304 lines
34 KiB
XML
304 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="34A7821F3BFA7E08C9ED76825C92B8A4">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="439355F1DDC7176E983C750F92936A81">Figueroa, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="512B42CA9ED418C85ACB7EB6F87B50A1">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="945D388A685A60B0FB7424C208C836AE" type="email">martyn.low@nus.edu.sg</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="2601B41107D681AEB3D29C32B4D41AD6">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF20B8CDFE2F43517B5A0D32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967982" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662051" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967982" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF20B8CDFE2F43517B5A0D32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF20B8CDFE2F43517B5A0D32" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF20B8CCFE2F43517D6F0B71" box="[467,1121,1032,1058]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF20B8CCFE2F43517D6F0B71" blockId="186.[467,1121,1032,1058]" box="[467,1121,1032,1058]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFE2F43517D6F0B71" bold="true" box="[467,1121,1032,1058]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFDCE43517A0B0B71" authority="H. Boie" authorityName="H. Boie" box="[562,773,1032,1058]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Elapidae H. Boie</taxonomicName>
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in F. Boie, 1827 (13 species)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF20B8CCFF6B43097AE80B39" box="[151,998,1104,1131]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF20B8CCFF6B43097AE80B39" blockId="186.[151,998,1104,1131]" box="[151,998,1104,1131]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFF6B430978590B39" authority="H. Boie" authorityName="H. Boie" box="[151,343,1104,1131]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Elapidae H. Boie</taxonomicName>
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in F. Boie, 1827: 510 (
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<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF20B8CCFDA543097B850B39" box="[601,651,1104,1130]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
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genus
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFD2643097AD70B39" authority="Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[730,985,1104,1130]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Elaps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFD2643097A140B39" box="[730,794,1104,1130]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Elaps</emphasis>
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Schneider, 1801
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF20B8CDFF6B43D77B5A0D32" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" type="description">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF20B8CCFF6B43D77B3F0BFB" blockId="186.[151,561,1166,1193]" box="[151,561,1166,1193]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFF6B43D77B3F0BFB" bold="true" box="[151,561,1166,1193]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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A note on sea snakes in
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFE4D43D77B220BFB" box="[433,556,1166,1192]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF20B8CCFF6B43947AFA0954" blockId="186.[151,1437,1229,2012]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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Sea snakes is a colloquial term used for 73 species of marine snakes (
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF20B8CCFC3F43947D780BB4" author="Heatwole, H." box="[963,1142,1229,1255]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" refId="ref313436" refString="Heatwole, H. (1999) Sea Snakes. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 148 pp." type="book" year="1999">Heatwole 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). Collectively, sea snakes are composed of species within the following nine genera:
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFCAE43AB7ACC0A5F" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[850,962,1266,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Aipysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFCAE43AB7ACC0A5F" box="[850,962,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Aipysurus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(9 species),
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFBA043A87C030A58" authorityName="Krefft" authorityYear="1869" box="[1116,1293,1265,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Emydocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFBA043A87C030A58" box="[1116,1293,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Emydocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(3 species),
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFF6B424C78190A7C" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,279,1301,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ephalophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFF6B424C78190A7C" box="[151,279,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Ephalophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species),
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFE54424C7B120A7C" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[424,540,1301,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrelaps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFE54424C7B120A7C" box="[424,540,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Hydrelaps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species),
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFD51424C7A2C0A7C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[685,802,1301,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFD51424C7A2C0A7C" box="[685,802,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(50 species),
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFC3E424C7D3A0A7C" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[962,1076,1301,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Laticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFC3E424C7D3A0A7C" box="[962,1076,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Laticauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(8 species), and
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFB09424C7C920A7C" authorityName="Burger & Natsuno" authorityYear="1974" box="[1269,1436,1301,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Parahydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFB09424C7C920A7C" box="[1269,1436,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Parahydrophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species). Phylogenetically, sea snakes do not form a monophyletic group, with
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFBD042607D900A00" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1068,1182,1337,1363]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Laticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFBD042607D900A00" box="[1068,1182,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Laticauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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radiating much earlier in
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFF49420478190A24" box="[181,279,1373,1399]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Elapidae</taxonomicName>
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than the other six genera, which do constitute a monophyletic clade (Sanders
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFB6E42077DC20A24" box="[1170,1228,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">et al.</emphasis>
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2013;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF20B8CCFAE0420479F70AC8" author="Figueroa, A. & McKelvy, A. D. & Grismer, L. L. & Bell, C. D. & Lailvaux, S. P." pageId="186" pageNumber="187" pagination="0161070" refId="ref305477" refString="Figueroa, A., McKelvy, A. D., Grismer, L. L., Bell, C. D. & Lailvaux, S. P. (2016) A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS One, 11, e 0161070. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161070" type="journal article" year="2016">
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||
Figueroa
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<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFA74420779BA0AC8" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Delineating Singapore’s sea snake assemblage is confounding mainly because Sworder (1923) listed 24 species as occurring in
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFE6042FC7B1F0AEC" box="[412,529,1445,1471]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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||
. At that time, only nine species were reported from
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFBA942FC7DC40AEC" box="[1109,1226,1445,1471]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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||
. The rest, Sworder (1923) presumed may occur in
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFDFD42907B7D0AB0" box="[513,627,1481,1507]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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||
for various reasons. Later,
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF20B8CCFC4C42907D870AB0" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[944,1161,1481,1507]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim & Lim (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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||
listed 21 species of sea snakes for
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFEEC42B4788A0954" box="[272,388,1517,1543]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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, but did not comment on why these species were listed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FF20B8CCFF0B414B79FE08C7" blockId="186.[151,1437,1229,2012]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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||
Between 1981 and 1982, Voris, Jeffries, and Yang examined sea snakes caught by fishermen operating out of several locations in
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFE63416C7B1D091C" box="[415,531,1589,1615]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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, mainly Horsburgh Lighthouse, Kangkar Fish Market, prawn ponds in Jurong, and kelongs in Tuas and Lim Chu Kang. Although Horsburgh Lighthouse (located on Pedra Branca) is part of Singapore’s territorial jurisdiction, it lies
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||
<quantity id="C7013780FF20B8CCFD9441247BBE09C4" box="[616,688,1661,1688]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" unit="km" value="54.0">54 km</quantity>
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||
from mainland
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFC9941247AD909C4" box="[869,983,1661,1687]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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||
and its boundary is not contiguous with that of mainland
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFEA941F878C909E8" box="[341,455,1697,1723]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF20B8CCFE2A41F87B1909E8" box="[470,535,1697,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="345.[152,255,1054,1078]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,179,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-23@345.[155,1433,179,1028]" captionTargetPageId="345" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960321/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
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). Following
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF20B8CCFD5541F87A8009E8" author="Kwik, J. T. B. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[681,910,1697,1723]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" pagination="11 - 26" refId="ref320647" refString="Kwik, J. T. B. & Lim, K. K. P. (2020) Scorpionfishes (Teleostei: Sorphaenoidei) of Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 13, 11 - 26." type="journal article" year="2020">Kwik & Lim (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we have excluded records from Pedra Branca/ Horsburgh Lighthouse. The Kangkar Fish Market refers to a fishery port in Serangoon where fish and other marine animals caught for food were brought and sorted (Sinoda
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFCE041B37A5A0850" box="[796,852,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978). Discards (“trash fish”) were often the source of biological specimens (Sinoda
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFDFC40577B390874" box="[512,567,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF20B8CCFD7E40547A5C0874" author="Kwik, J. T. B. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[642,850,1805,1831]" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" pagination="11 - 26" refId="ref320647" refString="Kwik, J. T. B. & Lim, K. K. P. (2020) Scorpionfishes (Teleostei: Sorphaenoidei) of Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 13, 11 - 26." type="journal article" year="2020">Kwik & Lim 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Many of the trawlers that operated out of this centre would fish around Horsburgh Lighthouse (Pedra Branca) and sometimes beyond Singapore’s territorial waters. For this reason, records from Kangkar Fish Market material are also excluded unless exact
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF20B8CCFB87400C7DE3083C" box="[1147,1261,1877,1903]" name="Singapore" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
locality data is present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF20B8CDFF0B40C77B070E36" blockId="186.[151,1437,1229,2012]" lastBlockId="187.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
|
||
In total, Voris, Jeffries and Yang collected specimens of five species of sea snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFB4140C77C9B08E4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[1213,1429,1949,1976]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Aipysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eydouxii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFB4140C77C9B08E4" box="[1213,1429,1949,1976]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Aipysurus eydouxii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFF6B409878840888" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[151,394,1985,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFF6B409878840888" box="[151,394,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Hydrophis hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFE6440987B8B0888" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[408,645,1985,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFE6440987B8B0888" box="[408,645,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Hydrophis schistosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFD6F40987A6D0888" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[659,867,1985,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFD6F40987A6D0888" box="[659,867,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Hydrophis spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFC5C40987D7E0888" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[928,1136,1985,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stokesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFC5C40987D7E0888" box="[928,1136,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Hydrophis stokesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF20B8CCFB7B40987C9B0888" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[1159,1429,1985,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Acrochordidae" genus="Acrochordus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF20B8CCFB7B40987C9B0888" box="[1159,1429,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">Acrochordus granulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and two homalopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFE5D47CE7B810FE2" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[417,655,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cerberus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneiderii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFE5D47CE7B810FE2" box="[417,655,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Cerberus schneiderii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFD3247CE7AB50FE3" baseAuthorityName="Eydoux & Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[718,955,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Gerarda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prevostiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFD3247CE7AB50FE3" box="[718,955,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Gerarda prevostiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Singapore’s waters. The following eight sea snake species were also collected,
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFD6A47E27D950F86" box="[662,1179,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFD6A47E27AA40F87" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[662,938,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFC4447E27D950F86" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[952,1179,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">Hydrophis fasciatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFB5747E27C9B0F87" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[1195,1429,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFB5747E27C9B0F87" box="[1195,1429,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis inornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFF6B4786785A0FAA" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,340,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klossi">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFF6B4786785A0FAA" box="[151,340,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis klossi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFE9E47867B3B0FAB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[354,565,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFE9E47867B3B0FAB" box="[354,565,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFDBF47867A1E0FAB" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[579,784,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peronii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFDBF47867A1E0FAB" box="[579,784,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis peronii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFCE347867AE10FAA" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[799,1007,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stokesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFCE347867AE10FAA" box="[799,1007,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis stokesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFBD247867C1D0FAB" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1070,1299,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viperinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFBD247867C1D0FAB" box="[1070,1299,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis viperinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but did not have a specific locality reported so we do not consider these as valid
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF21B8CDFC5E465A7D1A0E4E" box="[930,1044,259,285]" name="Singapore" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
records. As most of the specimens are labelled Voris and Jeffries, we refer to their research by that name. Most of their specimens were deposited at FMNH and the Raffles Museum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FF21B8CDFF0B46367B5A0D32" blockId="187.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
Herein, we recognise nine native sea snake species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFCBD46367D190EDA" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[833,1047,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Aipysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eydouxii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFCBD46367D190EDA" box="[833,1047,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Aipysurus eydouxii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFBD946367C170EDA" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1061,1305,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFBD946367C170EDA" box="[1061,1305,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFADB463679FA0EFE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFADB463679FA0EFE" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis platurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFEF846CA78FA0EFE" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[260,500,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFEF846CA78FA0EFE" box="[260,500,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis schistosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFDFF46CA7BDB0EFE" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[515,725,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFDFF46CA7BDB0EFE" box="[515,725,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFD1946CA7AB80EFE" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[741,950,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stokesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFD1946CA7AB80EFE" box="[741,950,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis stokesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFC0B46CA7DD00EFE" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[1015,1246,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Laticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFC0B46CA7DD00EFE" box="[1015,1246,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Laticauda colubrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We exclude the remaining 22 reported sea snake species from Singapore’s herpetofauna checklist, with the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFADB46EE78270EA7" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFADB46EE78270EA7" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFE9F46827B470EA7" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[355,585,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viperinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFE9F46827B470EA7" box="[355,585,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis viperinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being uncertain as there is some evidence suggesting they may have been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF21B8CDFEE146A6789C0D4A" box="[285,402,511,537]" name="Singapore" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Of the 32 species of sea snakes covered in de Haas’ (1950) checklist of snakes of the Malay Archipelago, he only included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFE05457A7BDF0D6E" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[505,721,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Aipysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eydouxii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFE05457A7BDF0D6E" box="[505,721,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Aipysurus eydouxii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFD1D457A7ADF0D6E" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[737,977,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schistosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFD1D457A7ADF0D6E" box="[737,977,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis schistosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFC1D457A7DBD0D6E" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[993,1203,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFC1D457A7DBD0D6E" box="[993,1203,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFB3F457A7C9B0D6E" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1219,1429,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stokesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFB3F457A7C9B0D6E" box="[1219,1429,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Hydrophis stokesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF21B8CDFF3B451E78A20D32" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[199,428,583,609]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Laticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colubrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FF21B8CDFF3B451E78A20D32" box="[199,428,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Laticauda colubrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF21B8CDFE27451E7B5E0D32" box="[475,592,583,609]" name="Singapore" pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |