412 lines
57 KiB
XML
412 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="4F0919E3112FD89C66AD9A08CC6B3E31" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.01.005" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC4781969" ID-PubMed="26977404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933847" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1712342095165" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bernal, Ximena E. & Pinto, C. Miguel" docDate="2016" docId="039387CEB943204AFFD4FE56C363FF30" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.5.1.40-47.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.01.005" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Trypanosoma tungarae Bernal & Pinto 2016" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFAAFFB6B940204FFFA5FF9BC01FFFF6" masterDocTitle="Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting túngara frogs" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="40" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1712942748993" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="74E65A0DF5BBF85513A6BF29E1254A60">Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting túngara frogs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E8809589C7F61F905439960488E74039">Bernal, Ximena E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8232FA30EF6C3316213259E3603EBE91">Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8D617AB4BB808A5FAE75C7A68E2B7D10">Pinto, C. Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B64941243EE414F15C3486EBC0E15CCE">Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA & Centro de Investigacion ́ en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica ́ del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador & Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20004, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0AFCC2C1B467E867C3F096A3F70BCD43">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F8295FDE8081A25C5A6FCFFE9A336851">
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<mods:date id="127677EA6309E3AFCEB3A8A9E3625130">2016</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C3206553B943204CFFD4FE56C14AFE17" box="[113,341,461,481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D8B943204CFFD4FE56C14AFE17" blockId="3.[113,341,461,481]" box="[113,341,461,481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="D0CD81B4B943204CFFD4FE56C14AFE17" box="[113,341,461,481]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFFD4FE56C14AFE17" box="[113,341,461,481]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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3.1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFF3BFE56C0FCFE17" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[158,227,461,481]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="sp. nov.">Species</taxonomicName>
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description
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206553B943204CFF34FD9DC216FD37" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D8B943204CFF34FD9DC216FD37" blockId="3.[113,783,518,1152]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">The trypanosomes observed in the blood smears have a unique set of morphological characters that differentiate them from previously described species. Morphology, however, often does not allow researchers to distinguish trypanosomes species and is problematic for determining species relationships. We obtained DNA sequences that revealed this lineage constitute a new species of trypanosome that we describe below.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206553B943204CFF34FD52C310FCC6" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D8B943204CFF34FD52C310FCE2" blockId="3.[113,783,518,1152]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFF34FD52C166FD2B" bold="true" box="[145,377,713,733]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Taxonomic summary</emphasis>
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: Phylum
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFE48FD52C0B9FD0F" authority=", Cavalier-Smith, 1981" authorityName="Cavalier-Smith" authorityYear="1981" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="phylum">Euglenozoa, Cavalier-Smith, 1981</taxonomicName>
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; class
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFF48FD7EC22FFD0E" authority=", Honigberg, 1963" authorityName="Honigberg" authorityYear="1963" box="[237,560,741,760]" class="Kinetoplastea" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="class">Kinetoplastea, Honigberg, 1963</taxonomicName>
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; order
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFDDBFD7DC12CFCE2" authority=", (Kent, 1880)" authorityName=", (Kent" authorityYear="1880" baseAuthorityName="Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Kinetoplastea" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="order">Trypanosomatida, (Kent, 1880)</taxonomicName>
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<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B943204CFEE0FC9AC1BEFCE2" box="[325,417,769,788]" name="Netherlands" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Hollande</collectingCountry>
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, 1952; family
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFDEAFC9AC314FCE2" authorityName="Doflein" authorityYear="1911" box="[591,779,769,788]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="family">Trypanosomatidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8536D8B943204CFFD4FC85C310FCC6" blockId="3.[113,783,518,1152]" box="[113,783,796,817]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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Doflein, 1951.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFF59FC87C1C5FCC6" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[252,474,796,816]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFF59FC87C1C5FCC6" box="[252,474,796,816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma tungarae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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n. sp. Bernal and Pinto (201×).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3206553B943204BFF34FCA2C08BFAC3" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D8B943204BFF34FCA2C08BFAC3" blockId="3.[113,783,518,1152]" lastBlockId="4.[88,758,1147,1975]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFF34FCA2C139FCBA" bold="true" box="[145,294,825,844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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<typeStatus id="5481887AB943204CFF34FCA2C0DCFCBA" box="[145,195,825,844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
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material
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</emphasis>
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||
:
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<typeStatus id="5481887AB943204CFE92FCA1C17BFCBB" box="[311,356,826,845]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
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blood smears of three infected frogs are deposited in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM Numbers TBD).
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFEC7FCEAC1D3FC72" bold="true" box="[354,460,881,900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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<typeStatus id="5481887AB943204CFEC7FCEAC18BFC72" box="[354,404,881,900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
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Host
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</emphasis>
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: Vertebrate host is the túngara frogs
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFF0BFC17C130FC56" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[174,303,908,928]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Engystomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFF0BFC17C130FC56" box="[174,303,908,928]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">E. pustulosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFEE5FC16C1B7FC56" box="[320,424,909,928]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Amphibia</taxonomicName>
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: Leuperidae); putative vectors are
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFFD4FC33C10FFC4A" box="[113,272,936,956]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFFD4FC33C0C4FC4A" box="[113,219,936,956]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Corethrella</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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midges (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFED1FC32C1DBFC4A" box="[372,452,937,956]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFE77FC32C27BFC4A" box="[466,612,937,956]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corethrellidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFDDDFC32C317FC4D" bold="true" box="[632,776,936,956]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
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<typeStatus id="5481887AB943204CFDDDFC32C2B5FC4A" box="[632,682,937,956]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
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Locality
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</emphasis>
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: Panaḿa,
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<collectingRegion id="49FEF83AB943204CFF6EFC5EC17DFC2E" box="[203,354,965,984]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Colon Province</collectingRegion>
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, Gamboa (
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<specimenCount id="9D3CFD51B943204CFE6EFC5EC219FC2E" box="[459,518,965,984]" count="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" type="generic">
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<quantity id="4CC29B3DB943204CFE6EFC5EC21DFC2E" box="[459,514,965,984]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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a.s.l., 9
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<superScript id="7C4F9B90B943204CFDE0FC5AC252FC39" attach="left" box="[581,589,961,975]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">ǫ</superScript>
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79
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<superScript id="7C4F9B90B943204CFDC9FC5AC26FFC39" attach="left" box="[620,624,961,975]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Ɩ</superScript>
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N, 79
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<superScript id="7C4F9B90B943204CFD0EFC5AC2ACFC39" attach="left" box="[683,691,961,975]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">ǫ</superScript>
|
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42.9
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<superScript id="7C4F9B90B943204CFD40FC5AC2F6FC39" attach="left" box="[741,745,961,975]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Ɩ</superScript>
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W) (
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<figureCitation id="13012A5DB943204CFFDCFC7BC0AAFC02" box="[121,181,992,1012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[113,138,1945,1959]" captionTargetBox="[205,1409,1203,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-692@3.[200,1413,1199,1915]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Map of the Republic of Panaḿa indicating with a star the location of Gamboa, the type locality of Trypanosoma tungarae n. sp. Insert shows the location of Panamáin the New World." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933851/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFF68FC7BC18CFC02" bold="true" box="[205,403,992,1012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Location on hosts</emphasis>
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: In the vertebrate hosts peripheral blood. The location in their putative vector frog-biting midges is unknown (possibilities include the digestive tract, the hemocele and the salivary glands).
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFEC9FBAFC1F2FBB1" bold="true" box="[364,493,1076,1095]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Distribution</emphasis>
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||
: Currently known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481887AB943204CFF04FBCBC0D1FB95" box="[161,206,1104,1123]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, Gamboa,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B943204CFE05FBCBC1EDFB95" box="[416,498,1104,1123]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Panama</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFDA6FBCBC276FB95" bold="true" box="[515,617,1104,1123]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
: Monomorphic trypanosome with an elongated body (52.13 ± 12.94 µm) and thin soma (5.41 ± 3.62 µm). Free flagellar length (FF), 13.20 ± 5.11 µm; midnucleus to anterior end (MA), 42.71 ± 13.77 µm; midnucleus to posterior end (MP), 29.67 ± 10.59 µm; midnucleus to kinetoplast, 20.31 ± 7.41 µm; posterior end to kinetoplast, 9.71 ± 3.50 µm; relative size of flagellum (FF/MA), 0.34 ± 0.14 µm; length of nucleus, 3.63 ± 1.67 µm; nuclear index (MP/MA), 0.97 ± 0.60 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A5DB943204CFADAFEA5C5AAFEA4" box="[1407,1461,318,338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[88,113,1051,1065]" captionTargetBox="[254,1311,178,1022]" captionTargetId="figure-547@4.[252,1311,178,1022]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Light microscopy of Trypanosoma tungarae n. sp. (Giemasa-staining). (a e) Trypomastigotes stained using Hemacolor ® Giemsa stain kit (Voigt Global Distribution Inc, USA); ‾ (f‾i) Trypomastigotes stained using Giemsa stain following Mohr (1981). Scale bars: 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933853/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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||
). In general, this species resembles other anuran trypanosomes from Central and South America (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFBCBFEECC4EAFE7F" author="Desser, S. S." box="[1134,1269,374,394]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="160" refId="ref7045" refString="Desser, S. S., 2001. The blood parasites of anurans from Costa Rica with reflections on the taxonomy of their trypanosomes. J. Parasitol. 87, 152 ‾ 160." type="journal article" year="2001">Desser, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFAA1FEEDC5C6FE7F" author="Ferreira, R. C. & Campaner, M. & Viola, L. B. & Takata, C. S. A. & Takeda, G. F. & Teixeira, M. M. G." box="[1284,1497,374,394]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="1638" refId="ref7426" refString="Ferreira, R. C., Campaner, M., Viola, L. B., Takata, C. S. A., Takeda, G. F., Teixeira, M. M. G., 2007. Morphological and molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships among anuran trypanosomes from the Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes in Brazil. Parasitology 134, 1623 ‾ 1638." type="journal article" year="2007">Ferreira et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFC9AFE09C443FE53" author="McKenzie, V. J. & Starks, H. A." box="[831,1116,402,421]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="829" refId="ref8242" refString="McKenzie, V. J., Starks, H. A., 2008. Blood parasites of two Costa Rican amphibians with comments on detection and microfiliaria density associated with adult filarial worm intensity. J. Parasitol. 94, 824 ‾ 829." type="journal article" year="2008">McKenzie and Starks, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species is longer and thinner that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFCC9FE36C3F6FE37" box="[876,1001,429,449]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rotatorium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFCC9FE36C3F6FE37" box="[876,1001,429,449]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">T. rotatorium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‾ like species found in other leptodactilyd anuran host in South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFB80FE51C4C9FE2B" author="Lemos, M. & Morais, D. H. & Carvalho, V. T. & D'Agosto, M." box="[1061,1238,458,477]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="151" refId="ref7906" refString="Lemos, M., Morais, D. H., Carvalho, V. T., D'Agosto, M., 2008. First record of Trypanosoma chattoni in Brazil and occurrence of other Trypanosoma Species in Brazilian frogs (Anura, Leptodactylidae). J. Parasitol. 94, 148 ‾ 151." type="journal article" year="2008">Lemos et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In particular, this species corresponds to the morphology of anuran trypanosomes with elongated trypomastigotes with pointed ends observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFA37FD99C37BFDC7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFCCBFD85C3FBFDC7" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[878,996,542,561]" family="Leiuperidae" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" rank="family">Leiuperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFBB0FD85C4ABFDC7" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1896" box="[1045,1204,542,561]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B943204CFB54FD85C535FDC7" box="[1265,1322,542,561]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Group I,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFA2BFD85C3A9FDBB" author="Ferreira, R. C. & Campaner, M. & Viola, L. B. & Takata, C. S. A. & Takeda, G. F. & Teixeira, M. M. G." pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="1638" refId="ref7426" refString="Ferreira, R. C., Campaner, M., Viola, L. B., Takata, C. S. A., Takeda, G. F., Teixeira, M. M. G., 2007. Morphological and molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships among anuran trypanosomes from the Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes in Brazil. Parasitology 134, 1623 ‾ 1638." type="journal article" year="2007">Ferreira et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The morphology of this species, however, is most similar in general to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFBB3FDCFC4A2FD9F" box="[1046,1213,596,617]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFBB3FDCFC486FD9E" box="[1046,1177,596,616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFAB3FDCFC5A1FD9F" box="[1302,1470,596,617]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFAB3FDCFC586FD9E" box="[1302,1433,596,616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(f) described from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFC43FDEBC4BCFD72" baseAuthorityName="Brocchi" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[998,1187,624,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vaillanti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFC43FDEBC4BCFD72" box="[998,1187,624,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Lithobates vaillanti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
syn.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFB44FDEBC574FD72" authorityName="Brocchi" authorityYear="1877" box="[1249,1387,624,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vaillanti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFB44FDEBC574FD72" box="[1249,1387,624,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Rana vaillanti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFA3CFDE9C39EFD56" author="Desser, S. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="160" refId="ref7045" refString="Desser, S. S., 2001. The blood parasites of anurans from Costa Rica with reflections on the taxonomy of their trypanosomes. J. Parasitol. 87, 152 ‾ 160." type="journal article" year="2001">Desser (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although the measurements of the species described here match closely some characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFB64FD33C578FD4B" box="[1217,1383,680,701]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFB64FD33C55BFD4A" box="[1217,1348,680,700]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e) such as the relative length of the free flagellum, other features, including total body length and the distance from the posterior end to the kinetoplast, are closer to the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFAB5FD67C5A7FCE6" box="[1296,1464,764,784]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFAB5FD67C58CFCE6" box="[1296,1427,764,784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(f). Some other features, however, are distinct from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFAFFFC83C344FCBE" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFAFFFC83C5C2FCDA" box="[1370,1501,792,812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e) and (f) (e.g. distance from the center of the nucleus to the anterior end). A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFC40FCD4C4CAFC95" box="[997,1237,847,867]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="montrealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFC40FCD4C4CAFC95" box="[997,1237,847,867]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma montrealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like species was found to be transmitted by North American frog-biting midges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFACDFCF0C5A4FC89" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1968" box="[1384,1467,875,895]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wirthi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFACDFCF0C5A4FC89" box="[1384,1467,875,895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">C. wirthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFC36FC13C449FC6D" author="Johnson, R. N. & Young, D. G. & Butler, J. F." box="[915,1110,904,924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="921" refId="ref7797" refString="Johnson, R. N., Young, D. G., Butler, J. F., 1993. Trypanosome transmission by Corethrella wirthi (Diptera, Chaoboridae) to the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea (Anura, Hylidae). J. Med. Entomol. 30, 918 ‾ 921." type="journal article" year="1993">Johnson et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the body length and width of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFCF9FC38C522FC41" authority="(Fantham et al., 1942)" baseAuthorityName="Fantham" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[860,1341,931,952]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="montrealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFCF9FC38C450FC41" box="[860,1103,931,951]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma montrealis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFBC4FC3FC52BFC41" author="Fantham, H. B. & Porter, A. & Richardson, L. R." box="[1121,1332,932,952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="226" refId="ref7196" refString="Fantham, H. B., Porter, A., Richardson, L. R., 1942. Some Haematozoa observed in vertebrates in eastern Canada. Parasitology 34, 199 ‾ 226." type="journal article" year="1942">Fantham et al., 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fall within the dimensions of the species described here, that previously described species has a much shorter free flagellum than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFA97FC40C5BFFC19" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[1330,1440,987,1007]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFA97FC40C5BFFC19" box="[1330,1440,987,1007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">T. tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n. sp (3‾5.5 µm vs 13.20 ± 5.11 µm). The validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFABBFC6CC584FBFD" box="[1310,1435,1015,1035]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="montrealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFABBFC6CC584FBFD" box="[1310,1435,1015,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">T. montrealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, has been questioned (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B943204CFBC3FB8FC52DFBD1" author="Werner, J. K. & Davis, J. F. & Slaght, K. S." box="[1126,1330,1044,1063]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" pagination="649" refId="ref9043" refString="Werner, J. K., Davis, J. F., Slaght, K. S., 1988. Trypanosomes of Bufo americanus from northern Michigan. J. Wild. Dis. 24, 647 ‾ 649." type="journal article" year="1988">Werner et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More detailed morphological comparisons with previously described species of anuran trypanosomes from the same geographical area are unfeasible given that detailed morphological measurements are not often reported and recent, updated species descriptions frequently focus on the species genotypes (e.g
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFE73FB0CC2BAFB5C" author="Ferreira, R. C. & Campaner, M. & Viola, L. B. & Takata, C. S. A. & Takeda, G. F. & Teixeira, M. M. G." box="[470,677,1175,1194]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="1638" refId="ref7426" refString="Ferreira, R. C., Campaner, M., Viola, L. B., Takata, C. S. A., Takeda, G. F., Teixeira, M. M. G., 2007. Morphological and molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships among anuran trypanosomes from the Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes in Brazil. Parasitology 134, 1623 ‾ 1638." type="journal article" year="2007">Ferreira et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Intraspecific morphological variation of amphibian trypanosomes, however, is so high that precludes its use for species identification. For example, amphibian trypanosomes can significantly change their morphotype when infecting different hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFDE9FA9DC097FAC3" author="Hysek, J. & Zizka, Z." pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="609" refId="ref7723" refString="Hysek, J., Zizka, Z., 1976. Transmission of Trypanosoma rotatorium from frogs to white mice. Nature 260, 608 ‾ 609." type="journal article" year="1976">Hysek and Zizka, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF456650B943204CFFD4F802C0B8F848" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933851" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933851/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" startId="3.[113,138,1945,1959]" targetBox="[205,1409,1203,1912]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B943204CFFD4F802C0B8F848" blockId="3.[113,1500,1943,1982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFFD4F802C0BFF851" bold="true" box="[113,160,1945,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of the Republic of Panaḿa indicating with a star the location of Gamboa, the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB943204CFC37F803C421F851" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[914,1086,1944,1959]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB943204CFC37F803C421F851" box="[914,1086,1944,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="43">Trypanosoma tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57B1B943204CFBE7F802C474F851" box="[1090,1131,1945,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Insert shows the location of Panamáin the New World.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456650B944204BFFFDFB80C335FBB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933853" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933853/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" startId="4.[88,113,1051,1065]" targetBox="[254,1311,178,1022]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204BFFFDFB80C335FBB7" blockId="4.[88,1476,1047,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFFFDFB80C098FBDC" bold="true" box="[88,135,1051,1066]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Light microscopy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFE89FB80C1C7FBDC" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[300,472,1051,1066]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFE89FB80C1C7FBDC" box="[300,472,1051,1066]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Trypanosoma tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57B1B944204BFE79FB87C219FBDC" box="[476,518,1052,1066]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Giemasa-staining). (a e) Trypomastigotes stained using Hemacolor
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9B90B944204BFBBFFB8CC43BFBD4" attach="left" box="[1050,1060,1047,1058]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">®</superScript>
|
||
Giemsa stain kit (Voigt Global Distribution Inc, USA); ‾ (f‾i) Trypomastigotes stained using Giemsa stain following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFD8BFBA9C28EFBB6" author="Mohr, J. L." box="[558,657,1074,1088]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="303" refId="ref8489" refString="Mohr, J. L., 1981. Methods for staining protozoans in blood, macrophages or body fluids. In: Baltimore, C. G. (Ed.), Staining Procedures, fourth ed. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 303." type="book chapter" year="1981">Mohr (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Scale bars: 10 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206553B944204BFFD2FAA5C29CF86D" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204BFFD2FAA5C29CF86D" blockId="4.[88,758,1147,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
This species does not resemble in morphology
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFDD7FAA6C0B8FA9B" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="chattoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFDD7FAA6C0B8FA9B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Trypanosoma chattoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the closest related species known to date (see under
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFFFDFAEEC14CFA7F" box="[88,339,1397,1417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Phylogenetic relationships</emphasis>
|
||
below), that has a characteristic round to oval body (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFF6BFA09C192FA53" author="Lemos, M. & Morais, D. H. & Carvalho, V. T. & D'Agosto, M." box="[206,397,1426,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="151" refId="ref7906" refString="Lemos, M., Morais, D. H., Carvalho, V. T., D'Agosto, M., 2008. First record of Trypanosoma chattoni in Brazil and occurrence of other Trypanosoma Species in Brazilian frogs (Anura, Leptodactylidae). J. Parasitol. 94, 148 ‾ 151." type="journal article" year="2008">Lemos et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trypomastigotes of both species, however, have large size and this new species thus becomes a new member of the giant trypanosomes that includes species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFFFDFA7FC106FA0E" box="[88,281,1508,1528]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="mega">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFFFDFA7FC106FA0E" box="[88,281,1508,1528]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Trypanosoma mega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFE8FFA7FC186FA0E" authorityName="Lankester" authorityYear="1871" box="[298,409,1508,1528]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="ranarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFE8FFA7FC186FA0E" box="[298,409,1508,1528]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">T. ranarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFE70FA7FC08BF9E3" authority="(Martin et al., 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="rotatorium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFE70FA7FC247FA0E" box="[469,600,1508,1528]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">T. rotatorium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFDCEFA7EC094F9E3" author="Martin, D. S. & Wright, A. - D. G. & Barta, J. R. & Desser, S. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="571" refId="ref8289" refString="Martin, D. S., Wright, A. - D. G., Barta, J. R., Desser, S. S., 2002. Phylogenetic position of the giant anuran trypanosomes, Trypanosoma chattoni, Trypanosoma fallisi, Trypanosoma mega, Trypanosoma neveulemairei, and Trypanosoma ranarum inferred from 18 S rRNA gene sequences. J. Parasitol. 88, 566 ‾ 571." type="journal article" year="2002">Martin et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite the widespread distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFD27F99BC2EAF9E2" box="[642,757,1536,1556]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="chattoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFD27F99BC2EAF9E2" box="[642,757,1536,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">T. chattoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including Asia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B944204BFF52F986C12CF9C6" box="[247,307,1565,1584]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFE9AF985C1D9F9C6" author="Werner, J." box="[319,454,1565,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="363" refId="ref9013" refString="Werner, J., 1993. Blood parasites of amphibians from Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. J. Parasitol. 79, 356 ‾ 363." type="journal article" year="1993">Werner, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFFFDF9A2C0C0F9BA" author="Miyata, A." box="[88,223,1593,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="80" refId="ref8457" refString="Miyata, A., 1978. Anuran trypanosomes in Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands, with descriptions of six new species. Trop. Med. 20, 51 ‾ 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Miyata, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B944204BFF51F9A2C152F9BA" box="[244,333,1593,1612]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFEFBF9A2C220F9BA" author="Sailasuta, A. & Satetasit, J. & Chutmongkonkul, M." box="[350,575,1593,1613]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refId="ref8867" refString="Sailasuta, A., Satetasit, J., Chutmongkonkul, M., 2011. Pathological study of blood parasites in rice field frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834). Vet. Med. Int. Article ID 850568 http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4061 / 2011 / 850568." type="journal volume" year="2011">Sailasuta et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), North America (United Sates,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFF4EF9CEC19BF99E" author="Diamond, L. S." box="[235,388,1621,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="77" refId="ref7132" refString="Diamond, L. S., 1965. Studies on the morphology, biology and taxonomy of the trypanosomes of Anura. Wildl. Dis. 44, 1 ‾ 77." type="journal article" year="1965">Diamond, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B944204BFE36F9CEC1C1F99E" box="[403,478,1621,1640]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFE4FF9CEC2A0F99E" author="Jones, S. R. M. & Woo, P. T." box="[490,703,1621,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="62" refId="ref7855" refString="Jones, S. R. M., Woo, P. T., 1986. Trypanosoma chattoni Mathis and Leger, 1911 in Rana pipiens of southern Ontario: morphometrics and a description of the division process. Syst. Parasitol. 9, 57 ‾ 62." type="journal article" year="1986">Jones and Woo, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and South America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D7648B944204BFF58F9EAC126F972" box="[253,313,1649,1668]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFEE3F9EAC21CF972" author="Lemos, M. & Morais, D. H. & Carvalho, V. T. & D'Agosto, M." box="[326,515,1649,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="151" refId="ref7906" refString="Lemos, M., Morais, D. H., Carvalho, V. T., D'Agosto, M., 2008. First record of Trypanosoma chattoni in Brazil and occurrence of other Trypanosoma Species in Brazilian frogs (Anura, Leptodactylidae). J. Parasitol. 94, 148 ‾ 151." type="journal article" year="2008">Lemos et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this species is monomorphic with little geographic variation. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFDF3F917C2DDF956" box="[598,706,1676,1696]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="chattoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFDF3F917C2DDF956" box="[598,706,1676,1696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">T. chattoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFFFDF933C0DDF94A" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[88,194,1704,1724]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFFFDF933C0DDF94A" box="[88,194,1704,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">T. tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57B1B944204BFF63F932C0E6F94A" box="[198,249,1705,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
have heavily stained cytoplasms that often obscure the nucleus and kinetoplast. When visible, the kinetoplast lays towards the anterior end at about a fourth of the total length of the cell. Glass slides of Giemsa-stained smears from túngara frog blood samples and DNA samples are kept at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC. To comply with the regulations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), details of this species have been submitted to ZooBank with the Life Science Identifier (LSID) zoobank.org:pub:TBD.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206553B944204BFFD2F83FC3B2FB08" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204BFFD2F83FC3B2FB08" blockId="4.[88,758,1147,1975]" lastBlockId="4.[805,1475,1146,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFFD2F83FC0F7F841" bold="true" box="[119,232,1956,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFF5FF838C155F841" box="[250,330,1955,1975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Túngara</emphasis>
|
||
(English pronunciation: toon-gah-rra) is the common name of the frog
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFBF8FBE1C4C5FB78" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1117,1242,1146,1166]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Engystomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFBF8FBE1C4C5FB78" box="[1117,1242,1146,1166]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">E. pustulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the vertebrate host of this new species of trypanosome. Túngara is a feminine Spanish onomatopoeic word resembling part of the singing repertoire of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFC80FB56C3BBFB17" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[805,932,1229,1249]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Engystomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFC80FB56C3BBFB17" box="[805,932,1229,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">E. pustulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males. We treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB944204BFBF2FB56C4B1FB17" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[1111,1198,1229,1249]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFBF2FB56C4B1FB17" box="[1111,1198,1229,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a feminine noun in the genitive case.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206553B944204BFC80FABEC394F8C6" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204BFC80FABEC3F1FACF" blockId="4.[805,1006,1317,1337]" box="[805,1006,1317,1337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<heading id="D0CD81B4B944204BFC80FABEC3F1FACF" box="[805,1006,1317,1337]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFC80FABEC3F1FACF" box="[805,1006,1317,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">3.2. Host prevalence</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204BFCE0FAC5C394F8C6" blockId="4.[805,1475,1374,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Consistent with our prediction, we found sexual differences in trypanosomes infection in túngara frogs (Z-test, Z = 2.28, p = 0.022).While 40% of male túngara frogs sampled were infected with this blood parasite, only 6.6% of the females were infected (males: 10/25; females: 1/15). We were, however, expecting that no females would be infected since female túngara frogs do not vocalize. Frog-biting midges are attracted to the mating calls produced by males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFC74F9BAC493F9C2" author="Bernal, X. E. & Rand, A. S. & Ryan, M. J." box="[977,1164,1569,1589]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="715" refId="ref6664" refString="Bernal, X. E., Rand, A. S., Ryan, M. J., 2006. Acoustic preferences and localization performance of blood-sucking flies (Corethrella Coquillett) to tungara frog calls. Behav. Ecol. 17, 709 ‾ 715." type="journal article" year="2006">Bernal et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFB33F9BAC537F9C3" author="Borkent, A." box="[1174,1320,1569,1589]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="456" refId="ref6754" refString="Borkent, A., 2008. The frog-biting midges of the world (Corethrellidae: Diptera). Zootaxa 1804, 1 ‾ 456." type="journal article" year="2008">Borkent, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B944204BFA96F9B9C3A0F9A7" author="McKeever, S. & Hartberg, W. K." pageId="4" pageNumber="44" pagination="112" refId="ref8363" refString="McKeever, S., Hartberg, W. K., 1980. An effective method for trapping adult female Corethrella (Diptera, Chaoboridae). Mosq. News 40, 111 ‾ 112." type="journal article" year="1980">McKeever and Hartberg, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so our results beg the question, if frog-biting midges are the vectors, how did a female become infected with this new species of trypanosomes? Careful inspections of our records confirmed this result and field observations revealed a potential path of transmission for female frogs to be infected. When túngara frog are in amplexus, frog-biting midges attempting to feed on the calling male have an opportunity to move directly from their original victim, the male, to the female and obtain a blood meal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A5DB944204BFC88F886C360F8C6" box="[813,895,1821,1840]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[113,138,1922,1936]" captionTargetBox="[355,1260,898,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-480@1.[353,1260,897,1893]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1. Photographs of túngara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus) and frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp). (a) Calling male túngara frog preyed upon by frog-biting midges; (b) female (bottom) in amplexus with a male (top) covered with biting midges; (c) female (bottom) with a biting midge on her nostril that was passed from the male during amplexus.Túngara frogs are about 30 mm long while the frog-biting midges are only about 1.5 mm. Photos taken by Alexander Baugh (a) and Ximena E Bernal (b,c)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933849/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1b,c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206553B944204AFC80F8C3C363FF30" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204BFC80F8C3C44EF89A" blockId="4.[805,1105,1880,1900]" box="[805,1105,1880,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<heading id="D0CD81B4B944204BFC80F8C3C44EF89A" box="[805,1105,1880,1900]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB944204BFC80F8C3C44EF89A" box="[805,1105,1880,1900]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">3.3. Phylogenetic relationships</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B944204AFCE0F80BC0EAFEA4" blockId="4.[805,1474,1936,1984]" lastBlockId="5.[113,783,178,673]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The maximum likelihood and the Bayesian inference phylogenies of the 18S rRNA gene are highly concordant, and show strong support for the placement of the new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB945204AFDF5FF29C084FF14" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB945204AFDF5FF29C084FF14" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">Trypanosoma tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the clade with aquatic trypanosomes; however, several internal branches are poorly supported for both methods.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB945204AFD6AFF71C107FEEC" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB945204AFD6AFF71C107FEEC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">Trypanosoma tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57B1B945204AFEBBFE9CC14EFEEC" box="[286,337,263,282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB945204AFE1BFE9DC23EFEEC" box="[446,545,262,282]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="chattoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB945204AFE1BFE9DC23EFEEC" box="[446,545,262,282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">T. chattoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and both form a highly supported clade sister to other trypanosomes of South American frogs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A5DB945204AFF17FEA5C0F7FEA4" box="[178,232,318,338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[113,138,1854,1868]" captionTargetBox="[242,1374,753,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-348@5.[238,1375,749,1825]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Phylogeny of the aquatic clade, and PTP species delimitation results. Best maximum likelihood tree of the18S rRNA gene of member of the aquatic clade and selected outgroups. Numbers on the branches represent support values corresponding to ±70% bootstrap replicates (left) and ±0.9 Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Subclades are highlighted with colored boxes to indicate host associations. Color of the branches indicate the PTP species delimitation results; monophyletic groups in red indicate members of a single species, blue terminal branches indicate that only one sample is included in such species. Names of the terminals indicate the GenBank accession numbers, scientific name, and sample or isolate code.Star indicates the position of T.tungarae n. sp. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933855/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536D8B945204AFF34FEC1C363FF30" blockId="5.[113,783,178,673]" lastBlockId="5.[831,892,179,198]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Both, the maximum likelihood and Bayesian solutions of the putative species delimitation analysis in PTP indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB945204AFFD4FE0AC0C3FE53" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[113,220,401,421]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB945204AFFD4FE0AC0C3FE53" box="[113,220,401,421]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">T. tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57B1B945204AFF47FE08C108FE50" box="[226,279,403,422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is a different species from other trypanosomes for which molecular data is available. Also, the PTP analyses indicate that it might be some over splitting of species in fish trypanosomes, and several unrecognized species of frog trypanosomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A5DB945204AFD01FE7DC2C7FE0F" box="[676,728,486,505]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[113,138,1854,1868]" captionTargetBox="[242,1374,753,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-348@5.[238,1375,749,1825]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Phylogeny of the aquatic clade, and PTP species delimitation results. Best maximum likelihood tree of the18S rRNA gene of member of the aquatic clade and selected outgroups. Numbers on the branches represent support values corresponding to ±70% bootstrap replicates (left) and ±0.9 Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Subclades are highlighted with colored boxes to indicate host associations. Color of the branches indicate the PTP species delimitation results; monophyletic groups in red indicate members of a single species, blue terminal branches indicate that only one sample is included in such species. Names of the terminals indicate the GenBank accession numbers, scientific name, and sample or isolate code.Star indicates the position of T.tungarae n. sp. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933855/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The two sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5BB945204AFE87FD9AC193FDE3" authority="Bernal & Pinto, 2016" authorityName="Bernal & Pinto" authorityYear="2016" box="[290,396,513,533]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="tungarae" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEACAB945204AFE87FD9AC193FDE3" box="[290,396,513,533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="45">T. tungarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57B1B945204AFE37FD99C1D9FDE3" box="[402,454,514,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
diverge in eight nucleotides, and it is likely that additional genetic variation can be found within the study area. Despite that the 18S rRNA gene is a slowly evolving marker, the variation that we found is not surprising given the complex patterns of intra and inter specific trypanosome diversity found in this geographic region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B945204AFE1EFD16C279FD56" author="Pinto, C. M. & Kalko, E. K. V. & Cottontail, I. & Wellinghausen, N. & Cottontail, V. M." box="[443,614,653,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" pagination="1332" refId="ref8579" refString="Pinto, C. M., Kalko, E. K. V., Cottontail, I., Wellinghausen, N., Cottontail, V. M., 2012. TcBat, a bat-exclusive lineage of Trypanosoma cruzi, in the Panama Canal Zone, with comments on its classification and the use of the 18 S rRNA gene for lineage identification. Infect. Genet. Evol. 12, 1328 ‾ 1332." type="journal article" year="2012">Pinto et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B29B945204AFDD5FD16C370FF30" author="Cottontail, V. M. & Kalko, E. V. & Cottontail, I. & Wellinghausen, N. & Tschapka, M. & Perkins, S. & Pinto, C. M." box="[624,879,179,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" pagination="108603" refId="ref6890" refString="Cottontail, V. M., Kalko, E. V., Cottontail, I., Wellinghausen, N., Tschapka, M., Perkins, S., Pinto, C. M., 2014. High local diversity of Trypanosoma in a common bat species, and implications for the biogeography and taxonomy of the T. cruzi clade. PLoS One 9, e 108603." type="journal article" year="2014">Cottontail et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |