520 lines
37 KiB
XML
520 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a179cde5-73cf-4bfb-9e9e-cb5d82fcb38e" ID-PMC="PMC6658573" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-864-111" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C3EF1B20602D51CD9E2762EC4EF07532" ID-PubMed="31367179" ID-ZooBank="D564AD43593A4E71946D2366A878B1EE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-864-111" checkinTime="1563472574014" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Urgiles, Veronica L., Szekely, Paul, Szekely, Diana, Christodoulides, Nicholas, Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C. & Savage, Anna E." docDate="2019" docId="BFD714B729E845328BD10C04A95E0CFD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 864: 111-146" docOrigin="ZooKeys 864" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102" docTitle="Pristimantis orestes Lynch 1979" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="123" masterDocId="FF86A854FFCA983DFF9F424BFF9F7613" masterDocTitle="Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae)" masterLastPageNumber="146" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="119" updateTime="1668167569886" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Urgiles, Veronica L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Szekely, Paul</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Szekely, Diana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Christodoulides, Nicholas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Savage, Anna E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>864</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>111</mods:start>
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<mods:end>146</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-864-111</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D564AD43593A4E71946D2366A878B1EE</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">C3EF1B20602D51CD9E2762EC4EF07532</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158725016" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BFD714B729E845328BD10C04A95E0CFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BFD714B729E845328BD10C04A95E0CFD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="119" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<taxonomicName LSID="bfd714b7-29e8-4532-8bd1-0c04a95e0cfd" authority="Lynch, 1979" authorityName="Lynch" authorityYear="1979" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Pristimantis orestes variation in life. A MZUA. AN. 2488, profile and ventral view B MZUA. AN. 2493, profile view C MZUA. AN. 2497, profile and ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318810" pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="119" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eleutherodactylus orestes" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">Eleutherodactylus orestes</taxonomicName>
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Lynch, 1979
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) orestes" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes" subGenus="Eleutherodactylus">Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) orestes</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Special Publication Natural History Museum University of Kansas" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 236" refId="B23" title="Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador: systematics, ecology, and biogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7951" volume="23" year="1997">Lynch and Duellman 1997</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">Pristimantis orestes</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Heinicke, MP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="27" pageNumber="138" pagination="10092 - 10097" refId="B13" title="Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal." url="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611051104" volume="104" year="2007">Heinicke et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis (Pristimantis) orestes" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes" subGenus="Pristimantis">Pristimantis (Pristimantis) orestes</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Hedges, SB" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="27" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B12" title="New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3986.2.1" volume="1737" year="2008">Hedges et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="119" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Greek, Orestes, a mountaineer.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Type material. Holotype.</emphasis>
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KU141998, an adult female, obtained 11 km NE Urdaneta, Provincia Loja, Ecuador, 2970 m, 24 July 1971 by William E. Duellman and Bruce MacBryde.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Paratypes</emphasis>
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. KU141999-KU142003, collected syntopically with the holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="8" pageNumber="119">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="119">Pristimantis orestes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small species distinguished by the following combination of traits: (1) skin on dorsum finely tuberculated (in life the skin tuberculated texture is more evident); evident dorsolateral folds absent but sometimes a continuous row of pustules is present; low middorsal fold present; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold weak, more evident posteriorly; (2) tympanic membrane absent but tympanic annulus evident, its length about 45% of the length of eye; supratympanic fold present; (3) snout short, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; canthus rostralis weakly concave in dorsal view, rounded in profile; (4) upper eyelid bearing several small tubercles, similar in size and shape with the ones from the dorsum, about 90% IOD in females and 60% IOD in males; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, slightly ovoid, separated medially by distance lower than width of processes; each processes bearing 3 to 6 teeth; (6) males with a subgular vocal sac and small vocal slits; nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers just slightly expanded, rounded; circumferential grooves present; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; subarticular tubercles prominent; supernumerary palmar tubercles present, smaller than subarticular tubercles; palmar tubercle completely divided into a larger (inner) and a smaller (outer) tubercles; thenar tubercle oval, smaller than the inner palmar tubercle; (9) small, inconspicuous, ulnar tubercles present (trait more visible in life); (10) heel with small tubercles; outer edge of tarsus with a row of small tubercles; inner tarsal tubercles coalesced into a short tarsal fold (traits more visible in life); (11) inner metatarsal tubercle broadly ovoid, about 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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ovoid, subconical (in profile), outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing basal; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; discs on toes just slightly expanded, rounded, about same size as those on fingers; circumferential grooves present; (13) in life, dorsum varies from gray, copper-brown and brown; venter gray to pale brown spotted with cream and/or brown; groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thigh, concealed shank and axillae are dark brown or black enclosing large white spots; iris whitish gray, with a reddish broad median horizontal streak, and with fine black re
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="120" start="start">ticulations</pageBreakToken>
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; (14) SVL 22.4-23.7 mm in adult females (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="120">N</emphasis>
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= 2) and 16.5-22.3 mm in adult males (20.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.16 SD,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="120">N</emphasis>
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= 5).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="9" pageNumber="120" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="120">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="9" pageNumber="120">
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Morphometric variation is shown in Table 3. In one male (MZUA.AN.2497) the discoidal fold is more visible but the ulnar tubercles are barely distinguishable both in life and in preservative. In one female (MZUA.AN.2493) a vague
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="121" start="start">dorsolateral</pageBreakToken>
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fold (formed by a continuous row of pustules) is present in the anterior half of dorsum and the middorsal fold is not distinguishable; in this same individual the ulnar tubercles are more notorious than in the other preserved specimens. In a female (MZUA.AN.2497), the dorsum and dorsal surfaces of limbs display a brownish-green coloration; the flanks and lips are dark brown with irregular cream blotches. One male (MZUA.AN.2488) presents orange spots over a brown background in the dorsum, flanks and limbs and a continuous orange blotch in the groin and anterior surfaces of thighs (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Pristimantis orestes variation in life. A MZUA. AN. 2488, profile and ventral view B MZUA. AN. 2493, profile view C MZUA. AN. 2497, profile and ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318810" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="608C0D2EC1F7C3CFFDEA208E76027D39" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/608C0D2EC1F7C3CFFDEA208E76027D39" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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Table 3. Measurements (in mm) of adult males and females of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">Pristimantis orestes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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collected from Urdaneta. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of each morphological character are shown for males (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
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= 5) but not females due to sample size (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
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= 1). Abbreviations of the morphometric measurements are presented in Materials and methods.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<table pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<th colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">-</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">MZUA 2488 ♀</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">MZUA 2493 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">MZUA 2497 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">MUTPL 242 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">MUTPL 248 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">MUTPL 249 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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Mean
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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SD (range) ♂
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">SVL</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">22.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">20.0</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">16.5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">20.7</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">20.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">22.3</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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20.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.2 (16.5-22.3)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">EN</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.2</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.7</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.7</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.7</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.1 (1.5-1.8)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">TD</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">0.9</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.2</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.3</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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1.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.3 (0.7-1.4)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">ED</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.3</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.0</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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2.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.2 (2.0-2.5)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">EW</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.6</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.0</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.2 (1.4-2.0)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">IOD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">3.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">3.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4 (2.2-3.1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">IND</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">1.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">2.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.3 (1.4-2.1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">HL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">6.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">5.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">6.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
6.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.9 (5.5-7.6)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">HW</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">6.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">6.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
7.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.6 (6.8-8.3)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">TL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">9.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">9.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">9.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">9.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">9.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
8.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4 (8.2-9.4)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">FL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">7.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">8.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
|
||
8.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4 (7.8-8.9)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318810" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">Pristimantis orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variation in life.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">A</emphasis>
|
||
MZUA.AN.2488, profile and ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">B</emphasis>
|
||
MZUA.AN.2493, profile view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">C</emphasis>
|
||
MZUA.AN.2497, profile and ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" type="advertisement call">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="121">Advertisement call.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Two of the analyzed recordings (FUTPL-A-130 and FUTPL-A-131) are from the same unvouchered male.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">Pristimantis orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an advertisement call characterized by a call series composed by clicking calls repeated for long periods of time (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Advertisement call of Pristimantis orestes. A Oscillogram of a 12 - call section of the call series B Oscillogram of a single call C Spectogram of a single call D Power spectrum of a single call." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318811" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because the males can call continuously for long periods of time, the call series duration is unknown. The calls are characterized by a duration of (range and mean
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
SD in parenthesis): 0.008-0.013 s (0.011
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.0009,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 190), an inter-call interval of 0.705-3.824 s (1.680
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.650,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 185) and a call rate of 0.50-0.73 calls/s (0.58
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.110,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4). The 90% bandwidth ranged from 2325.6-2756.2 Hz (2605.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
88.555,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 190) to 2756.2-3186.9 Hz (2989.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
115.100,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 190), with the dominant frequency being at 2670.1-2928.5 Hz (2773.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
77.359,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 190). The fundamental frequency is not recognizable, but 2 to 3 harmonics are sometimes visible.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="122" start="start">Three</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the four recorded males increased the call rate at the end of their calls (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Advertisement call of Pristimantis orestes. A Oscillogram of a 12 - call section of the call series B Oscillogram of a single call C Spectogram of a single call D Power spectrum of a single call." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318811" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), intensifying the call emissions in the last 20-30 seconds. The call rate increased, and the inter-call interval decreased from 0.35-0.63 calls/s (0.47
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.145,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) to 0.70-1.06 calls/s (0.88
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.177,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3), respectively, and from 1.063-3.824 s (2.111
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.672,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 64) to 0.705-2.087 s (1.253
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.401,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 88).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318811" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Figure 3. Advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Pristimantis orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">A</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillogram of a 12-call section of the call series
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">B</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillogram of a single call
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">C</emphasis>
|
||
Spectogram of a single call
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">D</emphasis>
|
||
Power spectrum of a single call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B22" title="Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" volume="66" year="1979">Lynch (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that this species occurs on the eastern Andean Cordillera from the Cuenca hoya to the Loja hoya in southern Ecuador. However, we suggest that this distribution might be inaccurate and needs to be reviewed, as many of the records are probably erroneous belonging to very similar, but in fact different species. For example, additional localities previously reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B22" title="Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" volume="66" year="1979">Lynch (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Loja Province include Saraguro, but this record is likely erroneous, and refers to observations of an undescribed, very similar species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guayasamin, JM" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Museum, University of Kansas" pageId="27" pageNumber="138" refId="B9" url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3616.4.3" year="2013">Guayasamin and Arteaga (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orestes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">P. orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Susudel in the Azuay province (MZUTI 706), but this record needs to be reviewed via molecular and morphological analysis to confirm identity of this specimens. Thus, we recommend limiting the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orestes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">P. orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the confirmed localities in Urdaneta and in Sigsig, in an elevational range between 2940 to 3100 m (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Map of southern Ecuador showing recording localities of Pristimantis saturninoi, P. quintanai sp. nov., P. orestes, and P. cajanuma sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318812" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318812" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Figure 4. Map of southern Ecuador showing recording localities of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis saturninoi" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saturninoi">Pristimantis saturninoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quintanai" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="quintanai">P. quintanai</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. nov.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orestes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">P. orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. cajanuma" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="cajanuma">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">P. cajanuma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
|
||
We found all the specimens in a pastureland in a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="subpáramo">subparamo</normalizedToken>
|
||
habitat. Specimens were encountered at night on grassy vegetation (usually at 10-20 cm above the ground) near the road. Calling males were encountered between May and August. The only sympatric frog species registered was
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Gastrotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gastrotheca pseustes" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseustes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Gastrotheca pseustes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis orestes" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Pristimantis orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is categorized as endangered based on criteria B1b(iii) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heinicke, MP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="27" pageNumber="138" refId="B14" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2018">IUCN 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We suggest maintaining this category because the species i) has only been found in two localities, and ii) its natural habitat (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="123" start="start">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="subpáramo">subparamo</normalizedToken>
|
||
</pageBreakToken>
|
||
) has been heavily damaged and fragmented by grazing, fires and roads. Also, in its type locality,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orestes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not locally abundant, only few individuals were registered at every visit to the population. However, additional information is needed to evaluate population trends and to assess the presence and impact of pathogenic infections in this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="123" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas" pageId="28" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B22" title="Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" volume="66" year="1979">Lynch (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides an accurate and detailed description of this species, including a brief description of the cranial osteology. Our diagnosis concurs with all the morphological features described by the author, but we also focus on characters that were not detailed in the original description but that are useful to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. orestes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. orestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other similar species (e.g., condition of discoidal fold and nuptial pads in males). The only significant difference is that the outer tarsal tubercles are not prominent, and we consider the color of the iris to be whitish gray instead of gray-bronze (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Pristimantis orestes variation in life. A MZUA. AN. 2488, profile and ventral view B MZUA. AN. 2493, profile view C MZUA. AN. 2497, profile and ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.35102.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318810" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The diagnosis provided herein is based on four specimens from the original description (KU 141998, 141999, 142000, 142002): one adult female (MZUA.AN.2488) and five adult males (MUTPL 242, 248, 249 and MZUA.AN.2493, 2497) collected from the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |