treatments-xml/data/F3/0C/0E/F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457" ID-PMC="PMC4957028" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-66-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" ID-PubMed="27489494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="128816" ModsDocID="1314-2003-66-1" checkinTime="1468449185517" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra &amp; Vorontsova, Maria S." docDate="2016" docId="F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 66: 1-142" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 66" docPubDate="2016-07-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457" docTitle="Solanum truncicola Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 435. 1917, as “ truncicolum ”" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; African Non-Spiny &quot; Clade of Solanum L. (Solanum sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Lyciosolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter, and Quadrangulare Bitter: Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1668141734746" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; African Non-Spiny &quot; Clade of Solanum L. (Solanum sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Lyciosolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter, and Quadrangulare Bitter: Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vorontsova, Maria S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW 7 3 AB, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-07-13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>66</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>142</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-66-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226977" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35" lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName LSID="F30C0EA5-CAF3-5AA5-B405-3A39AB157E35" authority="Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 435. 1917, as &quot; truncicolum &quot;" authorityName="Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 435. 1917, as “ truncicolum ”" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
Solanum truncicola Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 435. 1917, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“truncicolum”">&quot;truncicolum&quot;</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flowers of species in the ANS clade. A Solanum africanum Mill. (South Africa, Rebelo s. n. - no herbarium voucher) B Solanum imamense Dunal (Madagascar, Rakotavao 5128) C Solanum madagascariense Dunal (Madagascar, Vorontsova et al. 498) D Solanum sambiranense D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. (Madagascar, Randrianasolo 580) E Solanum terminale Forssk. (Kenya, Vorontsova et al. 93) F Solanum truncicola Bitter (Madagascar, Antilahimena et al. 7846). Photo credits: A Tony Rebelo; B Charles Rakotavao; C, E Maria Vorontsova; D Richard Randrianasolo; E Patrice Antilahimena." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95573" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Figures 1F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Solanum truncicola Bitter. A Flowering branch B Open flower C Fruiting branch D Stem showing minute simple pubescence E Simple trichome F Mature (?) berry. (Based on: A Malcomber et al. 1353; B Philipson et al. 5875 drawn from photographs; C-F Randrianasolo et al. 1163). Scale bar: A, C = 3 cm; B = 1.5 cm; D, F = 7 mm; E = 0.3 mm. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95603" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">, 30</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<pageBreakToken pageId="101" pageNumber="102" start="start">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1881-03" collectorName="J. M. Hildebrandt" country="Madagascar" location="Sued-Betsileo" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Fianarantsoa">Fianarantsoa</collectingRegion>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Süd-Betsiléo">
&quot; 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:B61B4959AB2A12DEC7F93BE3C56E4D37" country="Madagascar" name="Sued-Betsileo" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Sued-Betsileo</location>
</normalizedToken>
, Wald von Ankafina&quot;, 
<collectingDate value="1881-03">Mar 1881</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<collectorName>J.M. Hildebrandt</collectorName>
3954
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
designated here: JE [JE00004288]; isolectotypes: B [destroyed], BM [BM000797934], G [G00442590], K [K000414186], M [M0105578], W [W18890032421])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Epiphytic shrub or liana, 1-1.5 m tall. Stems terete, ribbed or slightly winged, glabrous, the short shoots on larger plants occasionally minutely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.1 mm long, glabrescent; new growth glabrous or minutely puberulent. Bark of older stems smooth or longitudinally ridged, light grey to brown, glabrous. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves not geminate, evenly distributed along young branches or clustered on short shoots. Leaves simple, 1.5-8(13) cm long, 0.5-3 cm wide, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, coriaceous to thick chartaceous, drying concolorous, dull green to reddish brown, glabrous on both surfaces or the abaxial midvein and margins sometimes sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.1 
<pageBreakToken pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="start">mm</pageBreakToken>
long; major veins 4-5 faint pairs at ca. 60° to the midvein, the finer venation not visible; base cuneate to attenuate, occasionally long attenuate with lamina extending to the base of the petiole; margins entire, slightly revolute in herbarium specimens, occasionally minutely pubescent with dendritic or simple trichomes like those on the midvein; apex acute; petiole 0.1-0.5 cm long, thick, drying ridged, glabrous or with a few simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the midvein abaxially. Inflorescences terminal at the apex of short slender lateral branches, appearing axillary when terminal shoot is condensed, 2-4 cm long, unbranched, with 1-2 flowers, glabrous; peduncle absent; pedicels 1.3-2 cm long, apically dilated, ridged in dry material, usually glabrous, sometimes with sparse erect simple multicellular hairs up to 0.15 mm long, articulated 0-1 mm from base; pedicel scars indistinct. Buds oblong, the corolla immediately exserted from the calyx tube in bud long before anthesis, exceeding the calyx lobes. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx tube ca. 1 mm long, openly cup-shaped, the lobes 0.4-1.1 cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide at base, linear to ovate, obtuse to acute at the tips, foliaceous, glabrous or with occasional simple trichomes on the margins. Corolla 1.7-3 cm in diameter, white to pale or dark purple, stellate, lobed almost to base, the lobes 8-15 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, narrowly elliptic, occasionally expanded near the base with what look like wings, often aristate with a subulate appendage ca. 1 mm long arising from the adaxial surface of the lobe just below the tip, glabrous adaxially, with enlarged papillose cells and unicellular to simple uniseriate trichomes on the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube 0.5-1 mm; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 5-6 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely or tightly connivent, poricidal at the tips, the pores slightly smaller than anther apices, not lengthening with age, the surface dark and papillose adaxially. Ovary conical, glabrous; style 6-9 mm long, protruding 1-2.5 mm beyond the anthers, curved, glabrous; stigma clavate, the surface smooth. Fruit an ovoid berry, ca. 1.1 cm long, ca. 0.6 cm in diameter (immature), apically pointed, the pericarp thin, glabrous; fruiting pedicels ca. 3 cm long, ca. 0.8 mm in diameter at base, pendent or spreading, ridged; fruiting calyx lobes up to 8 mm long, accrescent and as long as or longer than developing fruit. Seeds not known.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="980391" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95603" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 30" startId="F30">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Figure 30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
Flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
Open flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
Fruiting branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">D</emphasis>
Stem showing minute simple pubescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
Simple trichome 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
Mature (?) berry. (Based on: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Malcomber et al. 1353</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Philipson et al. 5875</emphasis>
drawn from photographs; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C-F</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Randrianasolo et al. 1163</emphasis>
). Scale bar: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A, C</emphasis>
= 3 cm; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
= 1.5 cm; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">D, F</emphasis>
= 7 mm; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
= 0.3 mm. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Distribution of Solanum truncicola Bitter." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95604" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">31</figureCitation>
). Endemic to the east-central region of Madagascar in Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, and Toamasina provinces.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="980393" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95604" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 31" startId="F31">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Figure 31.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Humid and subhumid montane forest; (600-)1000-2000 m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
Madagascar. hendramena, farafandoha (
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 146" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, Rakotozafy, A, 1994. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 146" title="Flore de Madagascar et des Comores" year="1994">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
and Rakotozafy 1994
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humblotii" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humblotii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum humblotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Biologie" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B56" refString="IUCN, 2014. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11., http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Vulnerable (VU B1a, biii). EOO 19,845 km2 (VU), AOO 56 km2 (EN). Although 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been been consistently but sparsely recorded over a coherent stretch of the eastern Malagasy rainforest from Toamasina in the northernmost part of its distribution range to the Ambalavao area in the southernmost part, the highly fragmented nature of these eastern forest habitats gives cause for conservation concern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rare and unusual montane forest shrub or epiphyte. It is easily identifiable by its coriaceous leaves and long, almost linear calyx 
<pageBreakToken pageId="103" pageNumber="104" start="start">lobes</pageBreakToken>
which are divided to the base before the corolla begins to expand (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Solanum truncicola Bitter. A Flowering branch B Open flower C Fruiting branch D Stem showing minute simple pubescence E Simple trichome F Mature (?) berry. (Based on: A Malcomber et al. 1353; B Philipson et al. 5875 drawn from photographs; C-F Randrianasolo et al. 1163). Scale bar: A, C = 3 cm; B = 1.5 cm; D, F = 7 mm; E = 0.3 mm. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95603" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">30A</figureCitation>
). The length of the calyx lobes (0.4-1.1 cm) in combination with the deeply stellate corollas with narrow lobes makes its flowers appear to be two overlapping stars (see Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flowers of species in the ANS clade. A Solanum africanum Mill. (South Africa, Rebelo s. n. - no herbarium voucher) B Solanum imamense Dunal (Madagascar, Rakotavao 5128) C Solanum madagascariense Dunal (Madagascar, Vorontsova et al. 498) D Solanum sambiranense D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. (Madagascar, Randrianasolo 580) E Solanum terminale Forssk. (Kenya, Vorontsova et al. 93) F Solanum truncicola Bitter (Madagascar, Antilahimena et al. 7846). Photo credits: A Tony Rebelo; B Charles Rakotavao; C, E Maria Vorontsova; D Richard Randrianasolo; E Patrice Antilahimena." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95573" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">1F</figureCitation>
). Petioles of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the shortest of all Madagascar 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (1-5 mm), usually less than 1/8 of the total leaf length. The flowers can reach 3 cm in diameter, and anthers to 6 mm in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
Misidentification of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not likely, even though its height, internode length, and leaf size vary spectacularly across its distribution range: leaves of the type specimen are ca. 1.5 cm long, while leaves on other collections reach 13 cm. Some large leaved forms become reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in habit and can be distin 
<pageBreakToken pageId="104" pageNumber="105" start="start">guished</pageBreakToken>
from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum myrsinoides" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrsinoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum myrsinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by their inflorescences of 1-2 (versus 2-6) flowers and calyx lobes 0.4-1.1 cm (versus less than 0.1 cm) long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="416 - 506" refId="B5" refString="Bitter, G, 1917. Solana Africana II. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 416 - 506" title="Solana Africana II." volume="54" year="1917">Bitter (1917)</bibRefCitation>
correctly described 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humblotii" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humblotii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum humblotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humblotii" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humblotii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum humblotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its petioles 0.1-0.5 cm (versus 0.6-1 cm) long, acute (versus acuminate) leaves, glabrous (versus pubescent) young stems, narrowly ovate to obovate (versus deltate to acuminate) calyx lobes, and a different overall appearance. 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 146" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, Rakotozafy, A, 1994. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 1 - 146" title="Flore de Madagascar et des Comores" year="1994">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
and Rakotozafy (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
included 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humblotii" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humblotii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum humblotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, perhaps because 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bitter’s">Bitter's</normalizedToken>
key only highlighted the more superficial indumentum and size differences between the two species, and the type collections were not carefully consulted. During the years that followed 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rakotozafy’s">Rakotozafy's</normalizedToken>
treatment, many specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were determined as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humblotii" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humblotii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum humblotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this has caused considerable confusion in herbaria. The two species occur in similar wet forest habitats but are allopatric with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having a more southerly distribution and at higher elevations than 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humblotii" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humblotii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Solanum humblotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
Although the original spelling of the epithet is &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">truncicolum</emphasis>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="416 - 506" refId="B5" refString="Bitter, G, 1917. Solana Africana II. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 416 - 506" title="Solana Africana II." volume="54" year="1917">Bitter 1917</bibRefCitation>
) the word element - 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">cola</emphasis>
should be treated as a noun in apposition and this is a correctable error to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="truncicola" order="Solanales" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Article 23.5, 
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Koelz Scientific Books, Koenigstein" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="B82" refString="McNeill, J, Barrie, FR, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, K, Prado, J, Prud'homme van Reine, WF, Smith, GF, Weirsema, JH, Turland, NJ, 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Vegetabile 152. Koelz Scientific Books, Koenigstein" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Vegetabile 152" year="2012">McNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
Label details on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Malcomber et al. 1353</emphasis>
(MO) record the pedicel and calyx as dark purple. The anthers on at least one flower of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Malcomber et al. 1353</emphasis>
are clearly connate but distinctly free on other flowers of the same specimen and on other collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="416 - 506" refId="B5" refString="Bitter, G, 1917. Solana Africana II. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 416 - 506" title="Solana Africana II." volume="54" year="1917">Bitter (1917)</bibRefCitation>
cited three herbaria in the protologue - G-Boiss., B and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Haussknecht”">&quot;Haussknecht&quot;</normalizedToken>
(now held in JE). We have selected the duplicate at JE as the lectotype because it bears an annotation label in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bitter’s">Bitter's</normalizedToken>
handwriting and is a larger specimen with more flowers than that at G.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1954-02-16" collectingDateMax="2005-03-16" collectingDateMin="1954-02-16" collectorName="Maharira, C., Malcomber, Rakoto, de la Croix, de Sendrisoa" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" location="Andringitra" municipality="Andringitra" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Fianarantsoa">Fianarantsoa</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Ivohibe</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Andringitra</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:8C04E20A36EF9E07CA667ED25EEA77DA" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Andringitra" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Andringitra</location>
, camp IV, ca. 
<locationDeviation location="Ambalavao">
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" unit="km" value="38.0">38 km</quantity>
S of Ambalavao
</locationDeviation>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:35EEF564DF3F688516BD6ACAD9767CB2" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Andringitra reserve" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Andringitra reserve</location>
on ridge above headwaters of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:9066CC61B00EECC2DF069D020B0D22C8" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Sahavatoy river" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Sahavatoy river</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1993-12">Dec 1993</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Lewis et al. 1083</emphasis>
(P); Ifanadiana, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:E0AF29656DC65F5E25E53FE7FFF9527C" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Parc National de Ranomafana" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Parc National de Ranomafana</location>
, 
<locationDeviation location="Namorona river">S of Namorona river</locationDeviation>
, parcelle III, trail to 
<collectorName>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:2F89DD1EEF0B6C5ED3613E55C6B3F6BB" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Maharira" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Maharira</location>
, C.
</collectorName>
<locationDeviation location="Maharira">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
N of Maharira
</locationDeviation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1992-02-01">1 Feb 1992</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<collectorName>Malcomber</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Rakoto</collectorName>
1353
</emphasis>
(MO, P, TAN); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:C6BEA5B00FAE550EBF02C827D5D02A90" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Ambositra" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Ambositra</location>
, 
<locationDeviation firstLocation="Ambositra" secondLocation="Fianarantsoa">between Ambositra and Fianarantsoa</locationDeviation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2005-03-16">16 Mar 2005</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Phillipson et al. 5785</emphasis>
(MO); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:F8388ED2D874AC08890F7C7F1940785B" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Ambalavao" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Ambalavao</location>
, Andrisoa, district 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:27CA71DD8E6B7E5BFEEE1220076B4206" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Ambalavao" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Ambalavao</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1954-02-16">16 Feb 1954</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
Rakoto &amp; 
<collectorName>de la Croix</collectorName>
6481
</emphasis>
(MO); Andringitra RNI, District 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ambalavao">d'Ambalavao</normalizedToken>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:F4ECE4007AC819DCAEC4B95DE1199EBD" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Canton de Sendrisoa" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">
Canton 
<collectorName>de Sendrisoa</collectorName>
</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1958-01-13">13 Jan 1958</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserves">Reserves</normalizedToken>
Naturelles Madagascar 9918
</emphasis>
- 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">RN</emphasis>
(MO, P); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:FDFEE80ED2931A236ED3AE8DF93FC7E1" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Ranomafana National Park" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Ranomafana National Park</location>
, parcelle 3, 
<locationDeviation location="National Road">S of National Road</locationDeviation>
25 at 
<locationDeviation location="Ranomafana">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
W of Ranomafana
</locationDeviation>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:0AD4189E33A0F6C8F52E87049405944D" country="Madagascar" county="Ivohibe" municipality="Andringitra" name="Talatakely" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Talatakely</location>
trail system, trail AA 0 m [beginning of trail], 
<collectingDate value="1993-03-18">18 Mar 1993</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Turk et al. 341</emphasis>
(NY, TAN)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1951-03-11" collectingDateMax="2012-04-24" collectingDateMin="1951-03-11" collectorName="de Perinet, de la Mantady, Lowry, Schatz, Chutes de la Mort, Peltier, Rasoazanany, Ratolojanahary Tafita" country="Madagascar" county="Atsinanana" location="Commune Maroseranana" municipality="District Brickaville" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Toamasina">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Toamasina">Toamasina</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Atsinanana</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>District Brickaville</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:E419DC4C39E259DAAED8B02D3BE869F1" country="Madagascar" county="Atsinanana" municipality="District Brickaville" name="Commune Maroseranana" stateProvince="Toamasina">Commune Maroseranana</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:11A0A34E87B40A4537D5A8A9D5498BE3" country="Madagascar" county="Atsinanana" municipality="District Brickaville" name="Fokotany Ambodilendemy" stateProvince="Toamasina">Fokotany Ambodilendemy</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F30C0EA5CAF35AA5B4053A39AB157E35:B1506C2EA272EAA9BD7ACE1ABD23BB68" country="Madagascar" county="Atsinanana" municipality="District Brickaville" name="Ankerana" stateProvince="Toamasina">Ankerana</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="2011-03-26">26 Mar 2011</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Antilahimena et al. 7846</emphasis>
(MO); Rombevavy, Rahobevava, 
<collectingDate value="1951-03-11">11 Mar 1951</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Cours 4275</emphasis>
(MO, P, TAN); Aloatra-Mangoro, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="forêt">foret</normalizedToken>
<collectorName>de Perinet</collectorName>
, au Nord 
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
<collectorName>de Perinet</collectorName>
vers Tamatave, 
<collectingDate value="1971-02-28">28 Feb 1971</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Cremers 1481-2</emphasis>
(TAN); Moramanga, Andasibe, Andasibe (Perinet), N of road from Antanarivo to Tametave, 
<locationDeviation location="Izouard">NW of Izouard</locationDeviation>
graphite mine on road to col 
<collectorName>de la Mantady</collectorName>
, 1987, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<collectorName>Lowry</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Schatz</collectorName>
4286
</emphasis>
(MO, P, TAN); 
<collectorName>Chutes de la Mort</collectorName>
, route Anosibe-Moramanga, 
<collectingDate value="1960-10-11">11 Oct 1960</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<collectorName>Peltier</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Peltier</collectorName>
2676
</emphasis>
(P); Aloatra- 
<pageBreakToken pageId="105" pageNumber="106" start="start">Mangoro</pageBreakToken>
, Corridor Forestier Analamay Mantadia, 
<collectingDate value="2012-04-24">24 Apr 2012</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<collectorName>Rasoazanany</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Ratolojanahary Tafita</collectorName>
93
</emphasis>
(MO, P, TAN); Alaotra Mangoro, Lakato, forest 
<locationDeviation location="Manasamena village">E of Manasamena village</locationDeviation>
, along the Ankandrabe trail, 
<collectingDate value="2007-06-02">2 Jun 2007</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Randrianasolo et al. 1163</emphasis>
(NY)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>