269 lines
56 KiB
XML
269 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="D330F3C539CA3F3F4F411C7061FB25A8" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus nanus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="64DE913CEDC07E041F4A2852E71DC947" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="55BB94A0ADAA94C4615B8D967068CD40">
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<mods:title id="C99B47A4FE8F678482B6FE61C82EE7B2">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B898AB8776221E62A83EA7D47FB2235A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E4AD792F4AD568505FC37F3B1A3D16B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="575C5ED16FF914ECEB6B200D76687D28">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9D8BB8CFAD895FAF67A9F481F998B6F1" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="D5D6737053879DD9513792A57878A123">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F0945F5F1A0B49A58A7C1DC114E56851">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2699C122909637BE5484223D93577076">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FFFAEC1D27FDF763898E90B44C68BE96">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="EDC84D9396ADAB420326C0B32874A7D8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B16E4C75E26EC93A46F598CA58D61182">
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<mods:date id="000C6B535FAC45953449BDA5C3722413">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8C7E5B0876B203DC6C354791D86554D7">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7E6034ACB6ACE30F98DE17AFE01C82C4" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9341C71A3B5A33FAF21C3CD333DEDE8E">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="92602247CBB2CC19A61DA1B36D9B471B" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="DE92F65E7CEDB86FDF0F6083294411C8">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="242D917E0428A4C0154860F6BBEAE852">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E27B52237E98A77152E1F8178CEB472F" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="49D79118FC886D0D788830D1901DF49E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D258F3D95D939F4FA78194BCC2EBE765" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7EEDA36FC95264D82761994AF038C0EC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583582" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583582" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFE7EFD15" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" blockId="39.[151,619,405,432]" box="[151,619,405,432]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" bold="true" box="[151,619,405,432]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" authority="(Boulenger, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,619,405,432]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" bold="true" box="[151,619,405,432]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFE79FE3D" bold="true" box="[151,393,405,432]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Physalaemus nanus</emphasis>
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(Boulenger, 1888)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBE8BFE76FE7EFD15" blockId="39.[151,1437,477,1979]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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We found three different calls, referred to as call A, B, and C (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD48FE76FC58FE65" box="[852,936,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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). Calls B and C were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B is shorter than Call A with a lower fundamental frequency, irregular FM segments, and absence of pulse-PAM. Call C is composed of two notes, the first and the second notes are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD6FFE6BEDBFD3BFED5FDAD" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBEDBFD3BFB49FAE9" blockId="39.[151,1437,477,1979]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBEDBFD3BFDD4FD39" bold="true" box="[199,548,656,683]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF3CFD3BFE83FD39" box="[288,371,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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E–H and 13A).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 20 recordings, a total of 77 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBABDFD39FB4BFD39" box="[1185,1211,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
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. 3500 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFD6FFEBBB9CFD3AFF2CFD5D" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">33 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD6FFEBBCF0FD1EFCB2FD5D" box="[748,834,693,719]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.178 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD6FFEBBAFCFD1EFAC4FD5D" box="[1248,1332,693,719]" degrees="0.218" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" precision="55" value="-0.218">0.218 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The call envelope is variable; however, calls often have rise, a regular sustain (or shallow valley), and falls sections. Call rise and fall are usually gradual and linear but they can have different durations, being long or abrupt. The amplitude peak of the calls measured here is at around the end of the first fourth of the call duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA8EFC8AFAADFCA9" box="[1170,1373,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12A, C, D, E</figureCitation>
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). The envelope of the call can be elliptic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC03FCEEFD56FCCD" box="[543,678,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12A, D</figureCitation>
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), rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD5AFCEEFC59FCCD" box="[838,937,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
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), or triangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA49FCEEFB4BFCCD" box="[1109,1211,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC77FC26FD4BFC35" box="[619,699,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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A–H). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBA04FC25FBCAFC35" box="[1048,1082,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
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28 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBAE5FC25FAEAFC35" box="[1273,1306,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
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five pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is also highly variable; however, the middle pulses tend to have amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse with similar rise and fall. Often, the first pulse has very little amplitude and the last pulse is the longest one (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC37FC52FD1DFB81" box="[555,749,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12C, D, F, G</figureCitation>
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). Silence intervals are present between pulses, slightly shorter than pulse duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF62FBB6FE3EFBA5" box="[382,462,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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A–H). Some pulses have a down-upward AM at the middle of their durations, yielding two amplitude peaks per pulse. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD7DFBEAFC3AFBC9" box="[865,970,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency varies from 620 to 1100 Hz and the band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics can be present at the beginning and end of the pulses and jumps of the fundamental frequency can happen at the end of the call (fourth pulse in
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBB6CFB06FF39FB79" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBC94FB79FD52FB79" box="[648,674,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBCAEFB7AFCBAFB79" box="[690,842,1232,1259]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2240" valueMax="2540">2240 to 2540</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD98FB7AFC1CFB79" box="[900,1004,1233,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fourth one, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBDB2FAB2FBA4FAA1" box="[942,1108,1305,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1800" valueMax="2800">1800 and 2800</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBA90FAB1FB5EFAA1" box="[1164,1198,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general and slight downward FM throughout the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBDE0FA96FB92FAC5" box="[1020,1122,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA3DFACAFB81FAE9" box="[1057,1137,1377,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A–H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBEDBFA2FFC74F829" blockId="39.[151,1437,477,1979]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBEDBFA2FFDEFFA0D" bold="true" box="[199,543,1412,1439]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Call B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF38FA2FFE88FA0D" box="[292,376,1412,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
I–N and 6D).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined five recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBAABFA2DFB21FA0D" box="[1207,1233,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 40 calls from
|
||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFD6FFEBBB9CFA2EFF2CFA51" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">13 males</specimenCount>
|
||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD6FFEBBCFEFA02FCC7FA51" box="[738,823,1449,1475]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.027 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD6FFEBBAD2FA02FAD1FA51" box="[1230,1313,1449,1475]" degrees="0.090" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" precision="55" value="-0.09">0.090 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Often, the call rise is longer than the fall, both exponential; there is a long regular sustain (or shallow valley) between them. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA4FFA5AFB02F999" box="[1107,1266,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBA9BFA5AFB5FF999" box="[1159,1199,1521,1547]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2012-01">12I</date>
|
||
, K, L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The envelope of the call varied from rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC38F9BEFD7AF9BD" box="[548,650,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12K</figureCitation>
|
||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBDDCF9BEFBCBF9BD" box="[960,1083,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBDEFF9BEFBEBF9BD" box="[1011,1051,1557,1583]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2012-01">12I</date>
|
||
, L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 31 % of the component duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF44F9F6FE42F9EA" box="[344,434,1629,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBD02F9F5FCCFF9E5" box="[798,831,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
300 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, harmonics are not very clear with considerably deterministic chaos in some parts of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBEBCF962FEF9F971" box="[160,265,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBFE1F946FD94F895" box="[509,612,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12N</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBA0EF945FBDCF895" box="[1042,1068,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBA26F946FB3CF895" box="[1082,1228,1772,1799]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1680" valueMax="1850">1680 to 1850</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBB1DF946FAAEF895" box="[1281,1374,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 41
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD6FFEBBCF7F8BBFD06F88C" attach="none" box="[747,758,1808,1822]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">st</superScript>
|
||
, but it is usually the ninth or tenth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBAEBF89EFA6CF8DD" box="[1271,1436,1845,1871]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1300" valueMax="2200">1300 and 2200</date>
|
||
Hz (three or four harmonics). The frequency bands can have a general down or upward FM throughout the call with either short down or upward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC8FF8D6FCCFF805" box="[659,831,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12J, M, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some calls have no clear general FM. Additionally, some calls have a subtle PFM throughout the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBCD3F80AFC87F829" box="[719,887,1953,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12J, M, N</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD9FFE4BE8BF8EDFE14F87D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" targetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD9FFE4BE8BF8EDFE14F87D" blockId="40.[151,1437,1862,2031]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD9FFE4BE8BF8EDFEEFF8CD" bold="true" box="[151,287,1862,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls A, B, and C of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD9FFE4BFE9F8ECFD4EF8CD" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[501,702,1863,1887]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD9FFE4BFE9F8ECFD4EF8CD" box="[501,702,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Physalaemus nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD8FFE5BE8BF979FDBDF874" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" targetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD8FFE5BE8BF979FDBDF874" blockId="41.[151,1437,1746,2023]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BE8BF979FED2F979" bold="true" box="[151,290,1746,1771]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BA2BF978FBB8F978" box="[1079,1096,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||
of calls A of eight
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BB0BF979FA6DF978" baseAuthorityName="Hepp & Pombal" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1303,1437,1746,1770]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BB0BF979FA6DF978" box="[1303,1437,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Physalaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Each graph shows a single call A of:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BC7BF95CFD4EF89C" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[615,702,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BC7BF95CFD4EF89C" box="[615,702,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BCE8F95CFC91F89C" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[756,865,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiniger">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BCE8F95CFC91F89C" box="[756,865,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. spiniger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BD8AF95CFBF9F89C" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[918,1033,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BD8AF95CFBF9F89C" box="[918,1033,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BA23F95CFB55F89C" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1087,1189,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BA23F95CFB55F89C" box="[1087,1189,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. signifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BAC0F95CFA9FF89C" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[1244,1391,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BAC0F95CFA9FF89C" box="[1244,1391,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BE8BF8B0FEE2F8A0" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,274,1819,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BE8BF8B0FEE2F8A0" box="[151,274,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BF58F8B0FE31F8A0" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[324,449,1818,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BF58F8B0FE31F8A0" box="[324,449,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(G),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BFEBF8B0FD9CF8A0" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[503,620,1819,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BFEBF8B0FD9CF8A0" box="[503,620,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BA44F894FB99F8C4" box="[1112,1129,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||
; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency /
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BCC1F8C8FD1EF8E8" box="[733,750,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||
reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BFBDF800FE42F850" box="[417,434,1963,1986]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||
reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BFD6F864FDD0F874" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[458,544,1999,2022]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BFD6F864FDD0F874" box="[458,544,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BEDBFF33FED5FDAD" blockId="42.[151,1436,152,575]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEDBFF33FDD4FF21" bold="true" box="[199,548,152,179]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Call C (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF39FF33FE89FF21" box="[293,377,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
O–T and 6E).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined 16 recordings, a total of 60 minutes, with
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BAB7FF31FB35FF21" box="[1195,1221,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 200 calls from
|
||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDBFFE6BB9CFF32FF2CFF45" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="male">28 males</specimenCount>
|
||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDBFFE6BCE8FF16FCBCFF45" box="[756,844,189,215]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Calls are composed of two notes, the first and the second are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively. Call duration varies from 0.188 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDBFFE6BA8BFF4AFB19FF69" box="[1175,1257,225,251]" degrees="0.311" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" precision="55" value="-0.311">0.311 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The amplitude, temporal, and spectral traits of the components are similar to those described above. However, the first note can have more pulses and the envelope of the second note has steeper rise and fall in call C (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA69FE82FAD0FED1" box="[1141,1312,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12O, Q, R</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the amplitude decreases at the transition between notes, their limits are not clear (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA2BFEE6FB33FEF5" box="[1079,1219,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12Q, R</figureCitation>
|
||
). At this transition, there is a decrease in the fundamental frequency and wave peaks emitted at low repetition rates (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BAF7FED9FAE3FE19" box="[1259,1299,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, 90 Hz) are shown as clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BD51FE3EFC5FFE3D" box="[845,943,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12P</figureCitation>
|
||
) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEEFFE11FEEBFE41" box="[243,283,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, above 100 Hz). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BB3DFE11FAB9FE41" box="[1313,1353,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, below 90 Hz). This rate gets faster until the beginning of the center of the second note. In C calls, the harmonics of the second note usually have a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BAFAFDAAFAB5FD89" box="[1254,1349,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12P</figureCitation>
|
||
but see
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BE8BFD8EFEE8FDAD" box="[151,280,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12S, T</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |