209 lines
47 KiB
XML
209 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="FB1A7B5AABB8D3FCBFBEB388B4216D23" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus crombiei Heyer & Wolf 1989" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="12252FD10991EBFAA372E3FE3B3E74C6">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="146126234C51C41FDE05EA0D01A8BB17" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DB597BB9F321F5155C3F98DB5D19045E">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="FB05E21F1C0642BDCF9AD2D0ED850772">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="71C32512CBBCD4389A3E9661577CCCDA">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1459A12B07F3B41F11467DCA79F1CF88">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="16CCCDC61D2854C29B53A64579BDA750">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F0963C64ABD791361054E4475CE9C3AB">
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<mods:date id="D8043AF5462EF3C90D1006DD3F89D0A4">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5B6DDA0E340E9A3CCD5E0A9427619743">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="ABF17FEAE8E676EB29C4E538C2FCB0B5">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BBCB123CA1437760E02A657369924ED0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7A52DD57C041E4FC10C6D3E946E70110" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583586" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDAFFE7BE8BF960FCB2F80B" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" blockId="43.[151,680,1739,1766]" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" bold="true" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" authority="Heyer & Wolf, 1989" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" bold="true" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FE58F974" bold="true" box="[151,424,1739,1766]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Physalaemus crombiei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFDAFFE7BFB3F967FD58F974" author="Heyer, W. R. & Wolf, A. J." box="[431,680,1739,1766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="500 - 506" refId="ref75517" refString="Heyer, W. R. & Wolf, A. J. (1989) Physalaemus crombiei (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), a new frog species from Espirito Santo, Brazil with comments on the P. signifer group. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102 (2), 500 - 506." type="journal article" year="1989">Heyer & Wolf, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDAFFE7BE8BF8BFFCB2F80B" blockId="43.[151,1436,1811,1946]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were observed in recordings in which males emitted A calls with very long durations. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. A calls have pulses separated by silence intervals whereas B calls have not. Moreover, B calls have a general upward FM and FM segments (periodic or not) stronger than those of A calls.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="08E307DEFFDDFFE0BE8BFAFDFB91FA6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" startId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" targetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" targetPageId="44">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDDFFE0BE8BFAFDFB91FA6D" blockId="44.[151,1436,1366,1535]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BE8BFAFDFEEFFAFD" bold="true" box="[151,287,1366,1391]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
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Calls A and B of
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDDFFE0BFCCFAFCFD44FAFD" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[464,692,1367,1391]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BFCCFAFCFD44FAFD" box="[464,692,1367,1391]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Physalaemus crombiei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDDFFE2BEDBF986FDADFD81" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDDFFE1BEDBF986FA92FE3D" blockId="44.[151,1437,1581,2040]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1436,152,431]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BEDBF986FDEFF9DA" bold="true" box="[199,543,1581,1608]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BF3CF986FE82F9DA" box="[288,370,1581,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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A–J and 13C).
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</emphasis>
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We examined nine recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BAB3F985FB39F9D5" box="[1199,1225,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca</emphasis>
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. 900 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDDFFE0BB9CF985FF2CF9F9" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="male">18 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDDFFE0BCF0F9FAFCB2F9FE" box="[748,834,1617,1644]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.319 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDDFFE0BAFCF9F9FAC4F9FE" box="[1248,1332,1618,1644]" degrees="0.774" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-0.774">0.774 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The call rise and fall durations are usually similar to each other and they can be gradual or abrupt, linear or logarithmic; there is a long sustain (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BF42F932FDDCF926" box="[350,556,1689,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15A, C, D, E</figureCitation>
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). This segment can be slightly concave or convex (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BA6CF932FB08F926" box="[1136,1272,1689,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15D, E</figureCitation>
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, respectively). The amplitude peak is often at around (usually just after) the middle of the call duration. Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BD82F94AFC0FF96E" box="[926,1023,1761,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15E</figureCitation>
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) but can be rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BB0CF94AFA64F96E" box="[1296,1428,1761,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15C, D</figureCitation>
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) or triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BFA3F8AEFDD3F8B2" box="[447,547,1797,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
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) depending on the shape of sustained segment and the position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BA17F8E6FBA8F8FA" box="[1035,1112,1869,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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A–J). The rate of this PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BE8BF8D9FF49F819" box="[151,185,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca.</emphasis>
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25 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BF6DF8D9FE63F819" box="[369,403,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca.</emphasis>
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nine pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the rise of the pulses is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the pulse duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BAD7F83EFADEF822" box="[1227,1326,1941,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The last pulse has the inverse envelope with amplitude peak at its outset (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BD6AF812FC29F846" box="[886,985,1977,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some calls, the last pulse is notably longer than the others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BF8BF876FD36F86A" box="[407,710,2013,2040]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15A, B, C, E, F, G, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Silence intervals are present between pulses,
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BACDF875FB03F865" box="[1233,1267,2014,2039]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
tenfold shorter than pulse duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BF62FF32FE3EFF21" box="[382,462,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
A–J). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BD6BFF32FC2EFF21" box="[887,990,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BB55FF31FA9BFF21" box="[1353,1387,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
370 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are very regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present between the first pulses. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BCFEFEADFD0CFE8D" box="[738,764,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFDCFFE1BD15FEAEFC6BFE8D" box="[777,923,261,287]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1010" valueMax="1380">1010 to 1380</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BDCCFEAEFBC6FE8D" box="[976,1078,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fourth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 900 and 1300 Hz (two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BDE5FEDAFB47FE19" box="[1017,1207,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15B, G, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BA66FE3EFAA4FE3D" box="[1146,1364,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="08E307DEFFDCFFE1BE8BF98DFE98F885" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" targetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" targetPageId="45">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDCFFE1BE8BF98DFE98F885" blockId="45.[151,1437,1574,1815]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BE8BF98DFED0F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,288,1574,1599]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BA3CF98CFBC1F9AC" box="[1056,1073,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||
of calls B of five
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BAFAF98DFA9CF9AC" baseAuthorityName="Hepp & Pombal" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1254,1388,1574,1598]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BAFAF98DFA9CF9AC" box="[1254,1388,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Physalaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Each graph shows a single call B of:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BC5FF9E0FD44F9F0" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[579,692,1610,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BC5FF9E0FD44F9F0" box="[579,692,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BCF7F9E0FCA0F9F0" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[747,848,1610,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BCF7F9E0FCA0F9F0" box="[747,848,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. signifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BD9AF9E0FBE7F9F0" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[902,1047,1610,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BD9AF9E0FBE7F9F0" box="[902,1047,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BA50F9E0FB37F9F0" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[1100,1223,1611,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BA50F9E0FB37F9F0" box="[1100,1223,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BB3BF9E0FA6CF9F0" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1319,1436,1611,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BB3BF9E0FA6CF9F0" box="[1319,1436,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BC76F938FD8BF938" box="[618,635,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||
; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency /
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BEE8F91CFEF5F95C" box="[244,261,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||
reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BAD9F970FB26F960" box="[1221,1238,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||
reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDCFFE2BEDBF8EFFDADFD81" blockId="45.[151,1437,1860,2031]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,152,531]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BEDBF8EFFDDEF8CD" bold="true" box="[199,558,1860,1887]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Call B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BF38F8EFFE87F8CC" box="[292,375,1860,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
K–N and 16A).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined one recording, a total of five minutes, with two calls from one male. Most of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDCFFE1BC85F8C2FD1FF811" box="[665,751,1897,1923]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.709 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDCFFE1BA94F8C3FB2BF811" box="[1160,1243,1896,1923]" degrees="0.945" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-0.945">0.945 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The envelope of the call is variable; call rise and fall are short. There can be more than one sustain, with different amplitudes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BB73F826FF01F859" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15K, M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Usually, the first has lower amplitude (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BCADF81AFCE8F859" box="[689,792,1968,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or beginning of the call duration. The envelope can be classified as elliptic, triangular (pointed right;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BA9FF87EFB1DF87D" box="[1155,1261,2004,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15M</figureCitation>
|
||
) or rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BEBCFF32FEFAFF21" box="[160,266,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. One call clearly shows a section with a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BE8BFF74FF0EFF6B" box="[151,254,222,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rate of this PAM is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BC0BFF4BFDC9FF6B" box="[535,569,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
19 Hz, forming
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BCF3FF4BFCE1FF6B" box="[751,785,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
seven emphasized peaks at the middle of the call duration. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BFE3FEA9FD98FE8F" box="[511,616,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[192,1395,453,1549]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BDCAFEA8FC08FE8E" box="[982,1016,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
340 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. One call shows a sudden jump of the fundamental frequency at the end of the call. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BF88FEC6FE5EFE14" box="[404,430,365,390]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFDFFFE2BFAEFEC7FDB8FE14" box="[434,584,364,391]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1020" valueMax="1160">1020 to 1160</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BC62FEC7FD13FE14" box="[638,739,363,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15L</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic is the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 2000 Hz (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BB67FE3BFA6CFE3B" box="[1403,1436,400,425]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
five harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BECCFE7DFEA9FE62" box="[208,345,469,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15L, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM where it is present (15K–N).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |