282 lines
31 KiB
XML
282 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.49921" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3aa0ff0e-f235-4efb-94f0-15ba44ff5e0d" ID-PMC="PMC7340629" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-944-47" ID-Pensoft-UUID="530549BF5AD95FF7B321BF51843EAD48" ID-PubMed="32684773" ID-ZooBank="CBF1BE5BD1E5408B8769E8FA935D6C78" ModsDocID="1313-2970-944-47" checkinTime="1593557106400" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wesolowska, Wanda, Azarkina, Galina N. & Wisniewski, Konrad" docDate="2020" docId="EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 944: 47-98" docOrigin="ZooKeys 944" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.49921" docTitle="Pachyballus castaneus Simon 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="530549BF5AD95FF7B321BF51843EAD48" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="530549BF5AD95FF7B321BF51843EAD48" masterDocTitle="A revision of Pachyballus Simon, 1900 and Peplometus Simon, 1900 (Araneae, Salticidae, Ballini) with descriptions of new species" masterLastPageNumber="98" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1668169033184" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of Pachyballus Simon, 1900 and Peplometus Simon, 1900 (Araneae, Salticidae, Ballini) with descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wesolowska, Wanda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 65, 51 - 148 Wroclaw, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Azarkina, Galina N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Systematics of Invertebrate Animals, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Street 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-3913</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wisniewski, Konrad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Arciszewskiego 22 b, 76 - 200 Slupsk, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>944</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>47</mods:start>
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<mods:end>98</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.49921</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.49921</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-944-47</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="164844930" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName LSID="EECBB1E0-78F3-5A29-9F50-9DD3AEBCADF1" authority="Simon, 1900" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">Pachyballus castaneus Simon, 1900</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. Some morphological characters of Pachyballus and Peplometus 1 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Gabon), male, ventral abdominal scuta 2 Pach. ornatus (specimen from Tanzania), female, ventral abdominal scuta 3 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Congo), embolus 4 Pepl. biscutellatus (specimen from Ivory Coast), palpal organ in ventral view 5 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Zimbabwe), epigyne with broken embolus in copulatory opening 6 Pach. castaneus, pitted integument of abdomen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427052" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figures 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 18-21</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 22-28</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 129–135" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figures 129 - 135. First leg of male 129 Pachyballus castaneus 130 Peplometus biscutellatus 131, 132 P. chlorophthalmus 133 P. congoensis 134 P. oyo 135 P. nimba 132 retrolateral view, others prolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures129-135" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427075" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 129</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 193–198" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figures 193 - 198. Distribution maps of Pachyballus and Peplometus species. 193 circle - Pachyballus caelestis, square - P. castaneus, triangle - P. variegatus 194 P. flavipes 195 circle - P. miniscutulus, square - P. mombasensis, triangle - P. ornatus 196 P. transversus 197 circle - Peplometus biscutellatus, square - P. chlorophthalmus 198 circle - P. nimba, square - P. oyo, triangle - P. congoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures193-198" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427088" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 193</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">Pachyballus castaneus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="381 - 407" refId="B23" refString="Simon, E, 1900. Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 44: 381 - 407" title="Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae." volume="44" year="1900">Simon 1900</bibRefCitation>
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: 400 (♀).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="neotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Neotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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South Africa • ♀; KwaZulu-Natal, Ulundi, Ophathe Game Reserve;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.383333">28°23'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.4">31°24'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 3.X.2008; C. Haddad leg.; overgrazed savanna, beating shrubs; NCA 2008/4147.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="paraneotypes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Paraneotypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">South Africa • 1♀; together with neotype • 1♂ 1♀; the same locality as neotype; 3.X.2008; C. Haddad leg.; overgrazed savanna, beating, shrubs; NCA 2008/4140.</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" start="Figures 18–21" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figures 18-21.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus castaneus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">18</emphasis>
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male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</emphasis>
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male habitus, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">20</emphasis>
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female, habitus, dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">21</emphasis>
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female, neotype, habitus, ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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South Africa • 1♂; the same locality as neotype; 2.X.2008; NCA 2008/4167 • 1♂ 2♀ 8 imm.; the same locality; 500 m a.s.l.; rocky mountainside; NCA 2008/4154 • 3♂ 6 imm.; the same locality; 1.X.2008; NCA 2008/3993 • 1♂ 3 imm.; the same data; NCA 2008/3971 • 1♂; KwaZulu-Natal, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Crocodile Centre;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.35">28°21'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 14.V.2012; J.A. Neetling and C. Luwes leg.; canopy fogging, wetland,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Breonadia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Breonadia salicina" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Breonadia salicina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; NCA 2012/5736 • 2♀; the same locality, St. Lucia;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.383333">28°23'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 13.V.2012; J.A. Neetling and C. Luwes leg.; canopy fogging, coastal forest,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Trichilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trichilia dregeana" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dregeana">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Trichilia dregeana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; NCA 2012/4019 and NCA 2012/5737 • 1♀; Lake St. Lucia, Fanies Island;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.1">28°06'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.45">32°27'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 1.VII.1993; F.J. van der Lingen leg.; 200 m from lake campsite, W shore, in dense bush thicket; NMBA 08069 • 1♀; Mkuze, Banghoek Lodge;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-27.75">27°45'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.133335">32°08'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 17.V.2012; J.A. Neetling and C. Luwes leg.; canopy fogging, Bushveld,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia karroo" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karroo">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Acacia karroo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; NCA 2012/3965 • 1♂; Ndumo Game Reserve;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-26.916666">26°55'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.316666">32°19'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 30.VI.2009; R. Lyle leg.; sand forest, beating foliage; NCA 2009/3660 • 1♀; Sihangwane, Tembe Elephant Park, 40 km from Kosi Bay;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-27.033333">27°02'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 18.XI.1988, R. Harris leg.; NCA 94/828 • 1♀; the same locality; 6.II.2008; R. Lyle and R. Fourie leg.; beating, afromontane forest; NCA 2008/505 • 1♂ 1♀; Hellsgate;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.0">28°00'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.8">32°48'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 23.VIII.2004; J. Esterhuizen leg.; NCA 2010/155 and NCA 2010/156 • 1♀; Mpumalanga Prov., Nelspruit, Agricultural College;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-25.45">25°27'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.983334">30°59'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 12.XI.1999;
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P." pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">P.</taxonomicName>
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Stephen leg.; beating, citrus; NCA 2000/223 • 1♀; Wildlife College, 10 km from Orpen Gate of Kruger National Park;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-24.466667">24°28'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.383333">31°23'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 11.X.2000; W. Breytenbach leg.; beating
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hiern" authorityYear="1873" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Euclea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euclea divinorum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="divinorum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Euclea divinorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; NCA 2003/626 • 1♂; Limpopo Prov., Little Leigh;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.933332">22°56'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.366667">29°22'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 22.XI.2005; B. van der Waal leg.; branch beating, gallery forest; NCA 2009/2232. Zimbabwe • 3♂; Mashonaland; Workman coll.; MCZ • 1♂; Harare;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.833334">17°50'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.166666">31°10'E</geoCoordinate>
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; 2.III.2012; M. Cumming leg.; suburban garden, dropped from tree; NMZ.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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The male is indistinguishable from the males of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. flavipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="flavipes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. flavipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mombasensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="mombasensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. mombasensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by body shape and colouration, but its bulb is slightly narrower than in these species and the embolic spiral is tightly convoluted; width of the basal embolic loop equals only a half of tegulum width, whereas in both other species it is as wide as tegulum. The female can be separated from congeners in having copulatory ducts compactly arranged and not forming loose loops (see Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">28</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" start="Figures 22–28" startId="F6">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figures 22-28.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus castaneus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">22</emphasis>
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cheliceral dentition
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">23-25</emphasis>
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palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">26</emphasis>
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palpal organ, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">27</emphasis>
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epigyne
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">28</emphasis>
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internal structure of epigyne.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="redescription">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Redescription.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Male.</emphasis>
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Measurements. Cephalothorax: length 0.9-1.3, width 1.3-1.9, height 0.5-0.6. Eye field: length 0.6-0.7, anterior width 1.1-1.4, posterior width 1.3-1.9. Abdomen: length 1.7-2.2, width 1.8-2.6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
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General appearance as in Figs
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</figureCitation>
|
||
. Small spider with flattened body covered with strongly sclerotised and pitted integument (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. Some morphological characters of Pachyballus and Peplometus 1 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Gabon), male, ventral abdominal scuta 2 Pach. ornatus (specimen from Tanzania), female, ventral abdominal scuta 3 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Congo), embolus 4 Pepl. biscutellatus (specimen from Ivory Coast), palpal organ in ventral view 5 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Zimbabwe), epigyne with broken embolus in copulatory opening 6 Pach. castaneus, pitted integument of abdomen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427052" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Carapace dark brown, eye field on more or less half of carapace, vicinity of eyes black. A few long bristles at anterior eyes. Posterior edge of carapace covered by abdomen. Chelicerae with three teeth on both margins (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">22</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mouth parts brown, sternum oval, brown, clypeus extremely low. Abdomen dark brown, heart-shaped, as wide as long, dorsal scutum turned back via margins to venter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</figureCitation>
|
||
), ventral scuta typical; the anterior one narrow with lateral extensions, posterior trapezoid. Numerous small bumps on sides. Colouration dark brown to black, iridescent, integument clearly pitted, short hairs on edges of carapace, dense bristles near eyes. Spinnerets brown. Legs I the thickest (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</figureCitation>
|
||
), brown (except yellow tarsi and metatarsi), femur, patella and tibia slightly thickened, tibia slightly flattened dorsally, covered with dense setae ventrally. Tibiae and metatarsi with two pairs of short stout spines ventrally. Other legs yellow, with brownish femora. Pedipalp brown, its structure as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">23-26</figureCitation>
|
||
, slightly narrower than in congeners. Palpal tibia short with single thin straight apophysis, bulb oval, embolus thin, long, spirally coiled on bulb tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Cephalothorax: length 0.9-1.4, width 1.2-1.4, height 0.5-0.6. Eye field: length 0.5-0.7, anterior width 0.9-1.1, posterior width 1.2-1.4. Abdomen: length 1.7-2.0, width 1.8-2.1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
|
||
General appearance as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">20</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">21</figureCitation>
|
||
. Similar to male, abdomen almost round or oval, but its anterior margin almost straight. Abdominal venter with two scuta as in male (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). All legs and palps dark yellow. Epigyne typical, with horseshoe-shaped anterior depression (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">27</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal structures relatively simple, copulatory ducts shorter than in congeners, compactly arranged, spermathecae strongly sclerotised (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">28</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Immature specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to adults, abdomen covered dorsally with one large scutum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Known from South Africa and Zimbabwe (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 193–198" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figures 193 - 198. Distribution maps of Pachyballus and Peplometus species. 193 circle - Pachyballus caelestis, square - P. castaneus, triangle - P. variegatus 194 P. flavipes 195 circle - P. miniscutulus, square - P. mombasensis, triangle - P. ornatus 196 P. transversus 197 circle - Peplometus biscutellatus, square - P. chlorophthalmus 198 circle - P. nimba, square - P. oyo, triangle - P. congoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures193-198" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427088" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">193</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="designation of neotype">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Designation of neotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus castaneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described from Natal (South Africa) on the basis of a single female. The type specimen was lost (the collection manager informed us that the type could not be found in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simon’s">Simon's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection in MNHN). The original description is very superficial (only body size and colouration of legs are mentioned) and insufficient for identification of the species. Colouration of legs varies within different
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (see Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 29 - 35. Pachyballus flavipes 29 male, habitus, dorsal view 30 male, habitus, ventral view 31 male, habitus, lateral view 32, 33 female, habitus, dorsal view 34 female, habitus, ventral view 35 female, habitus, lateral view (29, 30, 32 specimen from Congo 31 specimen from Kenya 33 - 35 specimen from Cameroon)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures29-35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427058" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">32</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 29 - 35. Pachyballus flavipes 29 male, habitus, dorsal view 30 male, habitus, ventral view 31 male, habitus, lateral view 32, 33 female, habitus, dorsal view 34 female, habitus, ventral view 35 female, habitus, lateral view (29, 30, 32 specimen from Congo 31 specimen from Kenya 33 - 35 specimen from Cameroon)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures29-35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427058" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">33</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 104–109" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figures 104 - 109. Pachyballus transversus, female 104 - 106 habitus, dorsal view 107 - 109 epigyne (dissected from specimens visible above) (104, 106 specimens from Congo 105 specimen from Ethiopia)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures104-109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427071" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">104-106</figureCitation>
|
||
), so it cannot be used as a taxonomic character. The neotype, a female that originates from the same province as the type, is herein designated to stabilise the nomenclature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">The male of this species is described here for the first time.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |