474 lines
48 KiB
XML
474 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788362" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a757de0f-b7ba-4ef8-9c95-24cfc4226b76" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163747470" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788362" ID-ZooBank="EB891295-3333-4BB1-B7EA-F118C4D6B13A" approvalRequired="26" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="23" approvalRequired_for_treatments="2" checkinTime="1587953814852" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Paulsen, M. J. & Smith, Andrew" docDate="2010" docId="AA0687ED8263FFB8FF63FB1A3A56FC21" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2192.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 43 (43)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@6ed1fdb7" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Chiasognathus Stephens 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="563FFF958266FFB0FFEFFFF33E69FFCA" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Chiasognathus Stephens of southern South America with the description of a new species (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1643557281858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the genus Chiasognathus Stephens of southern South America with the description of a new species (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Paulsen, M. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Andrew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2010-04-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:end>63</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.43.397</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a757de0f-b7ba-4ef8-9c95-24cfc4226b76</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576657</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EB891295-3333-4BB1-B7EA-F118C4D6B13A</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788362" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163747470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788362" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA0687ED8263FFB8FF63FB1A3A56FC21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA0687ED8263FFB8FF63FB1A3A56FC21" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection box="[140,588,1257,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,588,1257,1284]" box="[140,588,1257,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<heading box="[140,588,1257,1284]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,588,1257,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[223,588,1257,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[223,397,1257,1284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[405,588,1257,1283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1328,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[140,561,1328,1354]" page="213" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" year="1831">
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<taxonomicName authority="Stephens, 1831: 213" authorityName="Stephens" authorityPageNumber="213" authorityYear="1831" box="[140,561,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,297,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[311,561,1328,1354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831: 213</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus box="[578,637,1329,1355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName authority="Stephens 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
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<emphasis box="[748,993,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Chiasognathus grantii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens 1831</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1328,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName authority="Lesson, 1833" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1833" box="[140,461,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Tetropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,289,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Tetropthalma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Lesson R-P" box="[302,461,1399,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refId="ref14662" refString="Lesson R-P (1833) Famille des Lucanides, Latr. Genre: Tetropthalme, Tetropthalma, Less., planche XXIV. Illustrations de Zoologie, ou Recueil de Figures d'Animaux. Arthus Bertrand, Paris." type="book" year="1833">Lesson, 1833</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: plate 24.
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<typeStatus box="[597,656,1399,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName authority="Lesson 1833" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1833" box="[759,1062,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Tetropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiloensis">
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<emphasis box="[759,897,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">T. chiloensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Lesson R-P" box="[911,1062,1399,1425]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refId="ref14662" refString="Lesson R-P (1833) Famille des Lucanides, Latr. Genre: Tetropthalme, Tetropthalma, Less., planche XXIV. Illustrations de Zoologie, ou Recueil de Figures d'Animaux. Arthus Bertrand, Paris." type="book" year="1833">Lesson 1833</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1328,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation author="Chalumeau F & Brochier B" box="[140,684,1469,1496]" page="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" year="1995">
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<taxonomicName authority="Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995: 20" authorityName="Chalumeau & Brochier" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1995" box="[140,684,1469,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Bomansodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,274,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Bomansodus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Chalumeau F & Brochier B" box="[284,684,1469,1496]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="18 - 24" refId="ref14099" refString="Chalumeau F, Brochier B (1995) Les Chiasognathinae: genres, sous-genres et synonymies (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Nat 83: 18 - 24." type="journal article" year="1995">Chalumeau & Brochier, 1995: 20</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus box="[698,757,1470,1496]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName authority="Parry 1870" authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impubis">
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<emphasis box="[853,1108,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Chiasognathus impubis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Parry FLS" box="[185,314,1504,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="53 - 118" refId="ref15132" refString="Parry FLS (1870) A revised catalogue of the lucanoid Coleoptera; with remarks on the nomenclature, and descriptions of new species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1870: 53 - 118, plates 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1870">Parry 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation. Synonymy reinstated.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1328,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[140,584,1539,1566]" page="85" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" year="2001">
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<taxonomicName authority="Molino-Olmedo, 2001: 85" authorityName="Molino-Olmedo" authorityPageNumber="85" authorityYear="2001" box="[140,584,1539,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Carmenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,249,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Carmenia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[262,584,1539,1566]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="79 - 85" refId="ref14752" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2001) Cladistica de genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 y Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 28: 79 - 85." type="journal article" year="2001">Molino-Olmedo, 2001: 85</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<typeStatus box="[601,660,1540,1566]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName authority="Solier, 1851" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">
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<emphasis box="[762,1023,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Chiasognathus latreillei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Solier AJJ" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="5 - 285" refId="ref15385" refString="Solier AJJ (1851) Orden III. Coleopteros. In Gay C (Ed) Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia, vol. 5. C. Gay, Paris, France, 5 - 285." type="book chapter" year="1851">Solier, 1851</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by monotypy. Junior homonym of
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<taxonomicName authority="Roewer, 1915" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1915" box="[652,931,1574,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Carmenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[652,761,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Carmenia</emphasis>
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Roewer, 1915
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1328,1672]" lastBlockId="6.[140,1108,166,404]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[140,584,1610,1636]" page="124" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" year="2002">
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<taxonomicName authority="Molino-Olmedo, 2002: 124" authorityName="Molino-Olmedo" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="2002" box="[140,584,1610,1636]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acontiophoridae" genus="Ramirezia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,251,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Ramirezia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[260,584,1610,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="119 - 128" refId="ref14790" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2002) Cladistica del genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Elytron 15: 119 - 128. [Dated 2001]." type="journal article" year="2002">Molino-Olmedo, 2002: 124</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<typeStatus box="[597,655,1610,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName authority="Reiche, 1850" authorityName="Reiche" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jousellinii">
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||
<emphasis box="[748,1016,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Chiasognathus jousellinii</emphasis>
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||
Reiche, 1850
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</taxonomicName>
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by original designation. Junior homonym of
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<taxonomicName authority="Zamponi, 1979" authorityName="Zamponi" authorityYear="1979" box="[749,1047,1645,1671]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acontiophoridae" genus="Ramirezia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[749,860,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Ramirezia</emphasis>
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||
Zamponi, 1979
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. Mo- lino-Olmedo (2001: 85) attempted to describe this generic name earlier but did not designate a
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||
<typeStatus box="[312,360,202,228]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
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||
species, and so the name is not available from the 2001 publication.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,166,404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[140,600,237,263]" page="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" year="2003">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Molino-Olmedo, 2003: 29" authorityName="Molino-Olmedo" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="2003" box="[140,600,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Carmeniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[140,274,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Carmeniella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[284,600,237,263]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" pagination="29 - 30" refId="ref14825" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2003) Nombres de reemplazo para los subgeneros Ramirezia Molino-Olmedo, 2001 y Carmenia Molino-Olmedo, 2001 del genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Elytron 16: 29 - 30. [Dated 2002]." type="journal article" year="2003">Molino-Olmedo, 2003: 29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
<typeStatus box="[613,672,238,264]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Solier, 1851" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">
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||
<emphasis box="[769,1026,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Chiasognathus latreillei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solier AJJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" pagination="5 - 285" refId="ref15385" refString="Solier AJJ (1851) Orden III. Coleopteros. In Gay C (Ed) Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia, vol. 5. C. Gay, Paris, France, 5 - 285." type="book chapter" year="1851">Solier, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by monotypy. Replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Molino-Olmedo 2001" authorityName="Molino-Olmedo" authorityYear="2001" box="[681,1056,272,299]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Carmenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[681,790,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Carmenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[797,1056,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" pagination="79 - 85" refId="ref14752" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2001) Cladistica de genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 y Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 28: 79 - 85." type="journal article" year="2001">Molino-Olmedo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,166,404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[140,588,307,334]" page="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" year="2003">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Molino-Olmedo, 2003: 29" authorityName="Molino-Olmedo" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="2003" box="[140,588,307,334]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Ramireziella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[140,270,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Ramireziella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[282,588,307,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" pagination="29 - 30" refId="ref14825" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2003) Nombres de reemplazo para los subgeneros Ramirezia Molino-Olmedo, 2001 y Carmenia Molino-Olmedo, 2001 del genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Elytron 16: 29 - 30. [Dated 2002]." type="journal article" year="2003">Molino-Olmedo, 2003: 29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus box="[603,659,308,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Reiche, 1850" authorityName="Reiche" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jousellinii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[755,1015,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Chiasognathus jousellinii</emphasis>
|
||
Reiche, 1850
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by original designation. Replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Molino-Olmedo, 2002" authorityName="Molino-Olmedo" authorityYear="2002" class="Anthozoa" family="Acontiophoridae" genus="Ramirezia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[799,906,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Ramirezia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" pagination="119 - 128" refId="ref14790" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2002) Cladistica del genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Elytron 15: 119 - 128. [Dated 2001]." type="journal article" year="2002">Molino-Olmedo, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,448,1672]" lastBlockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,377,448,475]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,279,448,474]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[290,369,448,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Length</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
16.6–88.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[557,640,448,475]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[557,633,448,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Width</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
8.4–17.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,878,448,475]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,870,448,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Color</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Light to dark reddish brown, commonly with green to purple metallic reflections.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[799,870,483,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[799,862,483,510]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Head</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Form subquadrate to subtriangular, narrower than 1 elytron width, shorter than mandibles in both sexes. Disc surface uneven, often with foveae or apparent tubercles. Surface punctate; punctures fine to coarse, generally setose with short to long setae. Ocular canthus well developed, externally rounded, dividing eye completely into upper and lower portions. Temporal process absent. Anterior angles produced, obtuse or acute. Anterior margin of head in dorsal view varying from weakly emarginate to strongly produced into binodose or acute nasus (nasus when present occasionally migrated anteroventrally and obscured in dorsal view); head below anterior margin and nasus declivous and recessed forming more or less vertical intermandibular projection. Labrum scoop-like, lightly sclerotized, vertical, separated from intermandibular projection by a distinct suture; apex of labrum rounded or acute. Male mandibles 2–6× as long as head, right mandible usually shorter than left, both mandibles with a single, dentate carina (more or less cylindrical, lacking well-defined external or internal carinae present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Buquet" authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[412,674,941,968]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[412,581,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
Buquet
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); dentate carina generally dorsal at base becoming more internal toward apex. Apex abruptly curved, acute. Mandibular surface punctate; punctures generally setose, setae sparse to dense. Female mandible externally weakly rounded to almost straight in dorsal view, never with external tooth; dorsal surface flattened, internally subdentate (acute tooth occasionally present near middle), punctate; punctures setose with short to long setae. Maxilla and labium with long or short galeal brushes, palps elongate. Mentum transverse, subtrapezoidal, anteriorly emarginate, punctate; punctures fine to coarse, pubescent. Antennal club composed of 6 entirely tomentose antennomeres; antennomeres gradually increasing in length distally. Funicle not tomentose, instead pubescent with scattered setae; distal antennomere of funicle produced as in club or not. Scape elongate, longer than funicle and club together, normally with long setae present at enlarged apex.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,666,1328,1355]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,658,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shape subtrapezoidal, broadest in basal fifth, anteriorly convergent with rounded sides (margin not strongly produced near anterior angles). Anterior margin sinuate. Anterior angles not prominent. Posterior angle and lateral angle variably developed: obsolete, subdentate, to strongly dentate. Lateral margins distinct and crenulate, rarely obsolete anterolaterally. Dorsal surface generally with variably developed longitudinal and transverse ridges surrounding longitudinal, median furrow; when present ridges less punctate than disc; punctures fine to moderate, variably dense, setose; setae short to long. Each side with subcircular fovea; fovea generally impunctate and glabrous.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[430,553,1609,1636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[430,545,1609,1636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Scutellum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Form broad, rounded. Surface densely to sparsely punctate; punctures setose or not.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[518,597,1644,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[518,590,1644,1671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Form broad and short, convex. Surface gener- ally smooth, occasionally weakly wrinkled, punctate; punctures fine and extremely dense (distance between punctures ≤1 puncture diameter), setose; setae scale-like, microscopic to clearly visible. Humeri broadly rounded. Apex broadly rounded, angulate, or dentate. Epipleuron strongly concave or flat.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[545,626,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[545,618,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Fully developed.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[823,880,272,299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[823,872,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Protibiae dentate or serrate externally from base to 2 larger, apical teeth; ventral surface along internal margin with series of downward-pointing teeth. Mesotibiae and metatibiae with 4–6 external teeth, teeth of metatibiae less distinct, occasionally absent. Onychium of claws with more than 4 setae.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[293,379,413,439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[293,371,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Venter</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral surface densely pubescent, especially mesosternum. Last abdominal segment distinctly emarginate in males.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[702,878,448,475]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[702,870,448,475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Genital capsule simple and parameres of generalized lucanid form. Median lobe strongly sclerotized, form cylindrical or widening apically, with everted internal sac forming flagellum; flagellum simple, length varying from <
|
||
<quantity box="[469,531,554,580]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity box="[568,649,554,580]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Figs 3–9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,344,589,615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,339,589,615]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[351,508,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,508,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are distributed in Regions VII-XI and XIV of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[140,202,624,650]" name="Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in adjacent parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[482,598,624,650]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,659,685]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,307,659,685]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the New World lucanine fauna,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[736,893,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[736,893,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are immediately recognizable as members of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[665,839,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chiasognathini">Chiasognathini</taxonomicName>
|
||
because their antennal club is composed of six antennomeres; they are the only stag beetles in southern South America to display this character.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,800,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,800,826]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The following characters were used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moxey CF" box="[770,937,800,827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" pagination="197 - 203" refId="ref14938" refString="Moxey CF (1962) A redescription of the tribe Chiasognathini, with the descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies of the genus Sphaenognathus Buquet (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Entomological News 73: 197 - 203." type="journal article" year="1962">Moxey (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,297,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,297,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the only other genus of South American
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[844,1021,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chiasognathini">Chiasognathini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Didier" authorityName="Didier" authorityYear="1953" box="[547,816,871,898]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[547,727,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathinus</emphasis>
|
||
Didier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
): front of head projected (nasus) and usually acute, antennal scape 1.5–3.0 times longer than funicle and club combined, and elytral surface not strongly sculptured.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[761,1035,941,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" pagination="79 - 85" refId="ref14752" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2001) Cladistica de genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 y Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 28: 79 - 85." type="journal article" year="2001">Molino-Olmedo (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
rightfully questioned each of these characters given the variability of the nasus and elytral sculpture and lack of a demonstrable difference in antennal scape length. However, we feel the recognition of these genera as distinct is warranted, and this is especially true with respect to the biogeography of South America, as all known southern South American lucanids are distinct from their Neotropical relatives at the generic level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paulsen MJ & Mondaca J" box="[147,469,1152,1178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref15258" refString="Paulsen MJ, Mondaca J (2006) Revision of the South American Ceratognathini (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae) with the description of a new genus and a new species. Zootaxa 1191: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2006">Paulsen and Mondaca 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grossi PC & Paulsen MJ" box="[480,767,1152,1178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" pagination="23 - 42" refId="ref14252" refString="Grossi PC, Paulsen MJ (2009) Generic limits in South American stag beetles: taxa currently misplaced in Sclerostomus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae: Sclerostomini). Zootaxa 2139: 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="2009">Grossi and Paulsen 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
There are few reliably expressed characters that can be used to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,440,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[263,436,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaenognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and these unfortunately tend to be observable in only one sex or the other. Male mandibles in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[505,658,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,658,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are rounded externally, not carinate, and therefore appear to be more cylindrical than the mandibles of males of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, which are often more triangular in cross section. Importantly,the teeth on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[179,332,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,332,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male mandibles are located where the usually toothless (rarely with a single large tooth basally) dorsal carina is found in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[739,909,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,909,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species; the teeth on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[177,347,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[177,347,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male mandibles are on an internal ventral carina that is not present in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[172,325,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[172,325,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Female mandibles are weakly rounded externally in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, never with an external tooth as in females of some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[850,1020,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[850,1020,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Male abdominal apices are strongly emarginate in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[691,844,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[691,844,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species but more or less straight or rarely weakly emarginate in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[567,737,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[567,737,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Finally the lateral margin of the pronotum is produced near the anterior angles in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buquet" authorityYear="1838" box="[886,1056,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Sphaenognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,1056,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sphaenognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species but is more convergent towards the head in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[670,823,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[670,823,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chalumeau F & Brochier B" box="[185,554,167,193]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" refId="ref14133" refString="Chalumeau F, Brochier B (2007) Chiasognathinae of the Andes. Taita Publishers, Hradec Kralove, 324 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chalumeau and Brochier (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
emphasized three characters used to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chalumeau & Brochier" authorityYear="1995" box="[140,272,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Bomansodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,272,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Bomansodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their earlier work (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chalumeau F & Brochier B" box="[530,892,202,229]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="18 - 24" refId="ref14099" refString="Chalumeau F, Brochier B (1995) Les Chiasognathinae: genres, sous-genres et synonymies (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Nat 83: 18 - 24." type="journal article" year="1995">Chalumeau and Brochier 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): male mandibular structure, nasus/intermandibular projection, and effaced lateral pronotal margin. We can find no clear discussion of how the mandibular structure of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1870" box="[851,970,272,299]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impubis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,970,272,299]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. impubis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from its congeners in either work, and our examination of the mandibles indicates that they are of the same basic plan as those of the remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[754,909,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[754,909,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. grantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1862" box="[268,413,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mniszechii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,413,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. mniszechii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
more or less consistently possess a prominent nasus; therefore, its absence cannot be used to segregate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1870" box="[584,705,413,440]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impubis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,705,413,440]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. impubis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the genus as a whole. Finally, some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1870" box="[350,467,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impubis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[350,467,448,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. impubis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we have studied do have a distinct lateral pronotal margin. While it is true that the pronotum is overall more rounded and less distinctly ridged in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1870" box="[140,259,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impubis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,259,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. impubis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the character is too weak and variable to support a generic distinction. This is especially true with respect to the shared characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1870" box="[776,896,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impubis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,896,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. impubis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[953,1107,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1862" box="[953,1103,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mniszechii">C. mniszechii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
namely the strikingly concave epipleuron, similar protibiae, and beaded elytral margin. For these reasons, we reconfirm the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chalumeau & Brochier" authorityYear="1995" box="[694,826,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Bomansodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,826,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Bomansodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<emphasis box="[891,1054,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[891,1050,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chiasognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[185,447,659,686]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="79 - 85" refId="ref14752" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2001) Cladistica de genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 y Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 28: 79 - 85." type="journal article" year="2001">Molino-Olmedo (2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molino-Olmedo F" box="[458,517,659,686]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref14898" refString="Molino-Olmedo F (2006) Bomansodus Chalumeau y Brochier, 1995, nueva sinonimia de Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 31: 37 - 42. [Dated 2005]." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) accepted (but later rejected)
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chalumeau & Brochier" authorityYear="1995" box="[843,974,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Bomansodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,974,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Bomansodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and created additional subgenera with the result of placing almost all species in their own genus or subgenus. There is little justification for such over-splitting of a small, clearly related group based on what amount to species-level characters. We agree with the arguments presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chalumeau F & Brochier B" box="[287,649,800,826]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" refId="ref14133" refString="Chalumeau F, Brochier B (2007) Chiasognathinae of the Andes. Taita Publishers, Hradec Kralove, 324 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chalumeau and Brochier (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
against the validity of the Molino-Olmedo subgenera. Our greatest concern is that the work was premature given that it was not preceded by a careful revision of the group and was, therefore, founded on an incomplete understanding of the taxonomy of the genus. Thus, we include the seven species in a single genus and are confident that our taxonomic treatment of the species will provide a foundation for future research into the relationships and evolution of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[926,1079,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,1079,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |