291 lines
33 KiB
XML
291 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8E35ACB4723F9A2D7BCB76D84F2ADE9A">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0DFBC0D2716F3BF6C365341D5F254FFA">Figueroa, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B935796184A6AA73DB0A98F73E67D08">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="73416116DE9A2728B60DC31D033AB342" type="email">martyn.low@nus.edu.sg</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="460AFBDDF099F32BC660A36081281CA9">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6DF202BD18DCEA2B718B038DE67E4EF0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="159807FB9D2FD88C14261DCF4806F796">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967992" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209661870" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967992" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C" lastPageNumber="192" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF25B8C9FF6B47A07A170E40" box="[151,793,249,276]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B47A07A170E40" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,793,249,276]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<heading id="5B0E2D09FF25B8C9FF6B47A07A170E40" box="[151,793,249,276]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FF6B47A078E50E47" ID-CoL="PRC2" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,491,249,276]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B47A078640E47" bold="true" box="[151,362,249,276]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Calliophis gracilis</emphasis>
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Gray, 1835
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FDF547A07A170E40" bold="true" box="[521,793,249,275]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Native; Indeterminate.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF25B8C9FF0B46447D630E08" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF0B46447D630E08" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FF0B46447B420E6B" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[247,588,285,312]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF0B464478C70E64" box="[247,457,285,311]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Calliophis gracilis</emphasis>
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Gray, 1835
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</taxonomicName>
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[in 1832–1835]: pl. 86, figs. 1–3, caption.
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<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF25B8C9FBCC46447B6F0E08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687650" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Malaysia" location="Peninsular" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pulau Pinang" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF25B8C9FBCC46447D930E64" box="[1072,1181,285,311]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="505F321EFF25B8C9FB5B46477C5C0E64" box="[1191,1362,285,312]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
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.19.17, by original designation.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF25B8C9FD9B461B7D670E08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688437" box="[615,1129,321,348]" country="Malaysia" location="Peninsular" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pulau Pinang">
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<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF25B8C9FD9B461B7B910E0F" box="[615,671,322,348]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Type</typeStatus>
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locality: “
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<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF25B8C9FCEF46187A620E08" box="[787,876,321,347]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Penang</collectingRegion>
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”,
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<location id="0526CCBEFF25B8C9FC7E46187AF60E08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C:0526CCBEFF25B8C9FC7E46187AF60E08" box="[898,1016,321,347]" country="Malaysia" name="Peninsular" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" stateProvince="Pulau Pinang">Peninsular</location>
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF25B8C9FC0346187D670E08" box="[1023,1129,321,347]" name="Malaysia" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF25B8C9FF6B463C78240EF0" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="description">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B463C78240EF0" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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Spotted Coral Snake (
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<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF25B8C9FF6346D0782C0EF0" box="[159,290,393,419]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="365.[152,255,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,181,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-23@365.[167,1420,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="365" captionText="FIGURE 21. A) Xenochrophis vittatus, B) Sibynophis melanocephalus, C) Cylindrophis ruffus, D) Aipysurus eydouxii, E) Aipysurus eydouxii, F) Bungarus fasciatus, G) Calliophis bivirgatus, and H) Calliophis gracilis. Photographs by: Thio Hui Bing [A], Alex Figueroa [B], Nick Baker [C], Kelvin K.P. Lim [D], Ria Tan [E], Law Ing Sind [F], Mary-Ruth Low [G], and Evan S.H. Quah [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960361" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960361/files/figure.png" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Figure 21H</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B46F478760E94" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,376,429,455]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B46F478760E94" bold="true" box="[151,376,429,455]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF25B8C9FF6B46F4781E0E94" box="[151,272,429,455]" name="Singapore" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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records.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF25B8C9FF0B46887A800C58" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF0B46887C830EB8" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[247,1421,465,491]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF25B8C9FF0B46887C830EB8" box="[247,1421,465,491]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF25B8C9FF0B46887BB50EB8" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[247,699,465,491]" page="33" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1839">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FF0B46887BB50EB8" authority="Cantor, 1839 a: 33" authorityName="Cantor" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1839" box="[247,699,465,491]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Elaps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF0B468878E30EB8" box="[247,493,465,491]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Elaps nigromaculatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FE0846887BB50EB8" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[500,699,465,491]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref294139" refString="Cantor, T. E. (1839 a) Spicilegium serpentium indicorum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1839 (74), 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="1839">Cantor, 1839a: 33</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF25B8C9FD2046887AC80EB8" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[732,966,465,491]" page="1029" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1847">
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FD2046887AC80EB8" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[732,966,465,491]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="1026 - 1078" refId="ref294357" refString="Cantor, T. E. (1847 c) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M. D. Bengal Medical Service. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16 (Part 2, No. 183), 1026 - 1078. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5057" type="journal article" year="1847">Cantor, 1847c: 1029</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 1071, 1074, 1078.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF25B8C9FB4A46887C860EB8" author="Flower, S. S." box="[1206,1416,465,491]" page="614" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1899">
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FB4A46887C860EB8" author="Flower, S. S." box="[1206,1416,465,491]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="600 - 696" refId="ref305863" refString="Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37." type="journal article" year="1899">Flower, 1899: 614</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF0B46AC7D790D04" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF25B8C9FF0B46AC7C920D5C" box="[247,1436,501,530]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FF0B46AC78CC0D5C" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[247,450,501,527]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Callophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF0B46AC78CC0D5C" box="[247,450,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Callophis gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FE2246AE7B8A0D5C" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[478,644,501,530]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: xxiii, 349.—Theobald, 1876: 230.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF25B8C9FBD246AC7DF10D5C" author="Davison, W." box="[1070,1279,501,527]" page="92" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1892">
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FBD246AC7DF10D5C" author="Davison, W." box="[1070,1279,501,527]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref302240" refString="Davison, W. (1892) The snakes of Singapore. Singapore and Straits Directory, 1892, 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1892">Davison, 1892: 92</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FADC46AC7C920D5C" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1312,1436,501,527]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref292500" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae and Viperidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger,</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
1896: 397.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FE1245407BC80D60" author="Flower, S. S." box="[494,710,537,563]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower, 1896: 894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FD1B45407ACE0D60" author="Flower, S. S." box="[743,960,537,563]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="600 - 696" refId="ref305863" refString="Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37." type="journal article" year="1899">Flower, 1899: 692</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Ridley, 1899: 209.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FB2945407C930D60" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1237,1437,537,563]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger, 1912:</bibRefCitation>
|
||
203.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FE5F45647B8A0D0B" author="de Rooij, N." box="[419,644,573,600]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref303264" refString="de Rooij, N. (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 334 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10610" type="book" year="1917">de Rooij, 1917: 250</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Sworder, 1923: 72.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FC6B45647D7D0D04" author="de Haas, C. P. J." box="[919,1139,573,600]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="511 - 625" refId="ref302520" refString="de Haas, C. P. J. (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20 (3), 511 - 625." type="journal article" year="1950">de Haas, 1950: 600</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF0B45387A800C58" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FF0B453878C70D28" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[247,457,609,635]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF0B453878C70D28" box="[247,457,609,635]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Calliophis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FB7445387C3B0D28" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[1160,1333,609,635]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 148</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Golay
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FEAB45DF789F0DCC" box="[343,401,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993: 123.—L.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FD8A45DC7A7B0DF3" author="Chou L. M. & Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[630,885,645,672]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
|
||
Chou
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FD4045DF7BF80DCC" box="[700,758,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994: 105
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FC6B45DC7DC80DF3" author="David, P. & Vogel, G." box="[919,1222,645,672]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref301675" refString="David, P. & Vogel, G. (1996) The Snakes of Sumatra: An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt-am-Main, 260 pp." type="book" year="1996">David & Vogel, 1996: 150</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Chan-ard
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FAA045DF7C980DCC" box="[1372,1430,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999: 38.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FE2145F07A390D90" author="Iskandar, D. T. & Colijn, E." box="[477,823,681,707]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. & Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar & Colijn, 2001: 124</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FBC145F07DFC0D90" author="Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[1085,1266,681,707]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 148</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 169.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FDA045947A060DBB" author="Das, I." box="[604,776,717,744]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 315</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 169.—Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FAEB45977C410DB4" box="[1303,1359,717,743]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 145.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FE5E45A87B8D0C58" author="Cox, M. J. & Hoover, M. F. & Chanhome, L. & Thirakhupt, K. & Pongcharoen, C." box="[418,643,753,780]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref299751" refString="Cox, M. J., Hoover, M. F., Chanhome, L., Thirakhupt, K. & Pongcharoen, C. (2018) A Field Guide to the Venomous Snakes of Mainland ASEAN Nations. Parbpim Limited Partnership, Bangkok, ix + 83 pp." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Cox
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FE2645AB7B1C0C58" box="[474,530,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018: 60
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FD5845A87A870C58" author="Charlton, T." box="[676,905,753,779]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref295882" refString="Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp." type="book" year="2020">Charlton, 2020: 229</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF25B8C9FF6B444C7D250B54" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B444C7B180CB0" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B444C78050C7C" bold="true" box="[151,267,789,815]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
One of Singapore’s rarest snakes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FD56444F7A2B0C7C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[682,805,789,816]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FD56444F7A2B0C7C" box="[682,805,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">C. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from only
|
||
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF25B8C9FBD9444F7DDD0C7C" box="[1061,1235,789,816]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, one collected in 1839 and one in 1897. The first was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FCE344607AC70C00" author="Cantor, T. E." box="[799,969,825,851]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref294139" refString="Cantor, T. E. (1839 a) Spicilegium serpentium indicorum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1839 (74), 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="1839">Cantor (1839a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who described it as a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FAA0446078A80C24" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Elaps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FAA0446078A80C24" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Elaps nigromaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF25B8C9FE4844047B090C24" box="[436,519,861,887]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[144,246,465,494]" captionTargetBox="[162,2007,508,1694]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Checklist of 39 taxa with Singapore as type locality." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF9FB873FF6C46887AAA0EBD" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF9FB873FF6C46887AAA0EBD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FD9644067A190C24" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[618,791,861,890]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later synonymised with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FBD544077D910C24" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[1065,1183,861,888]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FBD544077D910C24" box="[1065,1183,861,888]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">C. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The second specimen was collected by Flower in
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FF25B8C9FDD644D87BCC0CC8" box="[554,706,897,923]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" value="1897-10">October 1897</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FD2D44D87A6A0CC8" author="Flower, S. S." box="[721,868,897,923]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="600 - 696" refId="ref305863" refString="Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37." type="journal article" year="1899">Flower 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Neither of the two authors provided locality data, but we consider BTNR as the most likely location since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF25B8C9FC8044FF7AFA0CEC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[892,1012,933,960]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FC8044FF7AFA0CEC" box="[892,1012,933,960]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">C. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers hilly habitats (Tweedie 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF25B8C9FF0B44907B040CB0" author="Chan, K. O. & A. Norhayati" box="[247,522,969,995]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="294 - 301" refId="ref294865" refString="Chan, K. O. & A. Norhayati. (2009) Distribution and natural history notes on some poorly known frogs and snakes from Peninsular Malaysia. Herpetological Review, 40 (3), 294 - 301." type="journal article" year="2009">Chan & Norhayati 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B44B47D250B54" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,1067,1005,1032]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B44B478240B54" bold="true" box="[151,298,1005,1031]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Only known from
|
||
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF25B8C9FDFC44B77BA80B54" box="[512,678,1005,1032]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
predating 1899.
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFF25B8C9FC9844B47AA30B54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C:0526CCBEFF25B8C9FC9844B47AA30B54" box="[868,941,1005,1031]" country="Singapore" county="No" municipality="No" name="Likely" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Likely</location>
|
||
extirpated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF25B8C9FF6B43487B990B8C" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B43487BBD0B78" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,691,1041,1068]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B43487B0A0B78" bold="true" box="[151,516,1041,1067]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF25B8C9FF6B4348781E0B78" box="[151,272,1041,1067]" name="Singapore" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
conservation status.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Not Evaluated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B436C7A380B1C" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,822,1077,1103]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B436C78AF0B1C" bold="true" box="[151,417,1077,1103]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFF25B8C9FE54436C7B2E0B1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C:0526CCBEFF25B8C9FE54436C7B2E0B1C" box="[424,544,1077,1103]" country="Singapore" county="No" municipality="No" name="Immediate" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Immediate</location>
|
||
priority, if rediscovered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B43007BD80B20" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,726,1113,1140]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B430078DC0B20" bold="true" box="[151,466,1113,1139]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFF25B8C9FE2543037B730B20" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C:0526CCBEFF25B8C9FE2543037B730B20" box="[473,637,1113,1140]" country="Singapore" county="No" municipality="No" name="Data Deficient" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Data Deficient</location>
|
||
[2012].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B43247C150BC4" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,1307,1149,1176]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF25B8C9FF6B43247C150BC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687377" box="[151,1307,1149,1176]" collectionCode="LKCNHM, NHMUK" country="Singapore" county="No" location="Likely" municipality="No" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" specimenCode="BMNH 1898.4" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B43247ACF0BC4" bold="true" box="[151,961,1149,1175]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF25B8C9FF6B432478160BC4" box="[151,280,1149,1175]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF25B8C9FEC2432478A20BC4" box="[318,428,1149,1175]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFF25B8C9FE4F43247B150BC4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF25B8C9FF6B47A07B990B8C:0526CCBEFF25B8C9FE4F43247B150BC4" box="[435,539,1149,1175]" country="Singapore" county="No" municipality="No" name="Museum" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Museum</location>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF25B8C9FD5643247A2D0BC4" box="[682,803,1149,1175]" name="Singapore" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
(no locality):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="505F321EFF25B8C9FC3443277D7C0BC4" box="[968,1138,1149,1176]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">BMNH 1898.4</specimenCode>
|
||
.2.27 (no date).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B43F87A390BE8" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,823,1185,1212]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B43F87B840BE8" bold="true" box="[151,650,1185,1211]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
Additional
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF25B8C9FEE243F878990BE8" box="[286,407,1185,1211]" name="Singapore" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
museum specimens.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="E022001FFF25B8C9FD6D43FB7BBD0BEF" box="[657,691,1186,1212]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">No</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF25B8C9FF6B439C7B990B8C" blockId="191.[151,1437,249,1248]" box="[151,663,1221,1248]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF25B8C9FF6B439C78880B8C" bold="true" box="[151,390,1221,1247]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF25B8C9FF6B439C781E0B8C" box="[151,272,1221,1247]" name="Singapore" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
localities.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No published localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |