidis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E796CFE4438ECD9A1" box="[267,407,439,465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" rank="species" species="proclia">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E796CFE443843D9A1" box="[267,312,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Aph</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7920FE4438ECD9A1" box="[327,407,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">proclia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E79C1FE443B64D9A1" box="[422,543,439,465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" rank="species" species="theae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E79C1FE4438A8D9A1" box="[422,467,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Aph</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7985FE443B64D9A1" box="[482,543,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">theae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7A4AFE443B9DD9A1" baseAuthorityName="Howard" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[557,742,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Marietta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="busckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7A4AFE443B9DD9A1" box="[557,742,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Marietta busckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7A92FE443AA7D9A1" baseAuthorityName="Girault" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[757,988,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Pteroptrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albifemur">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7A92FE443AA7D9A1" box="[757,988,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Pteroptrix albifemur</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7B8BFE443D11D9A1" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1004,1130,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7C12FE443C56D9A1" box="[1141,1325,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Plagiomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7C12FE443C7FD9A1" box="[1141,1284,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Plagiomerus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7D5DFE4439C2D985" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Zaomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7D5DFE443CE7D9A0" box="[1338,1436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Zaomma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E789AFE2838E4D985" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1894" box="[253,415,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Signiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E79CBFE283BFAD985" box="[428,641,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" genus="Signiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dozieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E79CBFE283BFAD985" box="[428,641,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Signiphora dozieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7AB5FE283AFDD985" authorityName="Uzel" authorityYear="1895" box="[722,902,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phlaeothripidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7BF3FE283D3CD985" box="[916,1095,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Haplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7BF3FE283D60D985" box="[916,1051,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Haplothrips</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8BD83E7C3EFE283CE3D985" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." box="[1113,1432,475,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" refId="ref22857" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 2 August 2023) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7D71FE283C29D985" box="[1302,1362,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B32A4B32FF8BD83E78F0FE0C385FDA69" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[151,292,511,537]" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" refId="ref25794" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 12 December 2019)" type="url" year="2019">Noyes 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the present study, the parasitoids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7AB6FE0C3AEDDA69" authorityName="DeBach" authorityYear="1960" box="[721,918,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Aphytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holoxanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7AB6FE0C3AEDDA69" box="[721,918,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Aph. holoxanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1M) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E7C76FE0C3DE3DA68" box="[1041,1176,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" genus="Signiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perpauca">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E7C76FE0C3DE3DA68" box="[1041,1176,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">S. perpauca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1F) were reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10BB4D40FF8BD83E78F0FDD03865DA4D" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,286,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Howardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biclavis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CFEAD1FF8BD83E78F0FDD03865DA4D" box="[151,286,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="260">Ho. biclavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |