203 lines
22 KiB
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203 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="13D5DFA5D9F0C6DA0A4E479AE61FA775">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<treatment id="88502B73FE8AB966FF6B45A37A390954" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968290" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209661914" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968290" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FE8AB966FF6B45A37A390954" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FE8AB966FF6B45A37A390954" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFE8AB966FF6B45A37BEF0C40" box="[151,737,761,788]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF6B45A37BEF0C40" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" box="[151,737,761,788]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
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<heading id="5B0E2D09FE8AB966FF6B45A37BEF0C40" box="[151,737,761,788]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FF6B45A37B300C47" ID-CoL="693Z9" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,574,761,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FF6B45A378770C47" bold="true" box="[151,377,761,788]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Bungarus candidus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FDA045A07BEF0C40" bold="true" box="[604,737,761,787]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Erroneous.</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFE8AB966FF6B444478340C64" box="[151,314,797,823]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF6B444478340C64" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" box="[151,314,797,823]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Malayan Krait</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFE8AB966FF6B44187A120B90" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF6B441878760C08" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" box="[151,376,833,859]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FF6B441878760C08" bold="true" box="[151,376,833,859]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FE8AB966FF6B4418781E0C08" box="[151,272,833,859]" name="Singapore" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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records.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF0B443F7D8B0BF3" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FF0B443F78D70C2C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[247,473,869,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FF0B443F78D70C2C" box="[247,473,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Bungarus candidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—Sharma, 1973: 235.—Chou, 1986: 8, 13.—F.L.K. Lim & Lee, 1989: 116.—
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FEAB44D07B970CF0" author="Gopalakrishnakone, P." box="[343,665,905,931]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref308195" refString="Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1990) A Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals. Singapore University Press, Singapore, 156 pp." type="book" year="1990">Gopalakrishnakone, 1990: 3</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—F.L.K. Lim, 1991: 74.— K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FDB744F47BE30C94" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[587,749,941,967]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 87</bibRefCitation>
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, 148.—L.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FC7A44F47D8E0C9B" author="Chou L. M. & Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[902,1152,941,968]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
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Chou
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FC3644F77D0C0C94" box="[970,1026,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 1994: 105
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FB5D44F47C930C94" author="David, P. & Vogel, G." box="[1185,1437,941,968]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref301675" refString="David, P. & Vogel, G. (1996) The Snakes of Sumatra: An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt-am-Main, 260 pp." type="book" year="1996">David & Vogel, 1996:</bibRefCitation>
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||
143.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FE5C44887A270CB8" author="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W." box="[416,809,977,1003]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref329083" refString="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilian Sudostasien. Natur und Tier, M ¸ nster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 416</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—Chan-ard
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FC46448B7AFC0CB8" box="[954,1010,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 1999: 37.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FB7E44887C930CB8" author="Iskandar, D. T. & Colijn, E." box="[1154,1437,977,1003]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. & Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar & Colijn, 2001:</bibRefCitation>
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||
119.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FD8544AC7A2B0B5C" author="Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[633,805,1013,1039]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 148</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FCB444AC7D870B43" author="de Lang, R. & Vogel, G." box="[840,1161,1013,1040]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref302621" refString="de Lang, R. & Vogel, G. (2005) The Snakes of Sulawesi: A Field Guide to the Land Snakes of Sulawesi with Identification Keys. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 312 pp." type="book" year="2005">de Lang & Vogel, 2005: 259</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 169.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FE1243407B920B60" author="Das, I." box="[494,668,1049,1075]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 313</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FD4143407D0D0B60" author="Chanhome, L. & Cox, M. J. & Vasaruchapong, T. & Chaiyabutr, N. & Sitprija, V." box="[701,1027,1049,1076]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" pagination="311 - 328" refId="ref295739" refString="Chanhome, L., Cox, M. J., Vasaruchapong, T., Chaiyabutr, N. & Sitprija, V. (2011) Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand. Asian Biomedicine, 5 (3), 311 - 328." type="journal article" year="2011">
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||
Chanhome
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FCBF43437A700B60" box="[835,894,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2011: 314
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
.—P.K.L. Ng
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FB5C43437DD50B60" box="[1184,1243,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2011: 302.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 169.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FD3443647A7E0B04" author="Das, I." box="[712,880,1085,1111]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref300872" refString="Das, I. (2012 a) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 160 pp." type="book" year="2012">Das, 2012a: 88</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FC6D43647DD90B04" author="Mohammadi, S. & Kluever, B. M. & Tamashiro, T. & Amano, Y. & Hill III, J. G." box="[913,1239,1085,1112]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" pagination="21 - 26" refId="ref331514" refString="Mohammadi, S., Kluever, B. M., Tamashiro, T., Amano, Y. & Hill III, J. G. (2014) Short note spatial and Thermal observations of a Malayan Krait (Bungarus candidus) From Thailand. Tropical Natural History, 14 (1), 21 - 26." type="journal article" year="2014">
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Mohammadi
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FBD043677D6B0B04" box="[1068,1125,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 21
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FAA043677C980B04" box="[1372,1430,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 128.—Chan-ard
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FDA4433B7B810B28" box="[600,655,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015: 250.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FCD243387D0A0B28" author="de Lang, R." box="[814,1028,1121,1148]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref302593" refString="de Lang, R. (2017) The Snakes of Java, Bali and Surrounding Islands. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 435 pp." type="book" year="2017">de Lang, 2017: 238</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FBDA43387C0C0B2F" author="Cox, M. J. & Hoover, M. F. & Chanhome, L. & Thirakhupt, K. & Pongcharoen, C." box="[1062,1282,1121,1148]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref299751" refString="Cox, M. J., Hoover, M. F., Chanhome, L., Thirakhupt, K. & Pongcharoen, C. (2018) A Field Guide to the Venomous Snakes of Mainland ASEAN Nations. Parbpim Limited Partnership, Bangkok, ix + 83 pp." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Cox
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FBA0433B7D9D0B28" box="[1116,1171,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018: 50
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FAD943387C930B28" author="Das, I." box="[1317,1437,1121,1148]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" refId="ref300966" refString="Das, I. (2018) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of Southeast Asia. 2 nd Edition. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 176 pp." type="book" year="2018">Das, 2018:</bibRefCitation>
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||
105.—Y. Xie
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<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FE0E43DF7B250BCC" box="[498,555,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2018: 109.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FE8AB966FD3043DC7AFB0BCC" author="Grahadi, R. & Fatchiyah, F. & Kurniawan, N." box="[716,1013,1157,1184]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" pagination="1046 - 1057" refId="ref308487" refString="Grahadi, R., Fatchiyah, F. & Kurniawan, N. (2022) Virtual prediction of potential immunogenic epitope of candoxin protein from Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 10 (6), 1046 - 1057. https: // doi. org / 10.56499 / jppres 22.1469 _ 10.6.1046" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Grahadi
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FCD143DF7A6B0BCC" box="[813,869,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2022: 1047
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 1049, 1052.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF0B43F07A120B90" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" box="[247,796,1193,1220]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">“Malayan krait”—Mong & H.H. Tan, 2016: 266.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFE8AB966FF6B43947D9F0AB0" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF6B43947C300AEC" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FF6B439478050BB4" bold="true" box="[151,267,1229,1255]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
All of the publications listed in the chresynonymy report
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FC7143977D1F0BB4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[909,1041,1229,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FC7143977D1F0BB4" box="[909,1041,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">B. candidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as occurring in Singapore but none list any material or specific source for the record. We have also not been able to find any earlier references to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FEE9424F78970A7C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[277,409,1301,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FEE9424F78970A7C" box="[277,409,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">B. candidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Singapore and no specimens exist in museum collections. We suspect inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FA78424F78520A00" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FA78424F78520A00" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">B. candidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into Singapore’s herpetofauna checklist may stem from confusion with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FB6842637C160A00" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[1172,1304,1337,1363]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FB6842637C160A00" box="[1172,1304,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">B. fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A piece of shed skin found at Pulau Tekong in 2002 is said to be of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FC8642077AF10A24" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[890,1023,1373,1399]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FC8642077AF10A24" box="[890,1023,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">B. candidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but was not confirmed (K.K.P. Lim unpub. data).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FE8AB966FE6C42DB7B660AC8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[400,616,1409,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FE6C42DB7B660AC8" box="[400,616,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Bungarus candidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed from Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam south to Peninsular Malaysia, and Bawean, Bali, Java, Karimunjawa, and Sumatra in Indonesia (Wallach
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FB4A42FF7DE00AEC" box="[1206,1262,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF6B42907D9F0AB0" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" box="[151,1169,1481,1508]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FF6B42907A590AB0" bold="true" box="[151,855,1481,1507]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Pulau Tekong:</emphasis>
|
||
ZRC.2.5485 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FE8AB966FC0442907D880AB0" box="[1016,1158,1481,1507]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" value="2002-07-02">02-Jul-2002</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFE8AB966FF6B42B47A390954" box="[151,823,1517,1544]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FE8AB966FF6B42B47A390954" blockId="272.[151,1437,761,1544]" box="[151,823,1517,1544]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FE8AB966FF6B42B47B840954" bold="true" box="[151,650,1517,1543]" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">
|
||
Additional
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FE8AB966FEE242B478990954" box="[286,407,1517,1543]" name="Singapore" pageId="272" pageNumber="273">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
museum specimens.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |