389 lines
42 KiB
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389 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3ab2700-b888-4721-b7c1-fcb2d0bb38b2" ID-PMC="PMC8233300" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1045-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" ID-PubMed="34228772" ID-ZooBank="2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1045-1" checkinTime="1624048151249" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Giron, Jennifer C. & Short, Andrew Edward Z." docDate="2021" docId="5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1045: 1-236" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1045" docPubDate="2021-06-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" docTitle="Quadriops Hansen 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" masterDocTitle="The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668150528805" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Giron, Jennifer C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">entiminae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Short, Andrew Edward Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-06-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1045</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>236</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1045-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182959276" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Hansen, 1999" authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Quadriops Hansen, 1999</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Variation across Acidocerinae, dorsal and lateral views A Colossochares ellipticus B Peltochares sp. C Peltochares conspicuus D Aulonochares tubulus E Helochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Novochares sp. H Helopeltarium ferrugineum I Batochares sp. J Helobata larvalis K Radicitus sp. L Nanosaphes tricolor M Agraphydrus cf. attenuatus N Tobochares luteomargo O Tobochares sulcatus P Quadriops similaris Q Crucisternum ouboteri R Primocerus neutrum S Agraphydrus coomani T Agraphydrus sp. U Globulosis flavus V Crephelochares nitescens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1P</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Acidocerinae simplified from Short et al. (2021), indicating the distribution, preferred habitat, and currently described number of species for each genus. For habitat, filled black circles indicate that at least some species of the genus are commonly found in this habitat; light grey circles indicate the genus has been found in this habitat, but is rare or not typical for the group; white circles indicate no species have been recorded for the genus in this habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Novochares, Peltochares, Primocerus, Quadriops, Radicitus, Sindolus, Tobochares, and Troglochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557405" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 11C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Habitus of Quadriops spp. A-C Q. acroreius: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F Q. clusia: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 48</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Aedeagi of Quadriops, Radicitus and Sindolus spp. A Q. clusia B Q. depressus C Q. reticulatus D Q. similaris E S. sp. (Venezuela) F. S. sp. (Venezuela) G, H R. ayacucho: G dorsal view H lateral view I, J R. cf. granitum (Suriname): I dorsal view J lateral view K, L R. surinamensis: K dorsal view L lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-D); 0.5 mm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557448" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 49A-D</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Quadriops</taxonomicName>
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Hansen, 1999a: 131.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Masculine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="M.Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops depressus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops depressus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Hansen, 1999a: 136; by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Small to very small beetles, body length 1.6-2.6 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; moderate to strongly convex in lateral view, dorsal outline evenly convex or nearly straight along median region (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Habitus of Quadriops spp. A-C Q. acroreius: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F Q. clusia: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48</figureCitation>
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). Color orange brown to dark brown, uniform along body regions; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Habitus of Quadriops spp. A-C Q. acroreius: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F Q. clusia: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48</figureCitation>
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). Shape of head somewhat rectangular. Frons lateral and posteriorly expanded, forming
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kohlenberg & Short" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tobochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tobochares canthus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canthus">Tobochares canthus</taxonomicName>
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completely dividing eyes in dorsal and ventral portions (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11C</figureCitation>
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). Eyes very small in dorsal view. Clypeus laterally expanded in front and around outer margin of eyes; anterior margin of clypeus straight (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11C</figureCitation>
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). Labrum partly exposed. Mentum rather smooth and medially depressed; median anterior depression marked by a transverse carina (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Habitus of Quadriops spp. A-C Q. acroreius: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F Q. clusia: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48C, F</figureCitation>
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). Antennae with nine antennomeres, cupule slightly asymmetric with rounded outline. Maxillary palps rather short and stout, nearly half as long as width of head; maxillary palpomere 4 slightly longer than palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 straight to convex, outer margin strongly curved along apical 2/3. Elytra without sutural striae, with punctures either irregularly distributed or forming well defined longitudinal rows; elytra narrowly explanate anteriorly, explanation gradually broader towards apex (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Habitus of Quadriops spp. A-C Q. acroreius: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F Q. clusia: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48</figureCitation>
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). Surface of prosternum flat. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, usually with well-defined transverse ridge, seldom with acute tooth; anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite usually uniformly densely pubescent, sometimes with reduced posteromedian glabrous patch. Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long, and thick; apical spurs of protibia moderately stout, reaching apex of protarsomere 3. All tarsomeres with thick hair-like spines on ventral face of tarsomeres 2-4; metatarsomeres 1-4 similar in length, 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; anterior surface of metafemora mostly glabrous, with few very scattered small setae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Habitus of Quadriops spp. A-C Q. acroreius: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F Q. clusia: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48C, F</figureCitation>
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). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically rounded and without fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Aedeagi of Quadriops, Radicitus and Sindolus spp. A Q. clusia B Q. depressus C Q. reticulatus D Q. similaris E S. sp. (Venezuela) F. S. sp. (Venezuela) G, H R. ayacucho: G dorsal view H lateral view I, J R. cf. granitum (Suriname): I dorsal view J lateral view K, L R. surinamensis: K dorsal view L lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-D); 0.5 mm (E-L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557448" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">49A-D</figureCitation>
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), with basal piece about half length of parameres; median lobe wider than base of each paramere, with narrow, triangular, longitudinal sclerite, usually extending along apical third; parameres as long as, to longer than median lobe, and nearly half as wide; gonopore situated preapically; basal piece with lateral margins straight to sinuate, apically slightly diverging.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 48" startId="F48">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 48.</emphasis>
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Habitus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. acroreius" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="acroreius">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. acroreius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-F</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. clusia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="clusia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. clusia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557448" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 49" startId="F49">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 49.</emphasis>
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Aedeagi of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Short & Garcia" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Radicitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Radicitus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Radicitus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Sindolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sindolus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sindolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. clusia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="clusia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. clusia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. depressus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="depressus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. depressus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. reticulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. similaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="similaris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. similaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (Venezuela)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (Venezuela)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. ayacucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ayacucho">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. ayacucho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I, J</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. granitum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="granitum">R. cf. granitum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suriname):
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K, L</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. surinamensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="surinamensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. surinamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
); 0.5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-L</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only known acidocerine with fully divided eyes. Species with uniformly distributed punctures along the elytra may resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Globulosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Globulosis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Globulosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the moderate punctation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very evident (punctation only shallowly marked in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Globulosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Globulosis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Globulosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 32. Habitus of Globulosis flavus A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557431" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">32</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Short & Garcia" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tobochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tobochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tobochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have nearly divided eyes, and lack impressed striae along the elytra (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kohlenberg & Short" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tobochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tobochares emarginatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tobochares emarginatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 140" refId="B133" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2021a. New subgenera, new species and new records of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & Garcia, 2007 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 1019: 93 - 140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881" title="New subgenera, new species and new records of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & Garcia, 2007 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881" volume="1019" year="2021 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short 2021a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), resembling species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with uniformly distributed punctures along the elytra, but they differ in the shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite (sharply elevated as a tooth or a blunt transverse carina in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, medially bulging in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. canthus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="canthus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. canthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kohlenberg & Short).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neotropical</emphasis>
|
||
: Brazil (Amazonas), Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Novochares, Peltochares, Primocerus, Quadriops, Radicitus, Sindolus, Tobochares, and Troglochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557405" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Specimens have been caught using flight intercept traps, many long series have been collected on decaying
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clusia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Clusia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fruits, which can be somewhat used as bait (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Examples of terrestrial habitat for Acidocerinae A, B Rotting Clusia fruit, showing Quadriops clusia crawling on the surface (Suriname: SR 17 - 0322 - 03 A) C collecting specimens by submerging rotting fruits in pans of water and waiting for the beetles to float to the surface." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additional specimens have been collected in rotten logs, sap flows on freshly cut trees, and in the refuse piles of leafcutter ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="115 - 141" refId="B130" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2017. Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 705: 115 - 141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" title="Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" volume="705" year="2017">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larvae">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 172" refId="B141" refString="Hansen, M, 1999a. Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family. Insect Systematics and Evolution 30 (2): 121 - 172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" title="Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" volume="30" year="1999 a">Hansen (1999a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the genus with five species, differentiated mostly by the presence and degree of impression of reticulation on the head and clypeus. When he originally described it,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 172" refId="B141" refString="Hansen, M, 1999a. Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family. Insect Systematics and Evolution 30 (2): 121 - 172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" title="Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" volume="30" year="1999 a">Hansen (1999a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was unsure of the taxonomic affinity of the genus, as the morphology of the lineage was somewhat unusual. He placed it in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Acidocerina">Acidocerina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Zaitzev" baseAuthorityYear="1908" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidocerinae">Acidocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) almost by default as it shared no characters in common with other lineages, but ultimately, he was correct as this placement as verified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garcia, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 65" publicationUrl="http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219" refId="B124" refString="Garcia, M, 2000b. Una nueva especie de Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas 34 (1): 59 - 65, http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219" title="Una nueva especie de Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela." url="http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219" volume="34" year="2000 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2000b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described an additional species from Venezuela. The genus was revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="115 - 141" refId="B130" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2017. Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 705: 115 - 141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" title="Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" volume="705" year="2017">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: two species were synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="M.Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops depressus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops depressus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hansen; two new species were described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only fully terrestrial genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Zaitzev" baseAuthorityYear="1908" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidocerinae">Acidocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are six described species within the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="species examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Quadriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Quadriops acroreius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acroreius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quadriops acroreius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Short (holotype and paratype),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. clusia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="clusia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. clusia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Short (holotype, paratypes and additional specimens),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. dentatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dentatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. dentatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hansen (holotype and additional specimens),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. depressus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="depressus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. depressus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hansen (holotype and additional specimens),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. reticulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hansen (holotype and additional specimens),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Q. similaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="similaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q. similaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hansen (holotype and additional specimens).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="selected references">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected references.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 172" refId="B141" refString="Hansen, M, 1999a. Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family. Insect Systematics and Evolution 30 (2): 121 - 172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" title="Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228" volume="30" year="1999 a">Hansen 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: original description;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garcia, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 65" publicationUrl="http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219" refId="B124" refString="Garcia, M, 2000b. Una nueva especie de Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas 34 (1): 59 - 65, http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219" title="Una nueva especie de Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela." url="http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219" volume="34" year="2000 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
||
2000b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: description of one additional species from Venezuela;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="115 - 141" refId="B130" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2017. Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 705: 115 - 141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" title="Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815" volume="705" year="2017">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: generic revision including two synonymies and two new species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: phylogenetic placement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |