805 lines
74 KiB
XML
805 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1113-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1113-1" checkinTime="1658252710949" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe, Dahlgren, Thomas G., Amon, Diva J., Cairns, Stephen, Drennan, Regan, Durden, Jennifer M., Eleaume, Marc P., Hosie, Andrew M., Kremenetskaia, Antonina, McQuaid, Kirsty, O'Hara, Timothy D., Rabone, Muriel, Simon-Lledo, Erik, Smith, Craig R., Watling, Les, Wiklund, Helena & Glover, Adrian G." docDate="2022" docId="45B4C5581B9F54608D132E3E3017FD00" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1113: 1-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1113" docPubDate="2022-07-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" docTitle="Catherinum novaezelandiae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" masterDocTitle="Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1658253014331" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-8724</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">l.bribiesca-contreras@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dahlgren, Thomas G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-2031</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden & Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE, Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Amon, Diva J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>SpeSeas, D'Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-9271</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Drennan, Regan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-5464</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Durden, Jennifer M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-9109</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Eleaume, Marc P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Collections & Research, Western Australia Museum, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hosie, Andrew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-662X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kremenetskaia, Antonina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-3318</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McQuaid, Kirsty</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-8332</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>O'Hara, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Rabone, Muriel</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-2313</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Simon-Lledo, Erik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Craig R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3976-0889</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Watling, Les</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-1168</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wiklund, Helena</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-3504</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Glover, Adrian G.</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-074X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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||
<mods:number>2022-07-18</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1113</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>110</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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||
<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:url>
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||
</mods:location>
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||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1113-1</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:45B4C5581B9F54608D132E3E3017FD00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/45B4C5581B9F54608D132E3E3017FD00" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName LSID="45B4C558-1B9F-5460-8D13-2E3E3017FD00" authority="(Hoek, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Hoek" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catherinum novaezelandiae" order="Scalpellomorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="novaezelandiae">Catherinum cf. novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Catherinum cf. novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). Specimen CCZ _ 185: A in situ photograph B right C left lateral views. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Hosie (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="ON400722, ON406625, C74111" collectingDate="2018-06-09" collectorName="Smith, Durden, GenBank, Voucher" elevation="5241" latitude="11.2751" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-153.7444" specimenCount="1">
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Clarion-Clipperton Zone •
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<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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; APEI 1;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="11.2751" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="11.2751">11.2751°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="153.7444" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-153.7444">153.7444°W</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.241" unit="m" value="5241.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.241" unit="m" value="5241.0">5241 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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deep;
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<collectingDate value="2018-06-09">09 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
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;
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<collectorName>Smith</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName>Durden</collectorName>
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leg.;
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<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
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:
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<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400722">ON400722</accessionNumber>
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(COI),
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<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406625">ON406625</accessionNumber>
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(18S); WAM
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<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/C74111">C74111</accessionNumber>
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;
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<collectorName>Voucher</collectorName>
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code: CCZ_185
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Single specimen 14 mm long; with elongated, white capitulum,> 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide (L = 12 mm, W = 5 mm), and short peduncle (2 mm) with small scales (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Catherinum cf. novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). Specimen CCZ _ 185: A in situ photograph B right C left lateral views. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Hosie (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
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). Capitulum consists of 14 fully calcified capitular plates with growth lines, separated from each other by narrow chitinous sutures. Carina is simply bowed, with flat roof. Tergum is triangular, shorter on the occludent margin, with apical umbo; apical angle is similar to angle between the carinal and scutal margins. Upper latus somewhat pentagonal, with lower edge truncated, and apical edge reaching over the scutum; with apical umbo. Rostrolatus with umbo apical on the rostral margin, and arched lateral margin. Inframedian latus irregular in shape, narrow, almost 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as the widest part, with umbo sub-medial; rostral and carinal margins concave. Carinolatus is large, ~ 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide, with umbo sub-carinal, above basal angle.
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hoek" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catherinum novaezelandiae" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="novaezelandiae">Catherinum cf. novaezelandiae</taxonomicName>
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(Hoek, 1883). Specimen CCZ_185:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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in situ photograph
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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right
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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left lateral views. Scale bars: 1 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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||
); 1 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
|
||
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
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||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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), Hosie (
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||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
Morphological characters of the capitulum conform to the description of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catherinum" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Catherinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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. The sequence for the 18S gene is similar to sequences from other species within the same family. Another species within the genus,
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||
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. tortilum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tortilum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. tortilum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Zevina, 1973), originally described from the Indian Ocean at 2760 m depth has also been recorded for the CCZ at similar depths (4872-4877 m depth;
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||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3297.1.2" author="Poltarukha, OP" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="34 - 40" refId="B79" refString="Poltarukha, OP, Mel'Nik, VF, 2012. New records of deep-sea barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Scalpelliformes) from the Clarion-Clipperton region, Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3297: 34 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3297.1.2" title="New records of deep-sea barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Scalpelliformes) from the Clarion-Clipperton region, Pacific Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3297.1.2" volume="3297" year="2012">
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Poltarukha and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Mel’Nik">Mel'Nik</normalizedToken>
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||
2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In
|
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<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. tortilum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tortilum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. tortilum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, the inframedian
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<normalizedToken originalValue="latus’">latus'</normalizedToken>
|
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umbo is conspicuously displaced laterally away from the midline. The species
|
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<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. novaezelandiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="novaezelandiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. novaezelandiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is distributed in the Western and Eastern Indian Ocean, Western Central and Southwest Pacific, from depths 455-4800 m (
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||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3804.1.1" author="Shalaeva, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B83" refString="Shalaeva, K, Boxshall, G, 2014. An illustrated catalogue of the scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Scalpellidae) collected during the HMS "Challenger" expedition and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Zootaxa 3804(1): 1, 4-63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3804.1.1" title="An illustrated catalogue of the scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Scalpellidae) collected during the HMS " Challenger " expedition and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Zootaxa 3804 (1): 1, 4 - 63." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3804.1.1" year="2014">Shalaeva and Boxshall 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but was originally described from East Cape, New Zealand (Southwest Pacific), at 1280 m.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The specimen was collected in the sedimented abyssal plain of APEI 1 at 5241 m depth. It was attached to a glass sponge stalk, along with a crinoid (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
inc. CCZ_176; specimen CCZ_186), a polychaete, and anemones, that was anchored in the mud.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Relatively large abundances of a very similar morphotype (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catherinum" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Catherinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. indet., ART_031) were observed in seabed imagery collected within abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ, but not in eastern CCZ surveys.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Phylum
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="phylum">Cnidaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hatschek, 1888
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
A total of 12 cnidarians w collected, belonging to six orders in two classes (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Anthozoa" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Anthozoa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Scyphozoa" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Scyphozoa</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Class
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Anthozoa" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Anthozoa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ehrenberg, 1834
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Subclass
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hexacorallia">Hexacorallia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haeckel, 1896
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hertwig, 1882
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
To date, there are 33 records of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
found at> 3000 m depth in the CCZ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but only two of these represent collected specimens. We collected five specimens, all belonging to different species, and for which genetic sequences of the COI or 18S genes were generated and included in a phylogenetic tree built from a concatenated alignment of 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, COI, and COX3 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Actiniaria. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and COX 3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Concatenated (12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, COI, and COX3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Enthemonae">Enthemonae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Daly in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2014
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Carlgren, 1893
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_072
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 072 A oral B lateral views. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 1;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5.0442" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="5.0442">5.0442°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="141.8165" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-141.8165">141.8165°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 4875 m deep; 28 May. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400696 (COI); NHMUK 2021.19; Voucher code: CCZ_072.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Single specimen, white (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Trianguloscalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883). Specimen CCZ _ 074: A in situ photograph, attached to a glass sponge stalk B left C and right lateral views. Scale bars: 5 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Hosie (B, C). Arrows indicate position of T. gigas (specimen CCZ _ 074; lower, yellow) and Catherinum cf. albatrossianum (specimen CCZ _ 073; upper, green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716331" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 072 A oral B lateral views. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body subcylindrical, pedal disc modified and attached to a glass sponge stalk, oral disc is> 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
column width; with at least two cycles of slender, tapered, long, white tentacles, almost as long as the oral disc diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Trianguloscalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883). Specimen CCZ _ 074: A in situ photograph, attached to a glass sponge stalk B left C and right lateral views. Scale bars: 5 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Hosie (B, C). Arrows indicate position of T. gigas (specimen CCZ _ 074; lower, yellow) and Catherinum cf. albatrossianum (specimen CCZ _ 073; upper, green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716331" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tubercles are evident on the top half of the column when preserved, but tentacles completely retracted (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 072 A oral B lateral views. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9 A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_072
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
oral
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral views. Scale bars: 5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
COI sequence is similar (97.3%) to other species within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
but based on COI we were unable to delimit species because interspecific divergence is very low. Additionally, only a few studies have included sequences for COI, therefore hindering comparisons based solely on this gene. The COI divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_164 and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_072 (1.95% K2P distance) was higher than the genetic distance between other species in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" author="Rodriguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B82" refString="Rodriguez, E, Barbeitos, MS, Brugler, MR, Crowley, LM, Grajales, A, Gusmao, L, Haussermann, V, Reft, A, Daly, M, 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" title="Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9 (5): e 96998." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" year="2014">Rodriguez et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting these to belong to separate species. The phylogenetic tree recovered both CCZ specimens within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Actiniaria. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and COX 3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
||
), in a clade belonging to Cuticulata. Clades within Cuticulata were not well resolved in the phylogeny, but this group includes the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Graspina</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (families
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Amphiantidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Amphiantidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Galantheanthenidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Galantheanthenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1920" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinoscyphiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that is characterised by a modified pedal disc that enables them to attach to other substrates, such as sponge stalks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" author="Rodriguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B82" refString="Rodriguez, E, Barbeitos, MS, Brugler, MR, Crowley, LM, Grajales, A, Gusmao, L, Haussermann, V, Reft, A, Daly, M, 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" title="Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9 (5): e 96998." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" year="2014">Rodriguez et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and is advantageous in deep-sea ecosystems. Based on this modified pedal disc, the specimen very likely belongs to a family within the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Graspina</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen was collected in a muddy abyssal plain in APEI 7, at 4874 m depth. It was attached to a glass sponge stalk (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Trianguloscalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883). Specimen CCZ _ 074: A in situ photograph, attached to a glass sponge stalk B left C and right lateral views. Scale bars: 5 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Hosie (B, C). Arrows indicate position of T. gigas (specimen CCZ _ 074; lower, yellow) and Catherinum cf. albatrossianum (specimen CCZ _ 073; upper, green)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716331" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
; top of stalk), along with two barnacles (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catherinum albatrossianum" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="albatrossianum">Catherinum cf. albatrossianum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen CCZ_073; and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hoek" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trianguloscalpellum gigas" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Trianguloscalpellum gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen CCZ_074).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
|
||
A very similar
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphotype (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
fam. indet., ACT_042) mostly attached to sponge stalks, has been commonly encountered in seabed image surveys conducted across the eastern CCZ but not in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_154
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 154 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: A, B 1 cm. Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 4;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6.9702" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="6.9702">6.9702°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="149.9426" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.9426">149.9426°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5009 m deep; 06 Jun. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400715 (COI); NHMUK 2021.27; Voucher code: CCZ_154.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Single specimen, completely white when alive (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 154 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: A, B 1 cm. Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body of live specimen is more or less cylindrical, wider proximally and distally, 29 mm long. Pedal disc is the widest, 35 mm in diameter, attached to a manganese nodule, and oral disc 24 mm in diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 154 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: A, B 1 cm. Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large and small conical, tapered tentacles alternating on the margin of the oral disc in two cycles: ~ 20 + 20, with the larger ones being approx. half the oral disc diameter and located above the smaller tentacles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 154 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: A, B 1 cm. Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles are only visible in in situ images (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 154 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: A, B 1 cm. Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
), as they are fully retracted in the preserved specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_154
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
in situ image
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
specimen before preservation. Scale bars:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
1 cm. Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
This specimen was attached to a nodule in abyssal sediments in APEI 4 at 5009 m depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The COI sequence is similar to sequences of species within different families, but in the phylogenetic tree it is recovered within the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Actiniaria. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and COX 3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
|
||
No similar
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphotypes had been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. The in situ image of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_154 was hence catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
fam. indet., ACT_044).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_164
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 164 A in situ image of specimen CCZ _ 164 B detail of oral disc C lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 5 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 7;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6.988" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="6.988">6.988°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="149.9326" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.9326">149.9326°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5001 m deep; 06 Jun. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400717 (COI); NHMUK 2021.5; Voucher code: CCZ_164
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Single specimen, white (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 164 A in situ image of specimen CCZ _ 164 B detail of oral disc C lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 5 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimen with a short, subcylindrical column, with pedal and oral discs almost the same diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 164 A in situ image of specimen CCZ _ 164 B detail of oral disc C lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 5 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Long, slender, tapered, white tentacles arranged in at least two cycles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 164 A in situ image of specimen CCZ _ 164 B detail of oral disc C lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 5 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). When preserved, column is more cylindrical, almost as long as wide (H = 18 mm, oral disc diameter = 21 mm), and tubercles are evident on the top half of the column; tentacles completely retracted (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 164 A in situ image of specimen CCZ _ 164 B detail of oral disc C lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 5 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_164
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
in situ image of specimen CCZ_164
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of oral disc
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
); 2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
); 5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
COI sequence is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. CCZ_072 and they are recovered as sister species, in the multi-gene phylogeny, within the Cuticulata in the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Trianguloscalpellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Actiniaria. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and COX 3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). This species very likely belongs to a family within the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Graspina</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Amphiantidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Amphiantidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Galantheanthenidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Galantheanthenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1920" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinoscyphiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) based on the modified pedal disc that allows them to attach to substrates other than rocks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" author="Rodriguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B82" refString="Rodriguez, E, Barbeitos, MS, Brugler, MR, Crowley, LM, Grajales, A, Gusmao, L, Haussermann, V, Reft, A, Daly, M, 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" title="Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9 (5): e 96998." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" year="2014">Rodriguez et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
This specimen was collected in muddy abyssal sediments in APEI 4 at 5001 m depth, attached to a glass sponge stalk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
|
||
As with specimen from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_072, a very similar morphotype has been commonly found in seabed image surveys conducted across the eastern CCZ (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
fam. indet., ACT_042), but it does not seem possible to differentiate between the species
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_072 and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridiodea">Metridiodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_164 from in situ imagery. Morphotype ACT_042 is hence likely to encompass, at least, these two species in image-based analyses conducted across the CCZ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Actinostoloidea" genus="Graspina" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Actinostoloidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Carlgren, 1932
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Carlgren, 1932
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_183
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 183 A specimen attached to nodule B close-up of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A), 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">12</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 1;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="11.2751" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="11.2751">11.2751°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="153.7444" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-153.7444">153.7444°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5241 m deep; 09 Jun. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON406626 (18S); NHMUK 2021.28; Voucher code: CCZ_183.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Single specimen, white, attached to a nodule (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 183 A specimen attached to nodule B close-up of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A), 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Column is very short (3 mm), cylindrical (6 mm diameter), pedal disc much wider and completely attached to the nodule. Small tubercles scatter on the column (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 183 A specimen attached to nodule B close-up of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A), 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_183
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
specimen attached to nodule
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
), 2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Closest matches for the 18S sequence are sequences from other members of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(> 99.3%). In the phylogenetic tree, it is also recovered in a well-supported clade with species of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Actiniaria. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and COX 3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, this clade also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" class="Anthozoa" family="Capneidae" genus="Capnea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Capnea" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capnea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has been recovered within the same clade in previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" author="Rodriguez, E" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B82" refString="Rodriguez, E, Barbeitos, MS, Brugler, MR, Crowley, LM, Grajales, A, Gusmao, L, Haussermann, V, Reft, A, Daly, M, 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" title="Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9 (5): e 96998." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998" year="2014">Rodriguez et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a specimen collected in the eastern CCZ identified as a member of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hormathiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hormathiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. NHM_416,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9277" author="Dahlgren, TG" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Dahlgren, TG, Wiklund, H, Rabone, M, Amon, DJ, Ikebe, C, Watling, L, Smith, CR, Glover, AG, 2016. Abyssal fauna of the UK-1 polymetallic nodule exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Cnidaria. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9277. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9277" title="Abyssal fauna of the UK- 1 polymetallic nodule exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Cnidaria. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e 9277." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9277" year="2016">Dahlgren et al, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No in situ photos are available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
This specimen was collected in abyssal sediment in APEI 1 at 5241 m depth, attached to a polymetallic nodule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_202
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 202 A in situ image B detail of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B). Image attributions: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 4;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="11.2518" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="11.2518">11.2518°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="153.6059" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-153.6059">153.6059°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5206 m deep; 10 Jun. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON406627 (18S); NHMUK 2021.22; Voucher code: CCZ_202.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Single, white specimen (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 202 A in situ image B detail of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B). Image attributions: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimen with short column (4 mm), pedal and oral disc approx. the same diameter (8 mm). Between 8-10 white, long tentacles, approx. as long as the oral disc diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 202 A in situ image B detail of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B). Image attributions: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Column with scale-like pattern in preserved specimen (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Actinostolidae stet. CCZ _ 202 A in situ image B detail of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B). Image attributions: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13B</figureCitation>
|
||
), with tentacles fully retracted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_202
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
in situ image
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of specimen. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
); 1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
). Image attributions: Durden and Smith (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The closest matches to the 18S sequence are species in different suborders within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" class="Anthozoa" genus="Capnea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
(98.3% sequence similarity), including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hormathiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. NHM_416 from the CCZ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9277" author="Dahlgren, TG" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Dahlgren, TG, Wiklund, H, Rabone, M, Amon, DJ, Ikebe, C, Watling, L, Smith, CR, Glover, AG, 2016. Abyssal fauna of the UK-1 polymetallic nodule exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Cnidaria. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9277. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9277" title="Abyssal fauna of the UK- 1 polymetallic nodule exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Cnidaria. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e 9277." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9277" year="2016">Dahlgren et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in the phylogenetic tree it is confidently recovered within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Actiniaria. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and COX 3) BEAST median consensus tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
||
), along with the specimen
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hormathiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. NHM_416.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
This specimen was attached to a polymetallic nodule collected in abyssal sediments of APEI 1 at 5206 m depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
|
||
No similar
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" class="Anthozoa" genus="Capnea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphotypes have been so far catalogued from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. The in situ image of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stet. CCZ_202 was hence catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinostolidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Actinostolidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. indet., ACT_080). However, small actiniarians (e.g., oral disc <2 cm) are usually difficult to classify from seabed imagery as basic morphological features (e.g., number of tentacles) are often not clearly visible. Consequently, ACT_080 could be potentially confused with similarly small actinian morphotypes commonly encountered in the eastern CCZ (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1932" class="Anthozoa" family="Hormathiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hormathiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. inc., ACT_022, also with a short pedal approx. the same diameter as the oral disc, but with 16-18 long thin tentacles).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" class="Anthozoa" genus="Capnea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Scleractinia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bourne, 1900
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
For
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" class="Anthozoa" genus="Capnea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Scleractinia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are only two records at> 3000 m depth in the CCZ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with no specimens collected. A single scleractinian was collected, for which DNA amplification was unsuccessful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiacyathidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Fungiacyathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chevalier & Beauvais, 1987
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |