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233 lines
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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="285695" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1f6be6a5-1132-413a-b541-34e9810c7876" ID-PMC="PMC10836147" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1189-337" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0739E6C4B821548DB90C893A7A9E224F" ID-PubMed="38314110" ID-ZooBank="E7B9E7E07D64469A9B6C96EBAE1944F9" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1189-337" checkinTime="1705630660178" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liu, Bo & Zhang, Feng" docDate="2024" docId="47A66C3DF1B255FEA8E4A34D01E838A4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1189: 337-347" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1189" docPubDate="2024-01-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996" docTitle="Hotwheels Liu & Zhang 2024, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="1E5BA5C9-E641-4F3D-B4DC-ED0525F6416E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="0739E6C4B821548DB90C893A7A9E224F" lastPageNumber="337" masterDocId="0739E6C4B821548DB90C893A7A9E224F" masterDocTitle="Hotwheels gen. nov., a new ground spider genus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from southwest China" masterLastPageNumber="347" masterPageNumber="337" pageNumber="337" updateTime="1732779927177" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="25E68347085630A2838028945DCC9989" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3EE186AFE7943731CA81354804271447">
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<mods:title id="4EC6FBE39F14C33E7CEACC955B65D909">Hotwheels gen. nov., a new ground spider genus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from southwest China</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A31DC1EAB851EFE10CBC412F10E5CCEE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3BCE62922126DEB167D84ADF0564AAE9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D9E010C9253FC924909C31B3ADB57A1D">Liu, Bo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B1FF6148F54D3FFC3D50B02F434865F2" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3740-7173</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="8A715C501636F51D260B181DADA86664">The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7A1B63ABA0E8F5ED104F6952F5BDE00B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B01E319DF8BD34D4A65DA46A9CFA36C8">Zhang, Feng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="083C58D7E3F889E24436D9D34B7206A3" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-1031</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="C81CA199A63394982CD11DB43CFA5756">The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="20C915E5C4DA13096F5F892E48BF90C9" type="email">dudu06042001@163.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A303EE5316CA7A236585DA186B71EE70">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D4D61CC385A0DB0F9EBF3E0B7ACC69A4">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0621900AFAFE67EB33058C21A10B76EF">
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<mods:date id="28CF090A8631B8A53D96BAE7B5B5B5AD">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B3BA0B656037851235F485A97740AED3">2024-01-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C0B7EA764099E59D7E76C82EF49CFF4F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F388B8927C981EF6217077851A2C3958">1189</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="886CC4A37E203FACA08AD4DCECF63BF2">337</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="BEBC4EDB5531129753662831525B95DB">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="6E21AA34004B97AB86A0D70491A55092">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="80C7CB681C414E6D3702CEC25BD6E5F0" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="47A66C3DF1B255FEA8E4A34D01E838A4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="220836862" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1E5BA5C9-E641-4F3D-B4DC-ED0525F6416E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/47A66C3DF1B255FEA8E4A34D01E838A4" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" scope_family="Gnaphosidae" scope_order="Araneae">
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<subSubSection id="6C58BE6D638C6D1C78D4CA4057942B0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7E1FE3933E528FA0238B88F9D0833B44" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="8A02FE0F30A8AA06506627A94959713D" LSID="https://zoobank.org/1E5BA5C9-E641-4F3D-B4DC-ED0525F6416E" authority="Liu & Zhang, 2024" authorityName="Liu & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Hotwheels" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hotwheels" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Hotwheels</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="756331B322D2B66457492E06D6F983E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="18AEA4192E73F3EA1A3D26BBEDC2279D" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="6D1196F9C39EF2894797A3E7BE9C3730" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42540C89B8FEA53B676AFC6BFE92ECD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">
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<taxonomicName id="0861C20D04007321169488D09F1A6974" authorityName="Liu & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Hotwheels" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hotwheels sisyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphus">
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<emphasis id="2E99DC7597BBEA911B24632217D219D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Hotwheels sisyphus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CD132F1FF66DEB03F4437DFA213756E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="1F5E08285C72EAB31E0F88214D1C0175" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="262DEC685B5C0625C46E68FEC212EBD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">The generic name refers to Hot Wheels, a collectible die-cast toy car made by Mattel, as the long, coiled embolus of this new genus resembles a Hot Wheels track; neuter in gender.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F70772041C742823AD639CF5298573E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="371442577E9B7283CC4C7A5F93912C96" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B991254EAC5CF749E99A6158A17FD844" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">
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The new genus resembles
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<taxonomicName id="76E04C84F1A3468809EE2AE9376DDDA1" authorityName="Platnick & Shadab" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synaphosus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="81387522EAB0D0601C5B7C47DA024543" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Synaphosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Platnick & Shadab, 1980 by metatarsi III and IV having a preening brush, the male palp has a long embolus and large conductor, and the epigyne has a hood and long copulatory ducts (Figs
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<figureCitation id="DCB41968743D1E38C3ADD558F711D483" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C prolateral view D retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969815" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">2</figureCitation>
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-
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<figureCitation id="07BC9C74529A4C6F42DCE96861D7D352" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4C, D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="37E7CED04DA8A5CC27512A31B75622CE" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Epigyne of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., intact (A-C, E, G) or macerated in clove oil (D, F), in ventral (A, D), frontal (C) and dorsal (B, E, F) view G CD path. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, DSS = duct of secondary spermatheca, FD = fertilization duct, H = hood, PS = primary spermatheca, SS = secondary spermatheca." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969818" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">5</figureCitation>
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). It can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="814C173E464EF3E51F6D0EB9AAA8BDDE" authorityName="Platnick & Shadab" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synaphosus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="004220D7B06272F770F8E47B7A86E32E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Synaphosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by: 1) the presence of a median apophysis (Figs
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<figureCitation id="A73885603A1A4E58D28724DEE6C59FD3" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C prolateral view D retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969815" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="06BC0003A142B11851CF54EA3CC7AAA3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Expanded male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. (A-E), Synaphosus palearcticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 (F) and S. cangshanus Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013 (G). A prolateral view B retrolateral view C dorsal view D frontal view E embolar processes F retrolateral view G anterior view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, CA 1 - 3 = apophysis of conductor, BH = basal haematodocha, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 - 2 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, MH = median haematodocha, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969816" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">3A-D</figureCitation>
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) vs. median apophysis absent (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="84AB5B501D5BBF3368D2CC3FCD186D16" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Expanded male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. (A-E), Synaphosus palearcticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 (F) and S. cangshanus Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013 (G). A prolateral view B retrolateral view C dorsal view D frontal view E embolar processes F retrolateral view G anterior view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, CA 1 - 3 = apophysis of conductor, BH = basal haematodocha, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 - 2 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, MH = median haematodocha, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969816" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">3F, G</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="145E9F55B11C7EF00B931F587804D6E6" author="Ovtsharenko, VI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="1 - 27" refId="B10" refString="Ovtsharenko, VI, Levy, G, Platnick, NI, 1994. A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates 3095: 1 - 27" title="A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae)." volume="3095" year="1994">Ovtsharenko et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 12-14); 2) the basal half of the embolus which rotates counterclockwise (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="371FF5B43AE923A5F6CCB0477C95BF0E" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C prolateral view D retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969815" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">2A</figureCitation>
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) vs. basal half of the embolus rotates clockwise (
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<bibRefCitation id="27DC97BBA84F6DF65EBBCBCC9FB04671" author="Ovtsharenko, VI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="1 - 27" refId="B10" refString="Ovtsharenko, VI, Levy, G, Platnick, NI, 1994. A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates 3095: 1 - 27" title="A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae)." volume="3095" year="1994">Ovtsharenko et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 12-14;
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<bibRefCitation id="C3F677AF848E19EB8DC55058B61FC90B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" author="Marusik, YM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="235 - 248" refId="B7" refString="Marusik, YM, Omelko, MM, 2018. New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4374 (2): 235 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" title="New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" volume="4374" year="2018">Marusik and Omelko 2018</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 8-11, 20-24, 26-36); 3) a weakly sclerotized conductor without an apophysis or outgrowth (Figs
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<figureCitation id="69214A02EF0D7C2CE909B76A5987EBCD" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C prolateral view D retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969815" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">2A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="3E9794A80EB17326B3402F0DDC684C61" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Expanded male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. (A-E), Synaphosus palearcticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 (F) and S. cangshanus Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013 (G). A prolateral view B retrolateral view C dorsal view D frontal view E embolar processes F retrolateral view G anterior view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, CA 1 - 3 = apophysis of conductor, BH = basal haematodocha, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 - 2 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, MH = median haematodocha, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969816" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">3A-D</figureCitation>
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) vs. a partially sclerotized conductor with an apophysis or outgrowth (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="263553D9E788FBF1D093AE6625AAF75E" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Expanded male left palp of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov. (A-E), Synaphosus palearcticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 (F) and S. cangshanus Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013 (G). A prolateral view B retrolateral view C dorsal view D frontal view E embolar processes F retrolateral view G anterior view. Abbreviations: C = conductor, CA 1 - 3 = apophysis of conductor, BH = basal haematodocha, DTM = distal tubular membrane, E = embolus, ED = ejaculatory duct, EP 1 - 2 = embolar process, MA = median apophysis, MH = median haematodocha, R = embolar radix, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD = sperm duct, ST = subtegulum, T = tegulum, TM = terminal membrane." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969816" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">3F, G</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E02394DC10460E29C0449592F85D10C1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" author="Marusik, YM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="235 - 248" refId="B7" refString="Marusik, YM, Omelko, MM, 2018. New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4374 (2): 235 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" title="New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" volume="4374" year="2018">Marusik and Omelko 2018</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 8-11, 20-24, 26-36); and 4) the copulatory duct is circular, wide anteriorly, and almost twice the width of the primary spermathecae (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="C22620B62564DD26FB57764A50AA09AD" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Epigyne of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., intact (A-C, E, G) or macerated in clove oil (D, F), in ventral (A, D), frontal (C) and dorsal (B, E, F) view G CD path. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, DSS = duct of secondary spermatheca, FD = fertilization duct, H = hood, PS = primary spermatheca, SS = secondary spermatheca." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969818" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">5</figureCitation>
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) vs. copulatory duct twisted, narrow anteriorly, and narrower than the primary spermathecae (
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<bibRefCitation id="C1D2F1D300064038E988180CEB1655BA" author="Ovtsharenko, VI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="1 - 27" refId="B10" refString="Ovtsharenko, VI, Levy, G, Platnick, NI, 1994. A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates 3095: 1 - 27" title="A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae)." volume="3095" year="1994">Ovtsharenko et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figs 15, 16;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="7717B90DA6E7CECEA845A7C2BF9CD168" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" author="Marusik, YM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="235 - 248" refId="B7" refString="Marusik, YM, Omelko, MM, 2018. New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4374 (2): 235 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" title="New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4374.2.4" volume="4374" year="2018">Marusik and Omelko 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: figs 5-7, 12, 13, 17-19, 39-41).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="2AFB279BA7E430C0F18548183643F273" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="FC750CD808FC3E188A9CE50B1F266A1A" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Description.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A3B597E147CDCD03C571425B0423189E" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">
|
|
Small-sized (total length: males = 4.86-5.44; females = 5.45-5.98). In dorsal view, carapace elongate-ovoid, anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior eye row straight; PME oblique, flat (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="624F367BEEED77E6C8B8B9E93E9D108D" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="3D219BD420A538AC8615042A5802EF95" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4A</figureCitation>
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). Cheliceral promargin with 4 or 5 teeth, retromargin with 3 or 4 teeth (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="B2D372F016E671C27F3EB23CA01B01EE" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1C, D</figureCitation>
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). Leg formula: 4123. Trochanters not notched. Metatarsi III and IV with preening brushes. Sternum elongate oval, with straight anterior edge, pointed posteriorly (Figs
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<figureCitation id="C05B21E9008CE06BBD91B64390307CB3" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="2AEACC53D43AFF4DA9AC741E86A29A98" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4B</figureCitation>
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). Anterior lateral spinnerets with 6 enlarged piriform gland spigots, separated by almost 1.2 times their diameter (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="B50C7466A9699373C2FC5999A2858DE0" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1E, F</figureCitation>
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|
). Color in alcohol (Figs
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<figureCitation id="1B04B3BCE87479199150EAA20B410997" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="709C05CB2AB748F88CEB8339BC6A9B4B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4A, B</figureCitation>
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): carapace yellow-brown; cephalic groove and radial furrow black; fovea distinct, longitudinal. Legs yellow-brown. Abdomen grey, males with anterior dorsal scutum, almost half of abdominal length and more than half of width.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="9F1160088791769873DE143F2F5CD560" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph id="C0F7076CF41C19FF239ECE1802372DE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">
|
|
<emphasis id="AC114250F85297E9D0F016F3B9207258" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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|
<taxonomicName id="7C47D1DAA220BD07D4A82839D728BD38" authorityName="Liu & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Hotwheels" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hotwheels sisyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphus">
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<emphasis id="F689938A420A1CBFA58E1ADBD2FFD3EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Hotwheels sisyphus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
sp. nov., male (
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|
<emphasis id="52F1A9A1E3D4364D9C3BB0E6B490EDD9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">A-C, F</emphasis>
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|
) and female (
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<emphasis id="6035988E46A78DAA9E64F0CD5C3C7876" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">D, E</emphasis>
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|
)
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|
<emphasis id="2F0736926DD367547505AAA214321AF1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">A, B</emphasis>
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|
habitus, dorsal and ventral view
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|
<emphasis id="CFBD0853D9D0C07172E9CF3903440340" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">C, D</emphasis>
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|
left chelicera, retrolateral view
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<emphasis id="03E39E63064F6E910D022032F2A3C6A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">E, F</emphasis>
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spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot.
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</paragraph>
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|
</caption>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="685F45EC6E77AE92BCD06E404FDF027C" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="male palp and epigyne">
|
|
<paragraph id="F8F47BB582733A84F2D49C904C185901" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Male palp and epigyne.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="6D0D6E70231EF007573369D5E850BFD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Same as for the species.</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="2C2DDE5440ED13C578E8D4AD0B110DAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="comments">
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<paragraph id="5E7291660B4C69F7F62D2E594FDA53E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EBFA6514B624AF141AF994071D02D757" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">
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|
<bibRefCitation id="1420BEE73B3F7725ECB5941EB1096BE2" author="Murphy, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" refId="B8" refString="Murphy, J, 2007. Gnaphosid Genera of the World. British Arachnological Society, Cambridgeshire, 46-47." title="Gnaphosid Genera of the World. British Arachnological Society, Cambridgeshire, 46 - 47." year="2007">Murphy (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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|
made a formal grouping of gnaphosids without subfamilies,
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|
<bibRefCitation id="A3E3BF7EA5AB1D599C873A5244808CAA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" author="Azevedo, GHF" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="579 - 626" refId="B2" refString="Azevedo, GHF, Griswold, CE, Santos, AJ, 2017. Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae). Cladistics 34 (6): 579 - 626, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" title="Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" volume="34" year="2017">Azevedo et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
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based subfamilies on the results of a morphological phylogenetic analysis, and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B8E22416656838C863E19A761203CACB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.202036" author="Lin, YJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Systematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="312 - 315" refId="B4" refString="Lin, YJ, Li, SQ, 2020. Description on Solitudes dushengi gen. nov et sp. nov. from Xinjiang, China (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Zoological Systematics 45: 312 - 315, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.202036" title="Description on Solitudes dushengi gen. nov et sp. nov. from Xinjiang, China (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.202036" volume="45" year="2020">Lin and Li (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
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erected a monotypic subfamily,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6CCD344FE1F9FE97E125373811F31322" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solitudinae">Solitudinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
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|
<taxonomicName id="02B512593E2CA6D8545D30C1DDEEE7A7" authorityName="Liu & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Hotwheels" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hotwheels" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="71DE09D0AB679CDCBFB23127ABCC7D4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Hotwheels</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. cannot be placed in any known
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FC34D3AC1E78A804C7339435B631CBA2" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gnaphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
subfamily because the cheliceral promargin has 4 or 5 teeth, and the retromargin has 3 or 4 teeth (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="4C3E2A67A3A39405C5F9E271C79F3704" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1C, D</figureCitation>
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|
) vs. cheliceral promargin with keel in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="58341C734433C873C5893C85B18236A0" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Herpyllinae">Herpyllinae</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="CDEA583A628B170A88D5717BEE4225BC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" author="Azevedo, GHF" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="579 - 626" refId="B2" refString="Azevedo, GHF, Griswold, CE, Santos, AJ, 2017. Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae). Cladistics 34 (6): 579 - 626, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" title="Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" volume="34" year="2017">Azevedo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 20e, g) and cheliceral retromargin with a serrated keel or a rounded lamina in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="24E397EEF5165264FADB16FF2B3FE856" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gnaphosinae">Gnaphosinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="8FDD5B34598A247EC8D59AD9FDF8434B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" author="Azevedo, GHF" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="579 - 626" refId="B2" refString="Azevedo, GHF, Griswold, CE, Santos, AJ, 2017. Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae). Cladistics 34 (6): 579 - 626, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" title="Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" volume="34" year="2017">Azevedo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: fig. 20b, d, f); metatarsi III and IV with preening brush (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="571AD6CD24E405AEE13918F9794D3834" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4C, D</figureCitation>
|
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) vs. metatarsi III and IV with preening comb in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9DDE5CAD989F2169A5D7D460E9C891BF" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Zelotinae">Zelotinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="05E3FEE10C9E58C1DCF081E21AD06920" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" author="Azevedo, GHF" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="579 - 626" refId="B2" refString="Azevedo, GHF, Griswold, CE, Santos, AJ, 2017. Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae). Cladistics 34 (6): 579 - 626, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" title="Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" volume="34" year="2017">Azevedo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: fig. 22h); fertilization ducts directed laterally (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="FECEB731F5C0DF040C46189B73DB77AB" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Epigyne of Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., intact (A-C, E, G) or macerated in clove oil (D, F), in ventral (A, D), frontal (C) and dorsal (B, E, F) view G CD path. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct, CO = copulatory opening, DSS = duct of secondary spermatheca, FD = fertilization duct, H = hood, PS = primary spermatheca, SS = secondary spermatheca." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969818" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">5B, D</figureCitation>
|
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) vs. fertilization ducts directed posteriorly in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5FF1E0DE1BC861430518C42E6C0A0DA" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptodrassinae">Leptodrassinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9432844028FD68B871DE7768E157CE50" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212012000300015" author="Ott, R" journalOrPublisher="Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="343 - 350" refId="B9" refString="Ott, R, 2012. Neodrassex, a new genus of the Leptodrassex group (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from South America. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia 102 (3): 343 - 350, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212012000300015" title="Neodrassex, a new genus of the Leptodrassex group (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from South America. Iheringia." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212012000300015" volume="102" year="2012">Ott 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: fig. 40); trochanters not notched (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="2F58B70F52212BF3BF610F37269B1761" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1B</figureCitation>
|
|
) vs. trochanters notched in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8E6DC7BAA8DE0018991F0E4446E1F889" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Drassodinae">Drassodinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6AB5D0AB64B9B1717792576845B9D899" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" author="Azevedo, GHF" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="579 - 626" refId="B2" refString="Azevedo, GHF, Griswold, CE, Santos, AJ, 2017. Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae). Cladistics 34 (6): 579 - 626, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" title="Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12226" volume="34" year="2017">Azevedo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: fig. 24); leg IV tarsus straight (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="F7DB110CFED035F985F430894622CCB6" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4C, D</figureCitation>
|
|
) vs. leg IV tarsus curved in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="486A833F13FC9C066C6A1F30EFD33BB6" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solitudinae">Solitudinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="03B44B040214A0CAB8A5A487DD455C09" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.202036" author="Lin, YJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Systematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" pagination="312 - 315" refId="B4" refString="Lin, YJ, Li, SQ, 2020. Description on Solitudes dushengi gen. nov et sp. nov. from Xinjiang, China (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Zoological Systematics 45: 312 - 315, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.202036" title="Description on Solitudes dushengi gen. nov et sp. nov. from Xinjiang, China (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.202036" volume="45" year="2020">Lin and Li 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: fig. 1E, F). It can be placed in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6C13849F1027E27854933536C8D84528" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1878" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Echemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="64CDF82A69B3231CE00FDC2CD75F7FB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Echemus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group of genera by the abdomens plain-coloured dorsally and males having an anterior dorsal scutum (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="7F1302D5D190C32367B7C6CDAF9E994E" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., male (A-C, F) and female (D, E) A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D left chelicera, retrolateral view E, F spigots on anterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: MaAm = major ampullate gland spigot, Pi = piriform gland spigot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969814" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">1A, B</figureCitation>
|
|
,
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<figureCitation id="4179C81C1C214ED25A0A3993350708A9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Hotwheels sisyphus sp. nov., female A, B habitus, dorsal and ventral view C, D right tarsus and metatarsus IV, preening brush, in prolateral (C) and ventral view (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1189.115996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/969817" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">4A, B</figureCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="F8242BEEFC1AA43AC413D9233C844C43" author="Murphy, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" refId="B8" refString="Murphy, J, 2007. Gnaphosid Genera of the World. British Arachnological Society, Cambridgeshire, 46-47." title="Gnaphosid Genera of the World. British Arachnological Society, Cambridgeshire, 46 - 47." year="2007">Murphy 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D80AC979C11ED709013E843CECAC6584" pageId="0" pageNumber="337" type="composition">
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<paragraph id="C6966C65A506EDFF05D22F5F88F128F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Composition.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C2846AA4BE2C5FE91D245904B6117A91" pageId="0" pageNumber="337">Only the type species.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |