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<mods:title id="209A9FF6CC445C93EAAB8F9CF3ACE6BF">A new genus of Castniinae (Lepidoptera Castniidae) with comments on comparative morphology and bionomics of its assigned species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="11E75C05375778D31278946522B42E10">López, Bernardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="93E9E74BAB03EDFF80AC850D1D716DFC">Miller, Jacqueline Y.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC1FFE9FF4724217E9C1B4C" blockId="4.[151,758,1849,1912]" box="[151,758,1849,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
<heading id="C40E5049FFC1FFE9FF4724217E9C1B4C" bold="true" box="[151,758,1849,1876]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" reason="1">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC1FFE9FF4724217E9C1B4C" bold="true" box="[151,758,1849,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
Description of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC1FFE9FE9F24217E111B4B" authority="J.Y. Miller" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[335,635,1849,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC1FFE9FE9F24217D851B4C" bold="true" box="[335,495,1849,1876]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">Escalantiana</emphasis>
J.Y. Miller
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC1FFE9FD5824227E9C1B4C" box="[648,758,1850,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC1FFE9FF4F24457D7B1B60" box="[159,273,1885,1912]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURES 6–8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStart-4="FIGURE 10" captionStart-5="FIGURE 11" captionStart-6="FIGURE 12" captionStart-7="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="1.[151,264,1897,1922]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,264,1598,1623]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,250,1987,2012]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,250,2000,2025]" captionStartId-5="8.[151,250,1600,1625]" captionStartId-6="9.[151,250,1766,1791]" captionStartId-7="11.[151,250,1962,1987]" captionTargetBox-0="[173,1403,1000,1855]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,877,1661]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1420,933,1545]" captionTargetBox-3="[181,1407,540,1952]" captionTargetBox-4="[187,1421,366,1958]" captionTargetBox-5="[210,1415,188,1574]" captionTargetBox-6="[162,1372,403,1728]" captionTargetBox-7="[499,1065,577,1934]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1436,985,1877]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,877,1685]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1436,913,1579]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1967]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[151,1436,335,1979]" captionTargetId-5="figure@8.[151,1436,171,1578]" captionTargetId-6="figure@9.[151,1436,373,1746]" captionTargetId-7="figure@11.[472,1118,553,1942]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionTargetPageId-6="9" captionTargetPageId-7="11" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–4. Specimens of three Castniidae collected in Mexico: 1) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., male, Tequila, Jalisco, ex-larva in Agave tequilana Weber var.Azul (photo: Jorge Valdez Carrasco); 2) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb., male, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo (photo: Adolfo Ibarra); 3) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., female, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.); 4) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller), male, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Escalantiana estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. male wings showing androconial patches with long, hair-like scales, in the hindwing, dorsally (a) and in the forewing, ventrally (b). The arrow points to a crest of long scales that originate in the inner margin of the forewing (ventrally) and bend over the dorsal side of the hindwing. Only when both wings are highly spread (as in the photograph), can these scales be seen." captionText-2="FIGURES 6–8. Male genitalia (lateral view) of three species of Castniidae: 6) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., (genitalia preparation M-2543, Jacqueline Y. Miller), Paratype, Acahuizotla, Guerrero, Mexico; viii.1973. Coll. A. Diaz Francis.; 7) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb. (from Miller (1976) Bull. Allyn Mus. 34: 1–13); 8) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. (genitalia preparation, Fernando Hernández-Baz), Zoyatepec, Guerrero, Mexico, iv.6.2016, Coll. J. P. Huerta P. (a) genital capsule; (b) phallus (phallobase + aedeagus); (c) uncus, dorsal view." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., posterior view of uncus and tegumen." captionText-4="FIGURE 10. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. female adult dorsal (above) and ventral (below) views." captionText-5="FIGURE 11. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. legs: (a) foreleg; (b) midleg; (c) hindleg." captionText-6="FIGURE 12. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. male palpus and male wing venation." captionText-7="FIGURE 13. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., female genitalia (dorsal Slide M-3028, Jacqueline Y. Miller) Mexico: Guerrero: Acahuizotla; v. 1958; Tarcisio Escalante." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414950" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414952" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414954" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414956" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414958" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414960" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414962" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414964" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3414950/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3414952/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3414954/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3414956/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3414958/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3414960/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3414962/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3414964/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">figs. 1–13</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D7E3B4AEFFC1FFE9FF4724BA7FD41BA2" box="[151,958,1953,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC1FFE9FF4724BA7FD41BA2" blockId="4.[151,958,1953,1978]" box="[151,958,1953,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC1FFE9FF4724BA7D491BA2" bold="true" box="[151,291,1953,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
<typeStatus id="40425987FFC1FFE9FF4724BA7CA61BA2" box="[151,204,1954,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC1FFE9FEFA24BA7EA21BA2" ID-CoL="RQLS" authority="(J. Y. Miller, 1976: 7)" authorityName="J. Y. Miller" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1976" baseAuthorityName="J. Y. Miller" baseAuthorityPageNumber="7" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[298,712,1953,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC1FFE9FEFA24BA7D8C1BA2" box="[298,486,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">Castnia escalantei</emphasis>
(J. Y. 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC1FFE9FDF624B97ED51BA2" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[550,703,1953,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller, 1976: 7</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, by present designation.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D7E3B4AEFFC0FFE8FF4723817EC91D07" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF4723817E8C1CAB" blockId="5.[151,742,152,287]" box="[151,742,152,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF4723817D371CAB" bold="true" box="[151,349,152,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Taxa included in</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC0FFE8FEB423807E1C1CAA" authority="J.Y. Miller" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[356,630,152,179]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FEB423807D921CAA" box="[356,504,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Escalantiana</emphasis>
J.Y. Miller
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FDAD23817E8C1CAB" bold="true" box="[637,742,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC0FFE8FDAD23817E8C1CAB" box="[637,742,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF4723A47EDF1CCF" blockId="5.[151,742,152,287]" box="[151,693,188,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC0FFE8FF4723A47E221CCF" ID-CoL="RQLS" authority="(J.Y. Miller 1976) (Castnia)" authorityName="J. Y. Miller" authorityYear="1976" baseAuthorityName="J. Y. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[151,584,188,215]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF4723A47D631CCE" box="[151,265,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">escalantei</emphasis>
(J.Y. 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC0FFE8FE9A23A47DBA1CCF" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[330,464,188,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller 1976</bibRefCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FE3823A57E551CCF" box="[488,575,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Castnia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FD8023A57EDF1CCF" bold="true" box="[592,693,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">n. comb.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF4723F87EE91CE3" blockId="5.[151,742,152,287]" box="[151,643,224,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC0FFE8FF4723F87E7F1CE3" authority="(Hopffer, 1857) (Castnia)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Hopffer" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,533,224,251]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF4723F87C841CE2" box="[151,238,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">chelone</emphasis>
(Hopffer, 1857) (
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FE6523F97E661CE3" box="[437,524,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Castnia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FDCD23F97EE91CE3" bold="true" box="[541,643,225,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">n. comb.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF47221C7EC91D07" blockId="5.[151,742,152,287]" box="[151,675,260,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC0FFE8FF47221C7E5C1D07" authority="(J.Y. Miller 1976) (Castnia)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="J. Y. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[151,566,260,287]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF47221C7C9C1D06" box="[151,246,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">estherae</emphasis>
(J.Y. 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC0FFE8FEE7221C7DD71D07" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[311,445,260,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller 1976</bibRefCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FE06221D7E471D07" box="[470,557,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Castnia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FDED221D7EC91D07" bold="true" box="[573,675,261,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">n. comb.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D7E3B4AEFFC0FFEBFF47225578A51D70" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" type="description">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF472255786B1EEA" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF4722557DA11D7F" bold="true" box="[151,459,332,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Male Diagnosis. Forewing</emphasis>
. Ground color grayish-brown with pale bifurcate Y-shaped marking which extends from the subcosta across the end of the discal cell and terminates in Cu 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FC52229A7FE01D88" attach="left" box="[898,906,386,400]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
-1A; diffuse postdiscal spot band extends from near apex to anal angle and reveals the darker spot band below; two irregular gray-brown spot bands along the submargin; base of wing gray-brown mixed with darker brown and black; numerous battledore-shaped scales present overscaling darker areas. Ground color ventral forewing paler warm ashen-brown basad overscaled with bluishblack in cell basad and terminating along a dark blackish-brown angular transverse band across the mid-discal cell, which is overscaled heavily with tawny along the distal edge; the Y-shaped markings from above are evident by two other bluish-black markings but reduced and edged heavily in tawny. These include: (1) a globular marking at end of the discal cell, which extends from R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD5021667EE21E94" attach="left" box="[640,648,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
-R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD7421667EC61E94" attach="left" box="[676,684,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
to M 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD3821667E9A1E94" attach="left" box="[744,752,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
-M 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FCC221667F701E94" attach="left" box="[786,794,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
; and (2) a postdiscal spot band which extends from R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FAA0216679121E94" attach="left" box="[1392,1400,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
-R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FA44216679F61E94" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">4</subScript>
to Cu 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FF0521BA7C8E1EA8" attach="left" box="[213,228,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">1a</subScript>
-Cu 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FEDE21BA7D741EA8" attach="left" box="[270,286,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">1b</subScript>
with fainter markings in Cu 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD8B21BA7E061EA8" attach="left" box="[603,620,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">1b</subScript>
-Cu 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD4621BA7EF41EA8" attach="left" box="[662,670,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
and Cu 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD2221BA7E901EA8" attach="left" box="[754,762,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
-1A. Intervening areas of Y-shaped markings and area along submargin warm ashen-brown. Veins darkened, warm ashen brown on both wings. Fringes above and below warm ashen brown to fuscous shading to tawny at anal angle and along anal margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF1721E47940180A" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF1721E47D2F1F0F" bold="true" box="[199,325,764,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Hindwing.</emphasis>
Dorsal ground color fuscous gray-brown with prominent black markings with a few interspersed iridescent blue scales. Margin bordered heavily in tawny posteriad which extends from near base of wing at 1A- 2A across the mid-cell toward the costal margin and recurves back as an extradiscal spot band edged on the inner and outer margins with tawny; an undulate diffuse gray-brown submarginal band and edge of lateral margin warm brown; basal erect androconial patch in cell. Ventral ground color warm fuscous ashen brown with markings similar to above but black markings not contiguous, without iridescent blue scales, and edged heavily in tawny with a few tawny scales overscaled on black areas; dense erect scales or pilli present in the secondary accessory cell. Fringe dorsally warm ashen gray-brown to fuscous shading to ashen gray-brown with tawny along anal margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF1727047D6118BB" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
Females are similar to males in terms of coloration and markings with double raised scales including even iridescent bluish scales on the dorsal hindwing (
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC0FFE8FD6A27587E9D1843" box="[698,759,1088,1115]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[173,1403,1000,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,985,1877]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Specimens of three Castniidae collected in Mexico: 1) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., male, Tequila, Jalisco, ex-larva in Agave tequilana Weber var.Azul (photo: Jorge Valdez Carrasco); 2) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb., male, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo (photo: Adolfo Ibarra); 3) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., female, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.); 4) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller), male, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414950/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The angular black marking on the hindwing cell below is more produced distad in the females. There can be a single, circular dark black-brown spot in the hindwing cell in either sex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF1727B579F1194E" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
Antennae dorsally and ventrally tawny and equal to one-half length of forewing costa, comprised of 63–68 segments; male nudum/apiculus, 9/18; female 
<date id="EB47C1E5FFC0FFE8FDA427C87E8318F3" box="[628,745,1232,1259]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" value="1925-09-23" valueMax="1925-09-09" valueMin="1925-09-23">9/23–9/25</date>
. Head, ashen gray-brown. Labial palpi fuscus, brown or cream extending along the eye length with the distal segment approximately one-fifth length of the second segment; proboscis absent or reduced. Legs (
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC0FFE8FE2C26007E2D192B" box="[508,583,1304,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1600,1625]" captionTargetBox="[210,1415,188,1574]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,171,1578]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 11. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. legs: (a) foreleg; (b) midleg; (c) hindleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414960/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">fig. 11</figureCitation>
): foreleg epiphysis reduced; both pairs of tibial spurs reduced but present on the mesothoracic and metathoracic legs; numerous spines on tarsi and also present on the outer margin of the tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF1726787F511986" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Abdomen dorsally fuscous gray-brown with darker brownish-black at posterior margin of abdominal segments; ventrally tawny shading to fuscous or gray-brown posteriad.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF1726B079591A4A" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
Wing venation (
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC0FFE8FEA926B07DAF19DB" box="[377,453,1448,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1766,1791]" captionTargetBox="[162,1372,403,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,373,1746]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 12. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. male palpus and male wing venation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414962/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">fig. 12</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC0FFE8FE0026B07E3F19DB" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[464,597,1448,1475]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller 1976</bibRefCitation>
) with the discal cell closed and with the tracheated recurrent vein and radial accessory vein somewhat reduced; subcosta free with R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FCD026C67F6219F4" attach="left" box="[768,776,1502,1516]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
arising from R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FC6026C67FD219F4" attach="left" box="[944,952,1502,1516]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
two-thirds along forewing costal length; R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FA4426C679F619F4" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,1502,1516]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">4</subScript>
and R 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FF09251A7C8B1A08" attach="left" box="[217,225,1538,1552]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">5</subScript>
somewhat connate at base; 2A incomplete with crossvein 1a-2a stalked and curved toward anal angle. Hindwing with discal cell closed in part; origins of Rs, M 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FD22253E7E901A2C" attach="left" box="[754,762,1574,1588]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
, and M 
<subScript id="037DE560FFC0FFE8FC83253E7F311A2C" attach="left" box="[851,859,1574,1588]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
approximate; prominent erect setose scales extend across secondary accessory scales and posteriad to anal margin. Frenulum bristles in female less than six.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFE8FF17254578511B6A" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF1725457D181A6F" bold="true" box="[199,370,1628,1655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC0FFE8FE5125447DA01A6E" box="[385,458,1628,1654]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1598,1623]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,933,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,913,1579]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–8. Male genitalia (lateral view) of three species of Castniidae: 6) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., (genitalia preparation M-2543, Jacqueline Y. Miller), Paratype, Acahuizotla, Guerrero, Mexico; viii.1973. Coll. A. Diaz Francis.; 7) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb. (from Miller (1976) Bull. Allyn Mus. 34: 1–13); 8) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. (genitalia preparation, Fernando Hernández-Baz), Zoyatepec, Guerrero, Mexico, iv.6.2016, Coll. J. P. Huerta P. (a) genital capsule; (b) phallus (phallobase + aedeagus); (c) uncus, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414954/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">figs. 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC0FFE8FE0625457D8C1A6F" box="[470,486,1629,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1987,2012]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,540,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 9. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., posterior view of uncus and tegumen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414956/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">9</figureCitation>
). The genitalic capsule is miniaturized with the uncus foreshortened and fused into a single square-shaped protuberance; dorsal uncus with a few raised small jagged bumps centrally and membranous area and along uncus with several blunt trichoid sensillae; gnathos heavily sclerotized and fused anteriad, deeply excavate posteriad, slightly dentate; subscaphium darkly sclerotized with deep indentation; valvae markedly reduced in size with distal portion recurved; saccus divided, and with dorsal portion heavily sclerotized. Phallobase recurved, heavily sclerotized, similar in diameter throughout and approximately equal to the length of the end of the saccus to the end of the valvae; aedeagus somewhat flattened, asymmetrical with heavily sclerotized plate contiguous with the main portion of phallus in sinistral view; membranous in dextral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC0FFEBFF1724657DCA1CCF" blockId="5.[151,1437,332,2015]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,153,540]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC0FFE8FF1724657DE61B8F" bold="true" box="[199,396,1916,1943]" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFC0FFE8FE4B24647D821B8F" box="[411,488,1916,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1962,1987]" captionTargetBox="[499,1065,577,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[472,1118,553,1942]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 13. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., female genitalia (dorsal Slide M-3028, Jacqueline Y. Miller) Mexico: Guerrero: Acahuizotla; v. 1958; Tarcisio Escalante." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414964/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Papillae anales blunt, moderately sclerotized, heavily setose; anterior and posterior apophyses not equal in length; sterigma lightly sclerotized in both dorsal and ventral views with lightly sclerotized plate posteriad of ostium bursae; setal tufts evident laterally and on sterigma dorsally and ventrally; ductus bursae lightly sclerotized near junction with bulla seminalis, membranous and undulate distad; corpus bursae and bulla seminalis membranous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC3FFEBFF1723F978A51D70" blockId="6.[151,1437,153,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFF1723F97EC21CE3" bold="true" box="[199,680,224,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Early Stages and Foodplant Association</emphasis>
. The 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFC3FFEBFD3A23F97F701CE3" box="[746,794,225,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
species is associated with Blue 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFB5923F978B81CE3" box="[1161,1234,225,251]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Agave</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFB3423F97D5F1D07" authority="F. A. C. Weber" authorityName="F. A. C. Weber" authorityYear="1902" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tequilana">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFB3423F979F61CE3" box="[1252,1436,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Agave tequilana</emphasis>
F.A.C. Weber
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFE91221D7DB41D07" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[321,478,261,287]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC3FFEBFE26221D7F071D07" author="Gonzalez Hernandez, H. &amp; Real Laborde, J. I. &amp; Solis Aguilar, J. F." box="[502,877,261,287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" refId="ref9359" refString="Gonzalez Hernandez, H., del Real Laborde, J. I. &amp; Solis Aguilar, J. F. (2007) Manejo de plagas del agave tequilero. Departamento de Parasitologia Agricola, Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo, 117 pp." type="book" year="2007">
González Hernández 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFD3D221E7F4A1D07" box="[749,800,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFC51221D781F1D07" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[897,1141,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFC51221D781F1D07" box="[897,1141,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Escalantiana chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFBAE221D788C1D07" bold="true" box="[1150,1254,261,287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC3FFEBFBAE221D788C1D07" box="[1150,1254,261,287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has been found boring in other 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFE9B22317D8C1D5B" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[331,486,297,323]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFE2A22317EB71D5B" authority="Zucc." authorityName="Zucc." box="[506,733,297,323]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFE2A22317EF81D5B" box="[506,658,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Agave striata</emphasis>
Zucc.
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC3FFEBFD2622317F921D5B" author="Aldasoro Maya, E. M." box="[758,1016,297,323]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" refId="ref8627" refString="Aldasoro Maya, E. M. (2000 a) Etnoentomologia de la comunidad Hnanu, El Dexthi - San Juanico, Hidalgo. Tesis de Biologia. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus Iztacala, Los Reyes Iztacala, 125 pp." type="book" year="2000">Aldasoro Maya 2000a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC3FFEBFBD6223178251D5B" author="Aldasoro Maya, E. M." box="[1030,1103,297,323]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" refId="ref8672" refString="Aldasoro Maya, E. M. (2000 b) Los Insectos en la Cultura Hnanu. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Mexico, D. F., 91 pp." type="book" year="2000">2000b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC3FFEBFB8D223178F21D5B" author="Aldasoro Maya, E. M." box="[1117,1176,297,323]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" pagination="63 - 72" refId="ref8709" refString="Aldasoro Maya, E. M. (2003) Etude ethno entomologique chez les Hnahnu de &quot; El Dexthi &quot; (vallee du Mezquital, Etat de Hidalgo, Mexique). In: Motte-Florac, E. &amp; Thomas, J. M. C. (Eds.), Les &quot; insectes &quot; dans la tradition orale / &quot; Insects &quot; in oral literarature and traditions. Peeters Publishing, Paris, pp. 63 - 72." type="book chapter" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC3FFEBFB7622317CB81D7F" author="Ramos-Elorduy, J. &amp; Pino Moreno, J. M. &amp; Ibarra Vazquez, A. &amp; Landero, I. &amp; Oliva-Rivera, H. &amp; Martinez Camacho, V. H." pageId="6" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10080" refString="Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino Moreno, J. M., Ibarra Vazquez, A., Landero, I., Oliva-Rivera, H. &amp; Martinez Camacho, V. H. (2011) Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7 (2), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1746 - 4269 - 7 - 2" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ramos-Elorduy 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFAB2223279F71D5B" box="[1378,1437,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), while 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFEFB22567DC31D7F" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[299,425,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFEFB22567DC31D7F" box="[299,425,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFE6022557E7F1D7F" bold="true" box="[432,533,333,359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC3FFEBFE6022557E7F1D7F" box="[432,533,333,359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
possibly attacks certain 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFCF922557FA91D7F" box="[809,963,333,359]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
(see discussion below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D7E3B4AEFFC3FFEBFF17226879791D93" box="[199,1299,368,395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC3FFEBFF17226879791D93" blockId="6.[151,1437,153,540]" box="[199,1299,368,395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFF1722687D0F1D93" bold="true" box="[199,357,368,395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Flight Period</emphasis>
: All specimens of the original 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFC3FFEBFD6E22697E841D93" box="[702,750,369,395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
series were collected from May through August.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D7E3B4AEFFC3FFEAFF17228D782E1D5B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC3FFEBFF17228D78B21E04" blockId="6.[151,1437,153,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFF17228D7D221DB7" bold="true" box="[199,328,405,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Etymology</emphasis>
. The genus is named to honor Dr. Tarsicio Escalante senior, who made so many excellent contributions to our knowledge of Mexican 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFDF422A17EC11DCB" box="[548,683,441,467]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
and for his immeasurable generosity in sharing his knowledge with other members of the scientific community throughout the world. The gender of the name is feminine. It should be noted that 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFEDD21197E6D1E03" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[269,519,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFEDD21197E6D1E03" box="[269,519,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Escalantiana estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFDDE21197E1E1E03" bold="true" box="[526,628,513,539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC3FFEBFDDE21197E1E1E03" box="[526,628,513,539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was named in honor of his wife, Esther (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFC3FFEBFB90211978A11E04" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1088,1227,513,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="CB86B7ADFFC3FFEBFF4724DB78161BC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3414956" box="[151,1148,1987,2012]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414956/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" startId="6.[151,250,1987,2012]" targetBox="[181,1407,540,1952]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC3FFEBFF4724DB78161BC4" blockId="6.[151,1148,1987,2012]" box="[151,1148,1987,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFF4724DB7D791BC4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1987,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC3FFEBFEC924DB7EE51BC4" authority="(J. Y. Miller)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[281,655,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFEC924DB7E661BC3" box="[281,524,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Escalantiana escalantei</emphasis>
(J.Y. Miller)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC3FFEBFD4524DB7E9B1BC3" bold="true" box="[661,753,1987,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC3FFEBFD4524DB7E9B1BC3" box="[661,753,1987,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, posterior view of uncus and tegumen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC2FFEAFF172380782E1D5B" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFF1723807D801CAB" bold="true" box="[199,490,152,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
. The original 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFC2FFEAFD5C23817ED61CAB" box="[652,700,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
series of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC2FFEAFCFD23827FD51CAB" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[813,959,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFCFD23827FD51CAB" box="[813,959,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included 
<specimenCount id="89FF2CACFFC2FFEAFBE0238178A31CAB" box="[1072,1225,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
from the Mexican states of 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFC2FFEAFF2C23A57D1F1CCF" box="[252,373,189,215]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFC2FFEAFE7D23A57E671CCF" box="[429,525,189,215]" country="Mexico" name="Morelos" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Morelos</collectingRegion>
, but most of them from various localities in Guererro. The 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFC2FFEAFB7923A578B31CCF" box="[1193,1241,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC2FFEAFAD023A679141CCF" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1280,1406,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFAD023A679141CCF" box="[1280,1406,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFA5623A57CB51CE3" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC2FFEAFA5623A57CB51CE3" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was reported from Jungapeo, 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFC2FFEAFDE323F97ED81CE3" box="[563,690,225,251]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
, but specimens have been collected in Zoyatepec and Acahuizotla, 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFC2FFEAFF47221D7D6A1D07" box="[151,256,261,287]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
. One of the specimens of the 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFC2FFEAFD9F221D7E151D07" box="[591,639,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
series, as well as specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC2FFEAFC37221E78341D07" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[999,1118,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFC37221E78341D07" box="[999,1118,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFBB6221D78A61D07" bold="true" box="[1126,1228,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC2FFEAFBB6221D78A61D07" box="[1126,1228,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are known from a few localities in 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFC2FFEAFE8122317DC51D5B" box="[337,431,297,323]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
. Consequently, the genus seems to be restricted to 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFC2FFEAFC372231782A1D5B" box="[999,1088,297,323]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="CB86B7ADFFC2FFEAFF4724C879451BF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414958" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3414958" box="[151,1327,2000,2025]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414958/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" startId="7.[151,250,2000,2025]" targetBox="[187,1421,366,1958]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC2FFEAFF4724C879451BF1" blockId="7.[151,1327,2000,2025]" box="[151,1327,2000,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFF4724C87D4A1BF1" bold="true" box="[151,288,2000,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC2FFEAFEF624C97EF11BF1" authority="(J. Y. Miller)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[294,667,2000,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFEF624C97E731BF1" box="[294,537,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Escalantiana escalantei</emphasis>
(J.Y. Miller)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC2FFEAFD7224C97E941BF1" bold="true" box="[674,766,2001,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC2FFEAFD7224C97E941BF1" box="[674,766,2001,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
female adult dorsal (above) and ventral (below) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CB86B7ADFFCDFFE5FF47255878CB1A41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3414960" box="[151,1185,1600,1625]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414960/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" startId="8.[151,250,1600,1625]" targetBox="[210,1415,188,1574]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCDFFE5FF47255878CB1A41" blockId="8.[151,1185,1600,1625]" box="[151,1185,1600,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FF4725587D741A41" bold="true" box="[151,286,1600,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FEF525587EF01A41" authority="(J. Y. Miller)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[293,666,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FEF525587E721A40" box="[293,536,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Escalantiana escalantei</emphasis>
(J.Y. Miller)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FD7025597E971A41" bold="true" box="[672,765,1601,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCDFFE5FD7025597E971A41" box="[672,765,1601,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
legs: 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FCE925587F3D1A41" bold="true" box="[825,855,1600,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">(a)</emphasis>
foreleg; 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FC6225587FBB1A41" bold="true" box="[946,977,1600,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">(b)</emphasis>
midleg; 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FBFB2558782D1A41" bold="true" box="[1067,1095,1600,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">(c)</emphasis>
hindleg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="D7E3B4AEFFCDFFE1FF17259E79061EEB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCDFFE4FF17259E78071D7F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1670,2022]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FF17259E7D221AB9" bold="true" box="[199,328,1670,1697]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Comments</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FE88259F7E641AB9" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[344,526,1671,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FE88259F7E641AB9" box="[344,526,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Castnia chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCDFFE5FDCF259F7E031AB9" box="[543,617,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[173,1403,1000,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,985,1877]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Specimens of three Castniidae collected in Mexico: 1) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., male, Tequila, Jalisco, ex-larva in Agave tequilana Weber var.Azul (photo: Jorge Valdez Carrasco); 2) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb., male, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo (photo: Adolfo Ibarra); 3) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., female, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.); 4) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller), male, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414950/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">figs. 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCDFFE5FDA7259F7EEC1AB9" box="[631,646,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1598,1623]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,933,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,913,1579]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–8. Male genitalia (lateral view) of three species of Castniidae: 6) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., (genitalia preparation M-2543, Jacqueline Y. Miller), Paratype, Acahuizotla, Guerrero, Mexico; viii.1973. Coll. A. Diaz Francis.; 7) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb. (from Miller (1976) Bull. Allyn Mus. 34: 1–13); 8) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. (genitalia preparation, Fernando Hernández-Baz), Zoyatepec, Guerrero, Mexico, iv.6.2016, Coll. J. P. Huerta P. (a) genital capsule; (b) phallus (phallobase + aedeagus); (c) uncus, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414954/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">7</figureCitation>
) was originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FC08259F78E91AB9" author="Hopffer, C. H." box="[984,1155,1670,1697]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" refId="ref9426" refString="Hopffer, C. H. (1856) Neue oder wenig bekannte Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des konigl. zoologischen Musei der Universitat zu Berlin. Vol. 2. A. W. Schade, Berlin, 8 + [1] pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1856">Hopffer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
based on two males and one female from 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCDFFE5FE8E25B37DDE1ADD" box="[350,436,1707,1733]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(“Drei Exemplare, Zwei Männchen, ein Weibchen von 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCDFFE5FBE925B378FC1ADE" box="[1081,1174,1707,1734]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Mexico</collectingCountry>
”). 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FB6425B379241ADE" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1204,1358,1707,1734]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller (1976)</bibRefCitation>
designated one of the males as the 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFCDFFE5FE3E25D77E321AF1" box="[494,600,1743,1769]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. Curiously the 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFCDFFE5FCD625D77F071AF1" box="[774,877,1743,1769]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
was subsequently stolen from the MfN, together with many other specimens, by an unscrupulous dealer (R. Worthy, pers. comm.). Fortunately, a collection given to the Museum by the heirs of an Ernst Jugl contained “many of the stolen specimens which it is believed he bought from the dealer in question. Amongst these was the 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFCDFFE5FD3724237F241B4D" box="[743,846,1851,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FCA524237FA61B4D" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[885,972,1851,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FCA524237FA61B4D" box="[885,972,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along with several other castniid types.” (R. Worthy, pers. comm.). Later, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FDDD24477EA81B61" author="Houlbert, C." box="[525,706,1887,1913]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" pagination="97 - 110" refId="ref9475" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, pp. 97 - 110." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FCCB24787FF81B61" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[795,914,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FCCB24787FF81B61" box="[795,914,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">E. chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the genus 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FBFA244778A61B61" box="[1066,1228,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Sympalamides</emphasis>
[sic] based not on actual specimens but on the figures in 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FD83249B7F6B1B85" author="Hopffer, C. H." box="[595,769,1922,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" refId="ref9426" refString="Hopffer, C. H. (1856) Neue oder wenig bekannte Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des konigl. zoologischen Musei der Universitat zu Berlin. Vol. 2. A. W. Schade, Berlin, 8 + [1] pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1856">Hopffer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FCDF249B7FCF1B85" author="Preiss, P." box="[783,933,1923,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" refId="ref10044" refString="Preiss, P. (1899) Neue und seltene Arten des Lepidopteren-Genus Castnia. Author, Ludwigshafen, 11 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9340" type="book" year="1899">Preiss (1899)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FC30249B78EA1B85" author="Strand, E." box="[992,1152,1923,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref10204" refString="Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1913">Strand (1913)</bibRefCitation>
. From 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FB02249B79F61B85" author="Houlbert, C." box="[1234,1436,1923,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" pagination="97 - 110" refId="ref9475" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, pp. 97 - 110." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert’s (1918)</bibRefCitation>
notes on 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FF2E24B07D1E1BD9" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[254,372,1959,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FF2E24B07D1E1BD9" box="[254,372,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">E. chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it appears that he was uncertain of the relationship between this species and the other species in the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FEFA24D37DDE1BFE" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[298,436,1995,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller 1976</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FE1724D37EFC1BFD" baseAuthorityName="J. Y. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[455,662,1995,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FE1724D37EFC1BFD" box="[455,662,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Castnia escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCDFFE5FD6B24D47F211BFD" baseAuthorityName="J. Y. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[699,843,1995,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCDFFE5FD6B24D47F211BFD" box="[699,843,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was later described by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCDFFE5FB8824D378841BFE" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1112,1262,1995,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller (1976)</bibRefCitation>
based on seven males and four females collected from several localities in three Mexican states. 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FBCC238178D91CAC" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1052,1203,153,180]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9539" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1976) Studies in the Castniidae. II. Descriptions of Three New Species of Castnia, s. l. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 34, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller (1976)</bibRefCitation>
also described 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FAB023817D4B1CCF" authorityName="J. Y. Miller" authorityYear="1976" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FAB023817D4B1CCF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Castnia estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FE9123A67DD51CCF" authorityName="J. Y. Miller" authorityYear="1976" box="[321,447,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FE9123A67DD51CCF" box="[321,447,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on a single female specimen collected in Purúa, 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFCCFFE4FBE023A578C51CCF" box="[1072,1199,189,215]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCCFFE4FB6A23A579791CCF" box="[1210,1299,189,215]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Eventually, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FF4723F97D451CE3" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[151,303,224,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref9622" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FEB623F97E681CE3" author="Lamas, G." box="[358,514,224,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref9503" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 75 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FD8923F97F651CE3" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[601,783,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FD8923F97F651CE3" box="[601,783,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Castnia chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FC9523F97FB21CE3" baseAuthorityName="J. Y. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[837,984,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FC9523F97FB21CE3" box="[837,984,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">C. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FBBD23F979631CE3" box="[1133,1289,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FBBD23F979631CE3" box="[1133,1289,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which comprises mostly Brazilian species, these two being the only ones in the group from outside South America. The latter designation was kept by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FE7C22317EAC1D5B" author="Moraes, S. de &amp; Duarte, M." box="[428,710,297,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref9767" refString="Moraes, S. de. S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte (2014)</bibRefCitation>
. Curiously, 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FC9B22327FA31D5B" authorityName="J. Y. Miller" authorityYear="1976" box="[843,969,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FC9B22327FA31D5B" box="[843,969,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FB1E223179021D5B" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1230,1384,296,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref9622" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FF4722557D591D7F" author="Lamas, G." box="[151,307,332,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref9503" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 75 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FEBA22557EEA1D7F" author="Moraes, S. de &amp; Duarte, M." box="[362,640,333,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref9767" refString="Moraes, S. de. S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte (2014)</bibRefCitation>
preserved it in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FC4F225578071D7F" authority="Fabricius." authorityName="Fabricius." box="[927,1133,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FC4F22557F9C1D7F" box="[927,1014,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Castnia</emphasis>
Fabricius.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="CB86B7ADFFCCFFE4FF4725FE78141AE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414962" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3414962" box="[151,1150,1766,1791]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414962/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" startId="9.[151,250,1766,1791]" targetBox="[162,1372,403,1728]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCCFFE4FF4725FE78141AE7" blockId="9.[151,1150,1766,1791]" box="[151,1150,1766,1791]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FF4725FE7D4A1AE7" bold="true" box="[151,288,1766,1791]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FEF625FF7EF11AE7" authority="(J. Y. Miller)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[294,667,1766,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FEF625FF7E731AE7" box="[294,537,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Escalantiana escalantei</emphasis>
(J.Y. Miller)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FD7225FF7E941AE7" bold="true" box="[674,766,1767,1791]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCCFFE4FD7225FF7E941AE7" box="[674,766,1767,1791]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
male palpus and male wing venation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCCFFE7FF17243579FA1E04" blockId="9.[151,1436,1837,2044]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
The present distribution of neotropical 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FDA524357E811B5F" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[629,747,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Castniinae">Castniinae</taxonomicName>
seems to support vicariance events described by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FAD6243679F61B5F" author="Rosen, D. E." box="[1286,1436,1837,1864]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="159 - 188" refId="ref10168" refString="Rosen, D. E. (1978) Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 27, 159 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2412970" type="journal article" year="1978">Rosen (1978)</bibRefCitation>
(“a major vicariance event during the early tertiary led to the eastward drift of the proto-Antilles relative to their position between nuclear Central America and South America. This resulted in the fragmentation of the more-or-less continuous biota into Middle America, Antillean, and South American components. With the extensive mountain building in northern 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCCFFE4FE5724A57DB51BCF" box="[391,479,1981,2007]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, this same process isolated both the northern and southern elements of the Middle America biota …” 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCCFFE4FEBF24F97D931BE4" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[367,505,2017,2044]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCCFFE4FDDD24F97EC31BE3" box="[525,681,2017,2043]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCCFFE4FDDD24F97EC31BE3" box="[525,681,2017,2043]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a genus found mostly in Southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCCFFE4FBAC24F978A91BE3" box="[1148,1219,2017,2043]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, even though some species have been recorded as far west as 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FDAB23817EA71CAB" box="[635,717,153,179]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and as far North as 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FC6A238178471CAB" box="[954,1069,153,179]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FBB6238178AF1CAB" box="[1126,1221,153,179]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
(Ríos &amp; González 2011, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FF0C23A57D0B1CCF" author="Penco, F." box="[220,353,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref10011" refString="Penco, F. (2011) Lepidoptera Argentina, Catalogo ilustrado y comentado de las mariposas de Argentina. Parte 1. Castniidae. Author's publication, Moron, 41 pp." type="book" year="2011">Penco 2011</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FEBC23A57EFE1CCF" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Worthy, B." box="[364,660,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="177 - 183" refId="ref9298" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Worthy, B. (2017) First records of Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in Venezuela, with comments on its natural history. Check List, 13 (4), 177 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.4.177" type="journal article" year="2017">González &amp; Worthy, 2017</bibRefCitation>
). According to 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FCEE23A57F821CCF" author="Rosen, D. E." box="[830,1000,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="159 - 188" refId="ref10168" refString="Rosen, D. E. (1978) Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 27, 159 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2412970" type="journal article" year="1978">Rosen’s (1978)</bibRefCitation>
theory, the range of the ancestral stock of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FF6823F97D3E1CE3" box="[184,340,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FF6823F97D3E1CE3" box="[184,340,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was possibly more widely distributed in the early tertiary (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FC2D23F978E01CE4" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1021,1162,225,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). But after the eastward drift of the proto-Antilles into their current position, that ancestral stock generated today’s endemic 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB25221D79F71D07" authority="Houlbert" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[1269,1437,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Ircila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB25221D79581D07" box="[1269,1330,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Ircila</emphasis>
Houlbert
</taxonomicName>
(only found in Hispaniola), 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FE1F22317E011D5B" box="[463,619,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE1F22317E011D5B" box="[463,619,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proper in South America (mainly Eastern 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FB97223178E41D5B" box="[1095,1166,297,323]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, but other South American countries) and a Mexican group (“ancestral 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FD7A22557F2C1D7F" box="[682,838,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD7A22557F2C1D7F" box="[682,838,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”). Thus, the “ancestral 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB9B2255788D1D7F" box="[1099,1255,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB9B2255788D1D7F" box="[1099,1255,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” would become the herein proposed genus 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FE1722697E311D93" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[455,603,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE1722697E311D93" box="[455,603,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FDB322697EA71D93" bold="true" box="[611,717,369,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FDB322697EA71D93" box="[611,717,369,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
whose associated species 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC28226A78051D93" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1016,1135,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC28226A78051D93" box="[1016,1135,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FBA7226978B71D93" box="[1143,1245,369,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FBA7226978BC1D93" bold="true" box="[1143,1238,369,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">n. comb</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB3C226A79141D93" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1260,1406,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB3C226A79141D93" box="[1260,1406,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FA5622697CB51DB7" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FA5622697CB21DB7" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">n. comb</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FECD228E7DF61DB7" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[285,412,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FECD228E7DF61DB7" box="[285,412,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FE73228D7E631DB7" box="[419,521,405,431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE73228D7E681DB7" bold="true" box="[419,514,405,431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">n. comb</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, share certain morphological features, such as wing venation, scale development, and male and female genitalia, that align them close to 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FD2822A17F131DCB" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[760,889,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Corybantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD2822A17F131DCB" box="[760,889,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Corybantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, their distributional range [
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FACB22A179F61DCB" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1307,1436,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Corybantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FACB22A179F61DCB" box="[1307,1436,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Corybantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are mainly South American, even though 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FD6E22C578411DEF" authority="(Westwood, 1877)" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[702,1067,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Corybantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veraguana">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD6E22C57F3D1DEF" box="[702,855,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">C. veraguana</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1877)
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FAEA22C479FC1DEF" box="[1338,1430,476,503]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Panama</collectingCountry>
] has been restricted for such a long time that sufficient evolutionary isolation has certainly occurred (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FB28211979E91E04" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1272,1411,513,540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCFFFE7FF17213D7FCA1F47" blockId="10.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
A phylogenetic analysis was done by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FDAD213D7F7D1E58" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[637,791,549,576]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller (1986)</bibRefCitation>
with a selection of apomorphic characters based on the method of argumentation scheme (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FDC721517EC71E7C" author="Hennig, W." box="[535,685,585,612]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9404" refString="Hennig, W. (1966) Phylogenetic Systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 263 pp." type="book" year="1966">Hennig 1966</bibRefCitation>
). The chosen outgroups to compare with the Neotropical 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FAF6215179F61E7B" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[1318,1436,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Castniinae">Castniinae</taxonomicName>
were the 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FF2D21757D8A1E90" box="[253,480,621,648]" class="Insecta" family="Cossidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cossinae">Cossinae (Cossidae)</taxonomicName>
and the genus 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FD5521757F061E9F" authority="Doubleday" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1846" box="[645,876,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD5521757E801E9F" box="[645,746,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synemon</emphasis>
Doubleday
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FCAA21757F9C1E9F" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1828" box="[890,1014,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FBD0217578111E9F" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[1024,1147,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Castniinae">Castniinae</taxonomicName>
: Synemonini) which were regarded as ancestral groups (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FE3621897E1B1EB4" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[486,625,657,684]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FD5521897F771EB4" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[645,797,657,684]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller (1986)</bibRefCitation>
used a large number of morphological characters to perform several analyses resulting in three phylogenetic trees. 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FCED21AD7F831EC8" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[829,1001,693,720]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller’s (1986)</bibRefCitation>
results show that in every cladogram, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FED621C17DF01EEB" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[262,410,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FED621C17DF01EEB" box="[262,410,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FE7021C17E631EEB" box="[416,521,729,755]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE7021C17E691EEB" bold="true" box="[416,515,729,755]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">gen. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
appears close to 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD1521C17FD11EEB" box="[709,955,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FD1521C17F301EEB" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[709,858,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Eupalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eupalamides</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FCB421C17FD11EEB" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[868,955,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Amauta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amauta</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC2621C1781D1EEB" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1014,1143,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Corybantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC2621C1781D1EEB" box="[1014,1143,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Corybantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while appearing distantly related to 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FED621E57D941F0F" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[262,510,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FED621E57DC81F0F" box="[262,418,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
, though the latter is clearly basal to 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC5D21E5784B1F0F" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[909,1057,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC5D21E5784B1F0F" box="[909,1057,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FBF721E578FB1F0F" box="[1063,1169,765,791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FBF721E578E11F0F" bold="true" box="[1063,1163,765,791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">gen. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Even though 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FAFC21E57D5C1F23" author="Moraes, S. de &amp; Duarte, M." pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref9767" refString="Moraes, S. de. S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte (2014)</bibRefCitation>
present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the family, they did not study these Mexican species and kept them under the assignments provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FD2D205D7FF71F47" author="Lamas, G." box="[765,925,836,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref9503" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 75 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCFFFE7FF1720717D501987" blockId="10.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
As discussed above, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FE6320717E031F9B" author="Houlbert, C." box="[435,617,873,899]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="97 - 110" refId="ref9475" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, pp. 97 - 110." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
and others originally placed 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC62207178021F9B" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[946,1128,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC62207178021F9B" box="[946,1128,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Castnia chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FAD1207179F71F9B" box="[1281,1437,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FAD1207179F71F9B" box="[1281,1437,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the similarity of the forewing markings. However, members of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC7D209578231FBF" box="[941,1097,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC7D209578231FBF" box="[941,1097,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a coiled proboscis while species of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FEDE20A97DC81FD3" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[270,418,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FEDE20A97DC81FD3" box="[270,418,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE7920A97E791FD3" bold="true" box="[425,531,945,971]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FE7920A97E791FD3" box="[425,531,945,971]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have either a reduced or aberrant proboscis. The palpi are reduced in 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FAF620AA79F61FD3" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1318,1436,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FAF620AA79F61FD3" box="[1318,1436,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FF4720CD7C941FF7" bold="true" box="[151,254,981,1007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FF4720CD7C941FF7" box="[151,254,981,1007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FEE620CE7DA21FF7" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[310,456,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FEE620CE7DA21FF7" box="[310,456,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE1F20CD7E5C1FF7" bold="true" box="[463,566,981,1007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FE1F20CD7E5C1FF7" box="[463,566,981,1007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
but somewhat larger in 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC9920CE7FA21FF7" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[841,968,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC9920CE7FA21FF7" box="[841,968,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC0020CD785D1FF7" bold="true" box="[976,1079,981,1007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FC0020CD785D1FF7" box="[976,1079,981,1007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
In addition, there are a number of distinctive features that distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FDEF20E17EB9180B" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[575,723,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FDEF20E17EB9180B" box="[575,723,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD0920E17F28180B" bold="true" box="[729,834,1017,1043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FD0920E17F28180B" box="[729,834,1017,1043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC5420E17842180B" box="[900,1064,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC5420E17849180B" box="[900,1059,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synpalamides</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Those include the Y-shaped forewing markings with the two layers of wing scales along with specialized wing scales and androconial scale patches basally on the forewing. Also, the hindwing, dorsally, and especially the ventral hindwing in 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB612759792F1843" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[1201,1349,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB612759792F1843" box="[1201,1349,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FA9D275979F61843" box="[1357,1436,1089,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FA9D275979FC1843" bold="true" box="[1357,1430,1089,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">gen. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Black markings with iridescent blue scales are present on the hindwing in both sexes (in 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB5B277E79771867" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1163,1309,1125,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB5B277E79771867" box="[1163,1309,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FAF5277D79E61867" box="[1317,1420,1125,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FAF5277D79EF1867" bold="true" box="[1317,1413,1125,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">n. comb</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
). Androconial scales in cell basad and the setal brush in the cell extending along M 
<subScript id="037DE560FFCFFFE7FBF12782784318B0" attach="left" box="[1057,1065,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">1</subScript>
(in 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB85279278B918BB" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1109,1235,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB85279278B918BB" box="[1109,1235,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FB092791795418BB" box="[1241,1342,1161,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB092791795D18BB" bold="true" box="[1241,1335,1161,1187]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">n. comb</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
) as well as other specialized scales. While it is not unusual to see the setal patches on the dorsal hindwings in a number of the 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FF1027C97D4218F3" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[192,296,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Castniini">Castniini</taxonomicName>
, the number of specialized androconial and other 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFCFFFE7FC8527C97FFA18F3" box="[853,912,1233,1259]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">types</typeStatus>
of scales present on the wings in 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FAD827C979F618F3" authority="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller, 2019" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" box="[1288,1436,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FAD827C979F618F3" box="[1288,1436,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FF4727ED7D681917" bold="true" box="[151,258,1269,1295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FF4727ED7D681917" box="[151,258,1269,1295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is remarkable. Finally, the reduced male genitalic capsule is present in all three species (
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCFFFE7FB2D27ED79091908" box="[1277,1379,1269,1296]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1598,1623]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,933,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,913,1579]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–8. Male genitalia (lateral view) of three species of Castniidae: 6) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., (genitalia preparation M-2543, Jacqueline Y. Miller), Paratype, Acahuizotla, Guerrero, Mexico; viii.1973. Coll. A. Diaz Francis.; 7) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb. (from Miller (1976) Bull. Allyn Mus. 34: 1–13); 8) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. (genitalia preparation, Fernando Hernández-Baz), Zoyatepec, Guerrero, Mexico, iv.6.2016, Coll. J. P. Huerta P. (a) genital capsule; (b) phallus (phallobase + aedeagus); (c) uncus, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">figs. 6–8</figureCitation>
) and specialized trichoid sensillae are evident near the uncus of the males (
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCFFFE7FC1726017863192B" box="[967,1033,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1987,2012]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,540,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1967]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 9. Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., posterior view of uncus and tegumen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414956/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Contrary to 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FB7F26017921192B" box="[1199,1355,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synpalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FB7F26017921192B" box="[1199,1355,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Synpalamides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whose phallobase is thin, deeply curved, somewhat contorted, and less than half the length of the aedeagus, with the latter terminating with a straight lateroterminal projection at the tip (
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FCB326797F841963" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[867,1006,1377,1403]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FC2C267979621963" author="Moraes, S. de &amp; Duarte, M." box="[1020,1288,1377,1403]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref9767" refString="Moraes, S. de. S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte 2014</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FAC426797D441987" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Worthy, B." pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="177 - 183" refId="ref9298" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Worthy, B. (2017) First records of Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in Venezuela, with comments on its natural history. Check List, 13 (4), 177 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.4.177" type="journal article" year="2017">González &amp; Worthy 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCFFFE7FF1726B07D511AFB" blockId="10.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FF1726B07D2919DB" bold="true" box="[199,323,1448,1475]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Bionomics</emphasis>
. Even though 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FE3826B27E0D19DB" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[488,615,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE3826B27E0D19DB" box="[488,615,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FDBE26B17EBE19DB" bold="true" box="[622,724,1449,1475]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FDBE26B17EBE19DB" box="[622,724,1449,1475]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was originally known from a female 
<typeStatus id="40425987FFCFFFE7FBAB26B178B719DB" box="[1147,1245,1449,1475]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Purúa, 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFCFFFE7FAA226B17C9C19FF" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
, the additional specimens reported herein were all found in Zoyatepec, 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFCFFFE7FBF226D578E019FF" box="[1058,1162,1485,1511]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, considerably extending the geographic range of the species. There is a possibility that the species might also be found in the southwestern forests of the state of 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FE49250D7D981A37" box="[409,498,1557,1583]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. The region where our specimens were found is clearly a low elevation Tropical Deciduous Forest. The collection site is in a transitional zone with grasses (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FC26252178321A4B" box="[1014,1112,1593,1619]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), numerous bushes and oaks (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FF4F25457D611A6F" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[159,267,1629,1655]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
) and pines (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FE4725457E6B1A60" box="[407,513,1629,1656]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
), with an abundance of epiphytic bromeliads (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FBC0254578C41A60" box="[1040,1198,1629,1656]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
) and orchids (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FA8125457C8F1A84" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
) on most larger trees (
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCFFFE7FE3C25997E0A1A84" box="[492,608,1665,1692]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1450,1475]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1430]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 14. Habitat in which Escalantiana estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. was collected in Zoyatepec, Guerrero, Mexico: a) access to site showing bushes and some of the tree species; b) Tropical Deciduous Forest with oaks with multiple epiphytic plants; c) Tillandsia prodigiosa (Lemaire) Baker (Bromeliaceae) plants on branches of an oak (Quercus sp., Fagaceae). (Photos: John Phill Huerta P.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414968/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">fig 14a, b</figureCitation>
). Thus far, we have identified its potential larval hostplant as 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FAFC25997E021AD8" authority="(Lem.) Baker" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1888" baseAuthorityName="Lemaire" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Tillandsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prodigiosa">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FAFC25997D651AA7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Tillandsia prodigiosa</emphasis>
(Lem.) Baker (Bromeliaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCFFFE7FDAA25BD7EA71AD8" box="[634,717,1701,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1450,1475]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,769,1430]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 14. Habitat in which Escalantiana estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb. was collected in Zoyatepec, Guerrero, Mexico: a) access to site showing bushes and some of the tree species; b) Tropical Deciduous Forest with oaks with multiple epiphytic plants; c) Tillandsia prodigiosa (Lemaire) Baker (Bromeliaceae) plants on branches of an oak (Quercus sp., Fagaceae). (Photos: John Phill Huerta P.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414968/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">fig.14c</figureCitation>
). This plant is the most abundant bromeliad in and around the collecting site.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCFFFE6FF1725F57D581E03" blockId="10.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,153,539]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
However, a paper on edible 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FE2F25F57EEC1B1F" box="[511,646,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FD7925F57E951B1F" box="[681,767,1773,1799]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FCDC25F578561B1F" author="Ramos-Elorduy, J. &amp; Pino Moreno, J. M. &amp; Ibarra Vazquez, A. &amp; Landero, I. &amp; Oliva-Rivera, H. &amp; Martinez Camacho, V. H." box="[780,1084,1773,1799]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10080" refString="Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino Moreno, J. M., Ibarra Vazquez, A., Landero, I., Oliva-Rivera, H. &amp; Martinez Camacho, V. H. (2011) Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7 (2), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1746 - 4269 - 7 - 2" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ramos-Elorduy 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC1625F67F971B1F" box="[966,1021,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) provided information on a different host (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FEF124097E691B33" authority="Zucc." authorityName="Zucc." box="[289,515,1809,1835]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FEF124097DD21B33" box="[289,440,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Agave striata</emphasis>
Zucc.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FDDE24097EC11B33" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[526,683,1809,1835]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
) for another species in the genus, 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FBE22409794C1B33" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1074,1318,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FBE22409794C1B33" box="[1074,1318,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Escalantiana chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FAFE240979FF1B33" bold="true" box="[1326,1429,1809,1835]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FAFE240979FF1B33" box="[1326,1429,1809,1835]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, which has been infrequently encountered in museum and private collections. 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FBD4242D78F61B48" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1028,1180,1845,1872]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref9579" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller (1986)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that perhaps these insects were using 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FE7B24417D9B1B6B" box="[427,497,1881,1907]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FE7B24417D9B1B6B" box="[427,497,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Agave</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. as larval hostplant. In fact, native tribes of Hñähñu, Nahuatl and Otomi ethnicity in 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFCFFFE7FF0C24657D531B8F" box="[220,313,1917,1943]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FE9624657DF41B8F" box="[326,414,1917,1943]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, use the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FDA024667E821B8F" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[624,744,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FDA024667E821B8F" box="[624,744,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FD2124657F321B8F" bold="true" box="[753,856,1917,1943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCFFFE7FD2124657F321B8F" box="[753,856,1917,1943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
rather extensively in their diet, they are consumed fried, most especially during Easter and are collected from 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCFFFE7FCFA24B97FAA1BA3" box="[810,960,1953,1979]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FCFA24B97FAA1BA3" box="[810,960,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Agave striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a rather unusual plant native to northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFCFFFE7FF1324DD7D731BC7" box="[195,281,1989,2015]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FEF824DD7E4D1BC7" author="Aldasoro Maya, E. M." box="[296,551,1989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref8627" refString="Aldasoro Maya, E. M. (2000 a) Etnoentomologia de la comunidad Hnanu, El Dexthi - San Juanico, Hidalgo. Tesis de Biologia. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus Iztacala, Los Reyes Iztacala, 125 pp." type="book" year="2000">Aldasoro Maya 2000a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FDE424DD7E161BC7" author="Aldasoro Maya, E. M." box="[564,636,1989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" refId="ref8672" refString="Aldasoro Maya, E. M. (2000 b) Los Insectos en la Cultura Hnanu. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Mexico, D. F., 91 pp." type="book" year="2000">2000b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FD5924DD7EAE1BC7" author="Aldasoro Maya, E. M." box="[649,708,1989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="63 - 72" refId="ref8709" refString="Aldasoro Maya, E. M. (2003) Etude ethno entomologique chez les Hnahnu de &quot; El Dexthi &quot; (vallee du Mezquital, Etat de Hidalgo, Mexique). In: Motte-Florac, E. &amp; Thomas, J. M. C. (Eds.), Les &quot; insectes &quot; dans la tradition orale / &quot; Insects &quot; in oral literarature and traditions. Peeters Publishing, Paris, pp. 63 - 72." type="book chapter" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCFFFE7FD0024DD786C1BC7" author="Ramos-Elorduy, J. &amp; Pino Moreno, J. M. &amp; Ibarra Vazquez, A. &amp; Landero, I. &amp; Oliva-Rivera, H. &amp; Martinez Camacho, V. H." box="[720,1030,1989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref10080" refString="Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino Moreno, J. M., Ibarra Vazquez, A., Landero, I., Oliva-Rivera, H. &amp; Martinez Camacho, V. H. (2011) Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7 (2), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1746 - 4269 - 7 - 2" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ramos-Elorduy 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCFFFE7FC5A24DE7FA91BC7" box="[906,963,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Their habitat is tropical deciduous forest and extends to 
<quantity id="58014AC0FFCEFFE6FE5F23817E491CAB" box="[399,547,153,179]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="2300.0" valueMax="2600.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–2600m</quantity>
elevation with tropical species present in gallery forest in addition to a scrub oak-juniper association and permanent streams in the valleys during the winter. Thus, the representatives of this genus have adapted to some rather interesting and distinct habitats. Also, 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCEFFE6FC0423F979381CE3" author="Gonzalez Hernandez, H. &amp; Real Laborde, J. I. &amp; Solis Aguilar, J. F." box="[980,1362,225,251]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref9359" refString="Gonzalez Hernandez, H., del Real Laborde, J. I. &amp; Solis Aguilar, J. F. (2007) Manejo de plagas del agave tequilero. Departamento de Parasitologia Agricola, Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo, 117 pp." type="book" year="2007">
González Hernández 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FB1723FA796A1CE3" box="[1223,1280,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
report “ 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FF74221D7D031D07" box="[164,361,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FF74221D7D351D07" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[164,351,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">Castnia chelone</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
(but the pictures presented show that it is clearly 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FC72221E785E1D07" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[930,1076,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FC72221E785E1D07" box="[930,1076,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FBEB221D78C81D07" bold="true" box="[1083,1186,261,287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCEFFE6FBEB221D78C81D07" box="[1083,1186,261,287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) attacking blue agave (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FF7122317D901D5C" authority="F. A. C. Weber" authorityName="F. A. C. Weber" authorityYear="1902" box="[161,506,297,324]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tequilana">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FF7122317D321D5B" box="[161,344,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Agave tequilana</emphasis>
F.A.C. Weber
</taxonomicName>
) in Tequila, 
<collectingRegion id="5D3D29C7FFCEFFE6FD5622317EB81D5B" box="[646,722,297,323]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="07C2FBA0FFCEFFE6FD3222317F771D5B" box="[738,797,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[173,1403,1000,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,985,1877]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Specimens of three Castniidae collected in Mexico: 1) Escalantiana escalantei (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., male, Tequila, Jalisco, ex-larva in Agave tequilana Weber var.Azul (photo: Jorge Valdez Carrasco); 2) E. chelone (Hopffer) n. comb., male, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo (photo: Adolfo Ibarra); 3) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller) n. comb., female, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.); 4) E. estherae (J.Y. Miller), male, Zoyatepec, Guerrero (photo: Bernardo López G.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414950/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">fig. 1</figureCitation>
). It appears that 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FC0C223278041D5B" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[988,1134,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FC0C223278041D5B" box="[988,1134,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FBA5223178B11D5B" bold="true" box="[1141,1243,297,323]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCEFFE6FBA5223178B11D5B" box="[1141,1243,297,323]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(sometimes confused as 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FF2D22557DD91D7F" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[253,435,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chelone">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FF2D22557DD91D7F" box="[253,435,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Castnia chelone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but other times as 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FD4722557FB51D70" authority="(Walker)" authorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[663,991,333,360]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Aegiale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperiaris">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FD4722557F191D7F" box="[663,883,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Aegiale hesperiaris</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FBD822557C8A1D93" authority="Felder &amp; Felder" authorityName="Felder &amp; Felder" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acentrocneme" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperiaris">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FBD8225579471D7F" box="[1032,1325,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Acentrocneme hesperiaris</emphasis>
Felder &amp; Felder
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FF3D22697D1F1D94" box="[237,373,369,396]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
) was frequently found attacking the crop during the 1950s but more recently it is uncommon (H. González H., pers. comm.; 
<bibRefCitation id="FB689AD4FFCEFFE6FE3F228D7F3C1DB7" author="Gonzalez Hernandez, H. &amp; Real Laborde, J. I. &amp; Solis Aguilar, J. F." box="[495,854,405,431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref9359" refString="Gonzalez Hernandez, H., del Real Laborde, J. I. &amp; Solis Aguilar, J. F. (2007) Manejo de plagas del agave tequilero. Departamento de Parasitologia Agricola, Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo, 117 pp." type="book" year="2007">
González Hernández 
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FD0E228E7F641DB7" box="[734,782,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
; CMFCP 2007). It seems that 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FB72228E79581DB7" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1186,1330,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FB72228E79581DB7" box="[1186,1330,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. escalantei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FAE7228D79F61DB7" bold="true" box="[1335,1436,405,431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCEFFE6FAE7228D79F61DB7" box="[1335,1436,405,431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
bore holes around the base of the leaves but do not penetrate deep inside the stem of the plant and its damage has not been associated with secondary phytopathogens as happens with other borers of agave plants (H. González H., pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<caption id="CB86B7ADFFCEFFE6FF4724B27E921BFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3414964" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3414964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3414964/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" startId="11.[151,250,1962,1987]" targetBox="[499,1065,577,1934]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFCEFFE6FF4724B27E921BFF" blockId="11.[151,1436,1962,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FF4724B27D491BDB" bold="true" box="[151,291,1962,1987]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFCEFFE6FEFC24B37EC11BDB" authority="(J. Y. Miller)" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[300,683,1962,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Escalantiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalantei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FEFC24B37E491BDB" box="[300,547,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Escalantiana escalantei</emphasis>
(J.Y. Miller)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFCEFFE6FD6524B37F7F1BDB" bold="true" box="[693,789,1963,1987]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFCEFFE6FD6524B37F7F1BDB" box="[693,789,1963,1987]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, female genitalia (dorsal Slide M-3028, Jacqueline Y. Miller) Mexico: Guerrero: Acahuizotla; v. 1958; Tarcisio Escalante.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC9FFE1FF1723817FA21DCB" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">
Most specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FE4E23827E711CAB" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[414,539,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FE4E23827E711CAB" box="[414,539,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC9FFE1FDF123817EEF1CAB" box="[545,645,153,179]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" rank="species">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FDF123817E141CAB" bold="true" box="[545,638,153,179]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">n. comb</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
mentioned herein were collected while flying between 11:30 and 13:30 hours on partially clouded sunny days, with temperatures oscillating from 29 to 30°C and relative humidity around 45%. If it is too cloudy, they do not fly. Males start flying at around 11:00 to 11:30 while the few females collected in Zoyatepec were flying after 12:00 and until around 13:30. They have a fast, horizontal flight covering distances of 
<quantity id="58014AC0FFC9FFE1FF6622307C971D5B" box="[182,253,296,323]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 m</quantity>
and back, but occasionally longer distances (
<quantity id="58014AC0FFC9FFE1FD2822317F0A1D5B" box="[760,864,297,323]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 m</quantity>
). While flying, these moths might suddenly ascend along the slopes. Most of the individuals collected were flying around the 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FC36225678101D7F" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1888" baseAuthorityName="Lemaire" box="[998,1146,333,359]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Tillandsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prodigiosa">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FC36225678101D7F" box="[998,1146,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">T. prodigiosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants, but they were not observed perched on any of them. To rest, they perched on dry branches of the understory bushes. They perch in a typical castniid manner with their abdomens hanging down while their head is pointing up, assuming the typical stegopterous position of the wings, with their antennae pointing forward.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F46E725FFC9FFE1FF1722C579061EEB" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">
A male and a female of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FE3722C67E021DEF" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[487,616,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FE3722C67E021DEF" box="[487,616,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FDA222C57EB61DEF" bold="true" box="[626,732,477,503]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC9FFE1FDA222C57EB61DEF" box="[626,732,477,503]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in the possession of Robert Westphal, 
<collectingCountry id="E7EEA7B5FFC9FFE1FB7522C578821DEF" box="[1189,1256,477,503]" name="Spain" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">Spain</collectingCountry>
, were collected in Acahuizotla, Guerrero, 
<quantity id="58014AC0FFC9FFE1FE1321197E7B1E03" box="[451,529,513,539]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200m</quantity>
in 
<date id="EB47C1E5FFC9FFE1FDEA21197EC51E03" box="[570,687,513,539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" value="2018-05">May 2018</date>
(R. Westphal, pers. comm.). This is a locality relatively close to Zoyatepec, at about the same altitude and with the same kind of vegetation. All Zoyatepec, Guerrero, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FF4721527D7F1E7B" authorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="González &amp; López &amp; Huerta &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[151,277,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="estherae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FF4721527D7F1E7B" box="[151,277,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">E. estherae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FECC21517DEB1E7B" bold="true" box="[284,385,585,611]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6BE864CFFC9FFE1FECC21517DEB1E7B" box="[284,385,585,611]" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
mentioned above were collected from March to April, which is the time of the year preceding the heavy rains. These months are not commonly chosen to collect 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FC4D2175784E1E9F" box="[925,1060,621,647]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
because it is too dry. Also, most known Mexican 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FE8521897DA11EB3" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1828" box="[341,459,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
normally fly during and after the first rains which occur sometime around May–June. Unfortunately, the forests around Zoyatepec are poorly collected since they are considered to be unsafe as illegal opium poppy (
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FEEC21C27E4C1EEB" box="[316,550,729,755]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Papaveraceae" genus="Papaver" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="somniferum">
<emphasis id="AD8D3B37FFC9FFE1FEEC21C27E4C1EEB" box="[316,550,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="101">Papaver somniferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="58F99CA6FFC9FFE1FD8321C17E871EEB" box="[595,749,729,755]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Papaveraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="12" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Papaveraceae</taxonomicName>
) plantations are not uncommon in the surrounding areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>