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<document id="AC43475D4F797A9CF6C30F9A9EB671C0" ENCODING="Cp1252" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9cb4ad0-93e5-4cb4-bc12-00fedca2b100" ModsDocID="20017" checkinTime="1252781302694" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Wilson, E. O." docDate="2003" docId="282E37D9BD284D4151AB30C5C20D9899" docLanguage="en" docName="20017_flavens_group_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press" docSource="http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=20017" docTitle="Pheidole flavens Roger" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="420" masterDocId="F98D6505470580F46DE05FCEDB0DECC1" masterDocTitle="Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." pageNumber="419" updateTime="1701311119207" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="87B70042399B5BE22F67F7F684754004">Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus.</mods:title>
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<treatment id="282E37D9BD284D4151AB30C5C20D9899" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6276155" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100119478" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6276155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:282E37D9BD284D4151AB30C5C20D9899" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/282E37D9BD284D4151AB30C5C20D9899" lastPageNumber="420" pageNumber="419">
<subSubSection id="B64B46BD7C89AF280623B9F4C180E529" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D235DFB3007EACBC58248597D29EFF94" pageNumber="419">
<taxonomicName id="102F8C2754B3BB67FE7ADD1A0CE9B994" ID-CoL="4FYC6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens Roger</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="18FC4BF0304E38C52BAE61BC78E98590" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="84B18F4F6165AD5D5AA0C31587766D09" pageNumber="419">
<taxonomicName id="4F48EA512A667B0CA95D7793378DC330" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens Roger</taxonomicName>
1863a: 166. Syn.:
<taxonomicName id="E002A2931A8D2803DB39B7C993A3E49E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142306" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="exigua" variety="tuberculata">Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata Mayr</taxonomicName>
1887: 585, changed to
<taxonomicName id="DC7F786A2A5CB7735B363DAD6F82952E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151310" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens tuberculata Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens tuberculata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavens" subSpecies="tuberculata">flavens subsp. tuberculata Emery</taxonomicName>
1894d: 157,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="40A44C722516C0DFD7A188B98FA2CD01">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="743E827EA83E370A5000A7EBA30F059D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151311" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens vincentensis Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens vincentensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="vincentensis">Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis</taxonomicName>
Forel 1893J: 411,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="577242EE421D0F8CAE3CCAAEB8CA583A">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="7EE7FB6778463C12441219A519B9FE2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151302" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens gracilior Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens gracilior Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavens" subSpecies="gracilior">Pheidole flavens r. gracilior</taxonomicName>
Forel 1901m: 78,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="18BABFF0BF24A636C5CA9857B00D046D">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="33356D73AB891F049B2C10C865384360" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151305" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens navigans Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens navigans Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavens" subSpecies="navigans">Pheidole flavens r. navigans</taxonomicName>
Forel 1901m: 79,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5E49AEA5E74173209FBC49E91F64EB9C">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="E0CD4449B1AB148EAB4109FA476638E9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151303" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens haytiana Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens haytiana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="haytiana">Pheidole flavens var. haytiana</taxonomicName>
Forel 1907h: 6,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8031E5F5540B227B81A5C400451C68">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="EBD1AFCA3B941C94D84F1DBD7932EECF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151308" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens spei Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens spei Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavens" subSpecies="spei">Pheidole flavens st. spei</taxonomicName>
Santschi 1930e: 77,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BC67039307355D300AD80A1103167BD6">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="F9719FF45F1A9A380130D68DD294F7BF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151312" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana aechmeae Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana aechmeae Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="floridana" subSpecies="aechmeae">Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae Wheeler</taxonomicName>
1934g: 166,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E4BB2CFF91E94ED9B7290F6B979CB00C">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<taxonomicName id="CD7F59C17BBB14D5BD69C008537A884B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33771" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole greggi Naves" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole greggi Naves" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greggi">Pheidole greggi</taxonomicName>
Naves 1985: 62,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8C059849D6D2C1C7F7CD247A166D9418">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58FE250E604BA208EC002F0A8DC15F2D" pageNumber="419">
Types or other authenticated material not seen:
<taxonomicName id="79A8FAC0D9E182463967A2968B67B4AF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151309" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens thomensis Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens thomensis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="thomensis">Pheidole flavens var. thomensis Emery</taxonomicName>
1894d: 156 (St. Thomas, West Indies);
<taxonomicName id="79B5937731A678AC1349C2D2F020F686" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151301" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens farquharensis Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens farquharensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="farquharensis">Pheidole flavens var. farquharensis</taxonomicName>
Forel 1907g: 91 (Madagascar).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBF5984858CA9EC2D636DB6EA11A55F0" pageNumber="419">
Unavailable names (ineligible quadrinomials) include
<taxonomicName id="EAC4E03F92632CDF11BE1F2472207E24" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:228999" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens subsp. tuberculata var. jheringi" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens subsp. tuberculata var. jheringi Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" subSpecies="tuberculata" variety="jheringi">Pheidole flavens tuberculata var. jheringi Emery</taxonomicName>
1894d: 157 (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil);
<taxonomicName id="D13D5FBA4335A84B9F629FA52D428227" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:254286" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens subsp. asperithorax var. semipolita" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens r. asperithorax var. semipolita Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" subSpecies="asperithorax" variety="semipolita">Pheidole flavens asperithorax var. semipolita Emery</taxonomicName>
1896g: 78 (Para, Brazil);
<taxonomicName id="E631E92D8B8615029FCD5F6C210A1EBF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:247330" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens subsp. sculptior var. grenadensis" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens r. sculptior grenadensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" subSpecies="sculptior" variety="grenadensis">Pheidole flavens sculptior var. grenadensis</taxonomicName>
Forel 1897b: 300 (Grenada, West Indies);
<taxonomicName id="F1E1E04533EF5C177752BE76DE31A18C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232238" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens subsp. asperithorax var. nugax" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens subsp. asperithorax var. nugax Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" subSpecies="asperithorax" variety="nugax">Pheidole flavens asperithorax var. nugax</taxonomicName>
Forel 1908h: 380 (Brazil);
<taxonomicName id="F77E4072B63357C022ABC2DD0DDA0641" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232237" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens subsp. tuberculata var. putata" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens r. tuberculata var. putata Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" subSpecies="tuberculata" variety="putata">Pheidole flavens tuberculata var. putata</taxonomicName>
Forel 1912g: 235 (Sao Paulo, Brazil);
<taxonomicName id="8B6897D26B1D36027CFDFE55894A1B08" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232240" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens subsp. tuberculata var. platensis" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens tuberculata var. platensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" subSpecies="tuberculata" variety="platensis">Pheidole flavens tuberculata var. platensis</taxonomicName>
Forel 1914d: 273 (Buenos Aires, Argentina).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7F38D787265D2308502511941C31BD02" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DC8B1A66C96E6C12483E0E929A6B7DF5" pageNumber="419">
Raised to species level in this monograph: infraspecific forms
<taxonomicName id="678DC314967A8C1623753ABC32494411" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181841" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole asperithorax Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole asperithorax Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperithorax">asperithorax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="224F92814C4CD2F9B720F1FC2463B4E3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181847" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole breviscapa Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole breviscapa Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="89DA97CB54369873A311ABAF49E47C6C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142296" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole exigua Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">exigua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="860E1A838B0F2B95CC38627F1264C156" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181934" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rudigenis Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole rudigenis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudigenis">rudigenis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="453DE0536E22EFF4F77EE017E23F574E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole sculptior Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole sculptior Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculptior">sculptior</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C906F0FB52F59741DF0ADCAFA74808A" pageNumber="419">
Types Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. (The neotype was selected for this monograph after searches in collections containing Roger material failed to turn up the original types. The neotype, from the same country as the Roger type, fits the general concept offlavens held by systematists.) Etymology L
<taxonomicName id="C62C2C22A269B7C05321AB1053054F67" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
, yellow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="161B7A689177025756DE8AF010DEF935" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="7F0037638E8016502B15B94B803FAB22" pageNumber="419">
Diagnosis An extremely abundant, widespread species belonging to a complex of small, yellow, closely similar species that also includes
<taxonomicName id="BF8338D9FE3416B04713690ABCA8B24A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181841" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole asperithorax Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole asperithorax Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperithorax">asperithorax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="518DABD69FDAE07240F6CC316F4907EA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181847" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole breviscapa Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole breviscapa Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F43E76117269C328066EB6D74CFF92B9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181852" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cardiella Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole cardiella Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardiella">cardiella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E9B0FAB54598EF49FDBA2E013CC2AE64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181859" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole chloe Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole chloe Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloe">chloe</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6176E38C00014B1EA7EFA3614FAECA31" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142296" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole exigua Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">exigua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C8E4CF93E33B9F529D7FDEF8F37D2FBB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33764" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole goeldii Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole goeldii Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">goeldii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FA1907EE57014C2BFE07D79D088F42E4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole kuna Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole kuna Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuna">kuna</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="82D19C400457F863AC5FFB6CC475CBDA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181904" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole mittermeieri Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole mittermeieri Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mittermeieri">mittermeieri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7BF0876A49B9EAA5EFECA90F89FB1C49" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole moerens Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">moerens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AAE0BDAA5147FEAF543EDAF51FBE20B0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181913" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole nitidicollis Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole nitidicollis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidicollis">nitidicollis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E5A9452151F9671CDFE84568EE3DAEDA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole nuculiceps Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole nuculiceps Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nuculiceps">nuculiceps</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2CEB9BDC4DAACC8FBA368882E78A276" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181923" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole pholeops Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole pholeops Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pholeops">pholeops</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5DF1DD85973F9CE3A2B0572C320698DB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:34028" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole striaticeps Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole striaticeps Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striaticeps">striaticeps</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="FA3A164AA30916A0B58333A12DC05CEB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181955" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole trinitatis Wilson" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole trinitatis Wilson" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitatis">trinitatis</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="0B80F9BCF5E9E98C87B0A3542FDC541A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">P. flavens</taxonomicName>
differs from them in the following combination of traits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4F3A48E5B0A7358A0219BA5D2AA17D9B" type="description">
<paragraph id="5E30FC02876CFD6DF2631FED3C8DD4B0" pageNumber="420">Major: a shallow, relatively indistinct antennal scrobe present, its surface foveolate and opaque; weak rugoreticula often present mesad to'fhe eyes and at the posterior end of the carinulae on the lateral dorsal surface of the head, which are variable in extent and sometimes absent; carinulae along the midline of the dorsum of the head reaching the occipital border but occipital lobes seen in full-face view smooth and shiny; humeri usually with a small patch of rugoreticulum; lateral margins of pronotal dorsum also lined with short transverse carinulae; propodeal spine well-developed; postpetiolar node from above roughly trapezoidal; most of dorsal surface of head, all of mesosoma, and sides of waist foveolate and opaque.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1FF03FC82C15DD3F60B16CA29F0A271D" pageNumber="420">Minor: carinulae limited to space mesad to antennal fossa and occasionally also to the frontal lobes and frontal triangle; all of head and mesosoma and sides of waist foveolate and opaque; dorsum of waist and all of gaster smooth and shiny; occiput broad and shallowly concave.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="490B85072B821522049F03BCE4A2B0C4" pageNumber="420">
<taxonomicName id="1D1303B506F159DE3281E83C6FBA0D59" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">P. flavens</taxonomicName>
is easily confused with
<taxonomicName id="ED5E5258925B1C0DD9EB4EE04ACF514C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142296" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole exigua Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">P. exigua</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0D8AF2D9E0CD36EE6E77EE05CB385AC6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole moerens Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">P. moerens</taxonomicName>
, also widespread and abundant species; see the differences under Diagnosis of those species in particular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36CCF5BA47D337DBD3D34C73A769ABD3" pageNumber="420">measurements (mm) Neotype major: HW 0.72, HL 0.74, SL 0.42, EL 0.08, PW 0.32. Paraneotype minor: HW 0.34, HL 0.42, SL 0.34, EL 0.06, PW 0.24. color Major and minor: medium to dark yellow.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="92FB14AD42DAAF62A60D900169C05EAF" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E862E5913F9F3D0477328D2C68D20535" pageNumber="420">
range
<taxonomicName id="9F5A06D69C9F4697DB191884AE398473" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
rivals
<taxonomicName id="9AA2663F62868C4C5A8CDB0574F03D64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:142274" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole jelskii Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole jelskii Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">P. jelskii</taxonomicName>
as the most widespread and abundant species of the genus in the New World. Or, put more cautiously, this species or (possibly) this tightly knit group of sibling species I have considered to be the single species
<taxonomicName id="1B7F030C81AB0A59A6A02A52282513C9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
has this distinction. It ranges from Florida, where it likely was introduced accidentally by commerce, thence throughout the West Indies, Central America, and most of tropical and subtropical South America as far south as Santa Catarina in Brazil.
<taxonomicName id="2A9DCC889C8BD948A55EA5D50B9E242C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">P. flavens</taxonomicName>
colonies are easily transported by human agency, especially as hitchhikers in nursery stock, as witness the synonymous &quot;
<taxonomicName id="3EB77DF9A846FDE730A899C2F6933A00" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151302" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens gracilior Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens gracilior Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="gracilior">var. gracilior''</taxonomicName>
and &quot;
<taxonomicName id="1A0098F3EC2459DFA06C68FBCA1B56F0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151305" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens navigans Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens navigans Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="navigans">var. navigans</taxonomicName>
&quot; described by Auguste Forel from intercepted live ants in the German quarantine. I collected specimens from a thriving colony in a potted plant from Florida that had been transported to the office of the president of the World Wildlife Fund-U.S. in Washington, D.c. (at first I considered it a new sibling species but have since decided to place it within the broad variation offlavens). Even Forel's &quot;
<taxonomicName id="1754DF18291F2DEE790B7EDF8C10DC43" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151301" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens farquharensis Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens farquharensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="farquharensis">variety farquharensis</taxonomicName>
&quot; from Madagascar, whose types I have not been able to locate, is almost certainly, if it is truly
<taxonomicName id="6028EC2CF26BDEC8D71889F74F812771" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
, to have the same provenance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C442D19D8006ED937147008B539DB2D7" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="2C33D466844F551349B1301602310B8E" pageNumber="420">
biology The wide range and abundance of
<taxonomicName id="DF96AE55CD99BC70675158A2B69C2D64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
is due at least in part to its ability to use different microhabitats as nesting sites. Judging from the extensive data of H. H. Smith (in Forel 1893j) on St. Vincent and J. T. Longino (1997) in Costa Rica, as well as my own collecting records,
<taxonomicName id="1813F3BCBCC930A630C89509764C1604" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
prefers rotting pieces of wood, but also utilizes spaces beneath the bark of trees, dead knots on tree trunks, sod on rocks, the soil beneath stones, and epiphyte masses. On St. Vincent it occurred (in the early 1890s at least) in forests and thickets from sea level to 900 m, and in Costa Rica it is found today in both wet and dry forests. The nest galleries are diffuse and irregular, the queens hard to find, and mature colonies large, containing up to thousands of workers. Workers collect small arthropods: a captive colony from Trinidad I maintained for over a year eagerly harvested live oribatid mites, and the workers had no difficulty abrading through their hard, smooth exoskeletons. Workers also recruit to sugar baits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9A247E83D9F555974167911803C4A031" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4CA0FF9810083FC0D17D4E92F51EF834">Figure Upper: neotype, major. Lower: paraneotype, minor. CUBA: Barrajagua, Las Villas (E. O. Wilson). Scale bars = 1 mm.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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