299 lines
32 KiB
XML
299 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="86EFE94E5F6B721DFC87E81E9903AEB8">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF6BB884FF6B40977D2B0931" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968123" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF6BB884FF6B40977D2B0931" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF6BB884FF6B40977D2B0931" lastPageId="242" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF6BB887FF6B40977A8A08BB" blockId="241.[151,900,1998,2025]" box="[151,900,1998,2025]" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">
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<heading id="5B0E2D09FF6BB887FF6B40977A8A08BB" box="[151,900,1998,2025]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="241" pageNumber="242" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6BB887FF6B40977B4808BB" ID-CoL="3VHPT" ID-ENA="8400" authority="(Shaw, 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[151,582,1998,2025]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="241" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF6BB887FF6B409778A208BA" bold="true" box="[151,428,1998,2025]" italics="true" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">Lithobates catesbeianus</emphasis>
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(Shaw, 1802)
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF6BB887FD9F40977A8A08BB" bold="true" box="[611,900,1998,2024]" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">Non-native; Introduced.</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF6B47CE78620FE2" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[151,364,151,177]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">American Bullfrog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF68B884FF6B47E378760F86" box="[151,376,186,213]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF6B47E378760F86" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[151,376,186,213]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF6B47E378760F86" bold="true" box="[151,376,186,213]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FF6B47E3781E0F87" box="[151,272,186,212]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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records.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF68B884FF0B47867A440D9E" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF0B47867BCA0E4E" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF68B884FF0B47867BCA0E4E" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FF0B478678CC0FAA" box="[247,450,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castabeiana">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF0B478678CC0FAA" box="[247,450,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Rana castabeiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[sic]—K.
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<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF68B884FDC147867BE00FAA" author="Lim, K." box="[573,750,223,249]" page="21" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FDC147867BE00FAA" author="Lim, K." box="[573,750,223,249]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="21" refId="ref325077" refString="Lim, K. (1989 d) Amphibians. The Pangolin, 2 (2), 21." type="journal article" year="1989">Lim, 1989d: 21</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(Upper Peirce Reservoir).—K.
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<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF68B884FBA747867C030FAA" author="Lim, K." box="[1115,1293,223,249]" page="66" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FBA747867C030FAA" author="Lim, K." box="[1115,1293,223,249]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref325173" refString="Lim, K. (1989 h) Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. The Pangolin, 2 (4), 63 - 66." type="journal article" year="1989">Lim, 1989h: 66</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(Sime Road Forest; Upper Peirce Reservoir).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF0B467E7D850EDA" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FF0B467E78B00E12" ID-CoL="6X35Q" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[247,446,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeiana">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF0B467E78B00E12" box="[247,446,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Rana catesbeiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FD34467E7A6B0E12" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[712,869,295,321]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 18</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—E.K.
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FC3D467E7D650E12" author="Chua, E. K." box="[961,1131,294,321]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" refId="ref297976" refString="Chua, E. K. (1993) Nature in Singapore, Ours to Protect. The Nature Society, Singapore, 132 pp." type="book" year="1993">Chua, 1993: 52</bibRefCitation>
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(MacRitchie Reservoir).— K.P. Lim, 1994d: 15 (Seletar Reservoir).—H.T.W. Tan
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FC4146127AFB0E36" box="[957,1013,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2007: 193.—P.K.A. Ng, 2009: 18.— Bickford
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FE3E463678F40EDA" box="[450,506,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2010: 123.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FD6746367AA40EDA" author="Gilbert, M. & Bickford, D. & Clark, L. & Johnson, A. & Joyner, P. H. & Keatts, L. O. & Khammavong, K. & Van, L. N. & Newton, A. & Seow, T. P. W. & Roberton, S. & Silithammavong, S. & Singhalath, S. & Yang, A. & Seimon, T. A." box="[667,938,367,393]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="386 - 398" refId="ref307091" refString="Gilbert, M., Bickford, D., Clark, L., Johnson, A., Joyner, P. H., Keatts, L. O., Khammavong, K., Van, L. N., Newton, A., Seow, T. P. W., Roberton, S., Silithammavong, S., Singhalath, S., Yang, A. & Seimon, T. A. (2012) Amphibian pathogens in Southeast Asian frog trade. EcoHealth, 9 (4), 386 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10393 - 013 - 0817 - 7" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Gilbert
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD0E46367A240EDA" box="[754,810,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2012: 393
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—T.
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<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF68B884FC1446367D190EDA" box="[1000,1047,367,393]" country="Micronesia" name="Yap" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Yap</collectingRegion>
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, 2016: 71.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF0B46CA7DD70DD6" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FF0B46CA7B090EFE" ID-CoL="3VHPT" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[247,519,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF0B46CA7B090EFE" box="[247,519,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Lithobates catesbeianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 165.—T.H. Ng & K.K.P. Lim, 2010: 118 (Bedok Reservoir: Jurong Lake; Kranji Reservoir; Lower Peirce Reservoir).—H.T.W. Tan
|
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FAEC46EE7C420E82" box="[1296,1356,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
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, 2010: 251.—D.C.J. Yeo & C.S.W. Chia, 2010: 32.—D.C.J. Yeo
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FC2B46827D000EA6" box="[983,1038,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2010: 220.—T.M. Leong & K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FEAB46A67B000D4A" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Leong, T. M. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[343,526,511,537]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="143 - 156" refId="ref326919" refString="Lim, K. K. P., Leong, T. M. & Lim, F. L. K. (2011) The king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor) in Singapore (Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae). Nature in Singapore, 4, 143 - 156." type="journal article" year="2011">Lim, 2011: 140</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—D.C.J. Yeo
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD4946A67BFF0D4A" box="[693,753,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011: 101.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 15, 165.—T.H. Ng & D.C.J. Yeo, 2012: 95, 99–100 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Central Catchment Nature Reserve).—K.Y. Chong
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD93451E7BA50D32" box="[623,683,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013: 290.—H.H. Tan, 2014a: 93 (Upper Seletar).—E.K. Chua, 2015: 162.—S.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FDD445327A3B0DD6" author="Chong, S. M. & Yan, B. T. & Wong, W. K. & Siow, H. J. & Fernandez, C. J." box="[552,821,618,645]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="252 - 254" refId="ref296927" refString="Chong, S. M., Sng, W., Yan, B. T., Wong, W. K., Siow, H. J. & Fernandez, C. J. (2018) Prevalence of chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild amphibians, Singapore. Herpetological Review, 49 (2), 252 - 254." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Chong
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD8645327BBC0DD6" box="[634,690,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018: 254
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—M.F.C. Ng, 2021: 1 (Yishun Park).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF0B45D67D980DFA" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[247,1174,655,681]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF68B884FF0B45D67D980DFA" box="[247,1174,655,681]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FF0B45D678BC0DFA" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[247,434,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF0B45D678BC0DFA" box="[247,434,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Rana catesbiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]—P.K.L. Ng
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD8245D67BB90DFA" box="[638,695,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993: 20, 21.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF68B884FC8D45D67D9C0DFA" author="Davison, G. & Tan, R. & Lee, B." box="[881,1170,655,681]" page="139" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FC8D45D67D9C0DFA" author="Davison, G. & Tan, R. & Lee, B." box="[881,1170,655,681]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" refId="ref302263" refString="Davison, G., Tan, R. & Lee, B. (2012) Wild Singapore. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 208 pp." type="book" year="2012">
|
||
Davison
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FC2445D67D1F0DFA" box="[984,1041,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012: 139
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF0B45EA7A440D9E" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[247,842,690,717]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FF0B45EA78F40D9E" ID-CoL="6X35Q" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[247,506,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF0B45EA78F40D9E" box="[247,506,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Lithobates catesbeiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—P.K.L. Ng
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD7145EA7BCB0D9E" box="[653,709,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011: 254.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF68B884FF0B458E7ACF0DA2" box="[247,961,727,753]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF0B458E7ACF0DA2" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[247,961,727,753]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FF0B458E78F40DA2" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[247,506,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbaiena">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF0B458E78F40DA2" box="[247,506,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Lithobates catesbaiena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]—D.L. Yong
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD37458E7A0D0DA2" box="[715,771,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 203, 204.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF68B884FF6B45A27BAE0A92" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF6B45A278F20A2A" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF6B45A278050C46" bold="true" box="[151,267,763,789]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Native to central and eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FDB345A27BA90C46" box="[591,679,763,789]" name="Mexico" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FD4D45A27AC70C46" box="[689,969,763,789]" name="United States of America" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FBFC45A27D5A0C46" box="[1024,1108,763,789]" name="Canada" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Frost 2020),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FB0C45A27C930C46" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1264,1437,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FB0C45A27C930C46" box="[1264,1437,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">L. catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been introduced to at least 37 countries globally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FCB444467C1A0C6A" author="Global Invasive Species Database" box="[840,1300,799,825]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" refId="ref307623" refString="Global Invasive Species Database. (2019 b) Species profile: Lithobates catesbeianus. Available from: http: // www. iucngisd. org / gisd / speciesname / Lithobates + catesbeianus (accessed 14 January 2021)" type="url" year="2019">Global Invasive Species Database 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FADA444678860C0E" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FADA444678860C0E" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Lithobates catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was imported into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FD9F441A7BDB0C0E" box="[611,725,835,861]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
for food in the 1980s and is still sold alive at wet markets (Ng & Lim 2010). Currently, the Jurong Frog Farm in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FCBD443E7ABD0CD2" box="[833,947,871,897]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
breeds and sells
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FB81443E7C200CD2" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1149,1326,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FB81443E7C200CD2" box="[1149,1326,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">L. catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for food, and juveniles are often sold illegally in pet shops as feed for ornamental fish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FB7B44D27C650CF6" author="Leong, T. M. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[1159,1387,907,933]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="135 - 141" refId="ref323565" refString="Leong, T. M. & Lim, K. K. P. (2011) Occurrence of Gnther's Frog, Hylarana guentheri (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4, 135 - 141." type="journal article" year="2011">Leong & Lim 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ng & Yeo 2012). In 1989, there were records of individuals in UPR (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FC1444F67D670C9A" author="Lim, K." box="[1000,1129,943,969]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="21" refId="ref325077" refString="Lim, K. (1989 d) Amphibians. The Pangolin, 2 (2), 21." type="journal article" year="1989">Lim 1989d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and now frogs have been found elsewhere in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FE2B448A7B450CBE" box="[471,587,979,1005]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the nature reserves (Ng & Yeo 2012). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FB11448A7C930CBE" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1261,1437,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FB11448A7C930CBE" box="[1261,1437,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">L. catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears widespread in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FE0744AE7B610B42" box="[507,623,1015,1041]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it’s most common in BBNP, BR, and JL. Yet, no evidence of breeding in the wild has been documented (Ng & Yeo 2012). Thus, most individuals encountered are suspected to to have been released, particularly for spiritual merit (
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FC9743667AE60B0A" box="[875,1000,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">fang sheng</emphasis>
|
||
) (Ng & Lim 2010; Ng & Yeo 2012). However, tadpoles have been found in drainage channels of the frog farm and may have reached other locations via the drainage system (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FD7E43DE7A6D0BF2" author="Leong, T. M. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[642,867,1159,1185]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" pagination="135 - 141" refId="ref323565" refString="Leong, T. M. & Lim, K. K. P. (2011) Occurrence of Gnther's Frog, Hylarana guentheri (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4, 135 - 141." type="journal article" year="2011">Leong & Lim 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FC8B43DE7D880BF2" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[887,1158,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FC8B43DE7D880BF2" box="[887,1158,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Lithobates catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed on IUCN’s 100 World’s Worst Invasive Species, mainly because it is a carrier of the chytrid fungus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FB2C43F2789C0BBA" class="Rhizophydiomycetes" genus="Batrachochytrium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rhizophydiales" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chytridiomycota" rank="species" species="dendrobatidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FB2C43F2789C0BBA" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and because it is a voracious predator and competitor of native species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FB2F43967C960BBA" author="Lowe, S. & Browne, M. & Boudjelas, S. & Poorter, M. de" box="[1235,1432,1231,1257]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" refId="ref328159" refString="Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S. & Poorter, M. de (2004) 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, 12 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Lowe
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FAE743967C5B0BBA" box="[1307,1365,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF68B884FF0B43AA7BC80A5E" author="Global Invasive Species Database" box="[247,710,1267,1293]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" refId="ref307583" refString="Global Invasive Species Database. (2019 a) Species profile: Norops sagrei. Available from: http: // www. iucngisd. org / gisd / speciesname / Norops + sagrei (accessed 14 January 2021)" type="url" year="2019">Global Invasive Species Database 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As of now, negative impacts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FBC243AA7DE30A5E" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1086,1261,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FBC243AA7DE30A5E" box="[1086,1261,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">L. catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to native fauna remains unknown (Ng & Yeo 2012), but they will feed on native fauna (Ng 2021). As there is no evidence suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FE5242627B6F0A06" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[430,609,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FE5242627B6F0A06" box="[430,609,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">L. catesbeianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has established populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FC2C42627D4A0A06" box="[976,1092,1339,1365]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we omit it from Singapore’s herpetofauna checklist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF6B42DB7BAE0A92" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF6B42DB7A890ACE" bold="true" box="[151,903,1410,1437]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Greenbank Park:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF68B884FC6C42DA7C990ACE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688134" box="[912,1431,1411,1437]" collectingDate="2004-04-19" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF68B884FC6C42DA7AC70ACE" box="[912,969,1411,1437]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.1.11347 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FF68B884FBC442DA7DC10ACE" box="[1080,1231,1411,1437]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" value="2004-04-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF68B884FBC442DA7DC10ACE" box="[1080,1231,1411,1437]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" value="2004-04-19">19-Apr-2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FB1942DA7C990ACE" bold="true" box="[1253,1431,1411,1437]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Telok Blangah</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FA6B42DA7C920ACE" bold="true" box="[1431,1436,1411,1437]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF68B884FF0B42FE7B920A92" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687387" box="[247,668,1447,1473]" collectingDate="2006-12-09" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF68B884FF0B42FE78210A92" box="[247,303,1447,1473]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.1.13116 - 13117 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FF68B884FE0642FE7B9A0A92" box="[506,660,1447,1473]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" value="2006-12-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF68B884FE0642FE7B9A0A92" box="[506,660,1447,1473]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" value="2006-12-09">09-Dec-2006</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF68B884FF6B42937D2B0931" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FF6B42937D0B0AB6" blockId="242.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[151,1029,1482,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FF6B42937AA60AB7" bold="true" box="[151,936,1482,1509]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Additional
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FEE2429378990AB7" box="[286,407,1482,1508]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
museum specimens.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF68B884FD6D42937A040AB7" box="[657,778,1482,1508]" name="Singapore" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
(no locality):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF68B884FC4C42927D0C0AB6" box="[944,1026,1483,1509]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF68B884FDF341117D2B0931" blockId="242.[527,1061,1607,1634]" box="[527,1061,1607,1634]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FDF341117D2B0931" bold="true" box="[527,1061,1607,1634]" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF68B884FD9A411E7A900931" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[614,926,1607,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Odorrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="242" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF68B884FD9A411E7BD30931" bold="true" box="[614,733,1607,1634]" italics="true" pageId="242" pageNumber="243">Odorrana</emphasis>
|
||
Fitzinger, 1843
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 species)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |