405 lines
55 KiB
XML
405 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="EBC6B3EA58B8B423FC5EF65166CA463E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.186518" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b978a7b-be84-4c1c-bdbb-f1a40afa9b2b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="186518" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461052543686" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brown, Jason L. & Twomey, Evan" docDate="2009" docId="03EEF24AFFFBFFC143CA6E1705480964" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02049p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2049" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ameerega pepperi Brown & Twomey, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFD78A32FFF4FFD0435D6C7507160C58" masterDocTitle="Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698579750337" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="F3D36449DBCDDED715D68224D618ECA7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="E5E70077DEFCA346AA0F044D46BEA256">
|
||
<mods:title id="06BD6CDF741109BF32F11C9824A7C729">Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="EEFD3BB2D522B121CB62E5C8BA13AC00" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="739C042FFFD3905B198CEA8D1C5ED21C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="FCA2F4A662BB3749836E197D53F505D9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D1E483604B4774E501BF7C5A9B8A67C5">Brown, Jason L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A844C4BF57FE54F69C6AFD233BEE0769" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A56A974B2FF6BBC0FB2E91AC1B220B5F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2322887F25D182547C2FBCCC8E78827E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B6BE0F8139B1DA7AF182725660E8E234">Twomey, Evan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="643B7D2022DCED6A7DF4116447E3E659">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6FF6CAC2A7121CC408A256C03253FF11" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F537441A8ABF09736630DF53F68CB994">
|
||
<mods:title id="42EBE1D2D298887BA58F1101E55A98E7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="033D0D86E44DF9CCE5C00649B175A3D4">
|
||
<mods:date id="5DF371AE515009ADB8FF6796EC0A85C5">2009</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="98C36A69BBE7C1546135F324101E803A" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3400A62D5412EFA720ADD2C4B7F49307">2049</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="254D87E6DEE35F62715DC50920C33198" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="9D41E5FF185C040134528D95926A93D3">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="B824D45185084332D1F9168F99E13170">38</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="952F411275B4C4B5D3602B80469A3ED1">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="92FD4F211525BEDEB3AFBC1CC41B12AE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.186518</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="DB10825CD4A58A33886723B5BA74342D" type="GBIF-Dataset">9b978a7b-be84-4c1c-bdbb-f1a40afa9b2b</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F99A04D271B462D1A62D0860D967712C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F9F086071C51A28297320309D362C4DD" type="Zenodo-Dep">186518</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03EEF24AFFFBFFC143CA6E1705480964" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6221796" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119612348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6221796" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEF24AFFFBFFC143CA6E1705480964" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEF24AFFFBFFC143CA6E1705480964" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFBFFDF43CA6E17064A0EC7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF43CA6E1706C10E24" blockId="15.[151,471,610,671]" box="[151,471,610,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D0B0F430FFFBFFDF43CA6E1706C10E24" bold="true" box="[151,471,610,636]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43CA6E1706C10E24" bold="true" box="[151,471,610,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF43CA6E1706670E24" ID-CoL="CQ75" box="[151,369,610,636]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43CA6E1706670E24" bold="true" box="[151,369,610,636]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2002235FFFBFFDF42246E1706C10E24" box="[377,471,610,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF43CA6EF0064A0EC7" blockId="15.[151,471,610,671]" box="[151,348,645,671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFBFFDF43CA6EF006130EC7" box="[151,261,645,671]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,259,1459,1483]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,467,1434]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,467,1434]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Holotype of Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov. (MUSM 24948); (b) A. pepperi sp. nov. (uncollected individual from Polvora, San Martín, Peru); (c) Holotype of A. yoshina sp. nov. (MUSM 24945); (d) A. bassleri (MUSM 26965) from type locality (Roque, San Martín, Peru)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186519/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFBFFDF424E6EF0064A0EC7" box="[275,348,645,671]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="29.[151,256,1680,1704]" captionStartId-1="30.[151,255,1593,1617]" captionStartId-2="31.[151,258,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,194,1654]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetBox-2="[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetId-0="figure@29.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetId-1="figure@30.[151,1436,194,1569]" captionTargetId-2="figure@31.[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetPageId-0="29" captionTargetPageId-1="30" captionTargetPageId-2="31" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Ameerega yoshina, A. cainarachi, and A. pepperi. (a-c) A. yoshina from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru (MUSM 26985 - 26987); (d-f) A. yoshina from type locality (MUSM 24945, 26953, 26954), (g) A. yoshina (left) and sympatric A. cainarachi (right) from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru; (h) A. cainarachi from Cainarachi Valley, San Martín, Peru; (i) A. cainarachi from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru; (j, k) A. pepperi from type locality, (l) A. pepperi from Nuevo San Martín, San Martín, Peru." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Ameerega pepperi and habitat photos for the new species in this paper. (a, e) A. pepperi from Chumanza, San Martín, Peru (photo ‘ a’ by M. Pepper); (b-d) A. pepperi from Río Abiseo near Huicungo, San Martín, Peru; (f, g) A. pepperi from 6.3 km N of Campanilla, San Martín, Peru; (h) type locality of A. ignipedis, a geothermal stream flowing out of the Serranía de Contamana. The entire type series (as well as one A. yoshina metamorph) was found in the forest adjacent to the stream or among the plants growing in the stream banks. (i) type locality of A. pepperi near San Francisco, San Martín, Peru. (j) Quebrada Pacuyacu near Callanayacu. Three A. yoshina paratypes (MUSM 26985 - 26987) were collected from amongst the rocks and vegetation alongside the stream." captionText-2="FIGURE 16. Type series of new species in this paper. (a) Ameerega ignipedis (L-R, MUSM 24947 – 24952); (b) A. yoshina (L-R, MUSM 24945, 26953 – 26955, 26985 – 26987); (c) A. pepperi (L-R, MUSM 26940 - 26942, 26968, 26975, 26976, 26979, 26980)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/186532/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/186533/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/186534/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">14–16</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFBFFDF43CA6EA606810F4B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF43CA6EA606810F4B" blockId="15.[151,1436,722,787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF43CA6EA6054B0EB4" authority="Silverstone 1976" authorityName="Silverstone" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,605,722,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43CA6EA606860EB4" box="[151,400,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Phyllobates bassleri:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD63EADFFFBFFDF42CA6EA7054B0EB4" author="Silverstone" box="[407,605,722,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="26" refString="Silverstone, P. A. (1976) A revision of the poison-arrow frogs of the genus Phyllobates Bibron in Sagra (Family Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 27, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="p">Silverstone 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
p. 45 (AMNH 42327, 42867, 43402 collected in
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFBFFDF47F96EA702450EB4" box="[1188,1363,722,748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1926" valueMax="1928">1926 and 1928</date>
|
||
by H. Bassler at “Pachiza”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFBFFDF43CA6F3304CB08BB" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF43CA6F33058E0FF6" blockId="15.[151,1437,838,2025]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFBFFDF43CA6F33061F0F38" box="[151,265,838,864]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43CA6F33061F0F38" bold="true" box="[151,265,838,864]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFBFFDF424A6F3206670F39" box="[279,369,839,865]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26940 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFBFFDF428D6F3205300F39" box="[464,550,839,865]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 16. Type series of new species in this paper. (a) Ameerega ignipedis (L-R, MUSM 24947 – 24952); (b) A. yoshina (L-R, MUSM 24945, 26953 – 26955, 26985 – 26987); (c) A. pepperi (L-R, MUSM 26940 - 26942, 26968, 26975, 26976, 26979, 26980)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186534/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
), an adult male collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFBFFDF40296F32031D0F39" box="[884,1035,839,865]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2006-07-14">14 July 2006</date>
|
||
by M. Pepper, Provincia Tocache, Departamento San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFFBFFDF428B6F1805180FDF" box="[470,526,877,903]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF41476F1805430FDF" box="[538,597,877,903]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
NE of San Francisco,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF40036F1804BF0FDF" box="[862,937,877,903]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="980.0">980 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF47776F1803DB0FDF" box="[1066,1229,877,903]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-8.308417">8° 18' 30.3" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF47866F18028E0FDF" box="[1243,1432,877,903]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-76.67711">76° 40' 37.6" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Found on the ground near a small waterfall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF43986FCF04CB08BB" blockId="15.[151,1437,838,2025]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFBFFDF43986FCF06550F8C" box="[197,323,954,980]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43986FCF06550F8C" bold="true" box="[197,323,954,980]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
. All from San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFFBFFDF410B6FCF05860F8C" box="[598,656,954,980]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One adult female (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFBFFDF40256FCF04C20F8C" box="[888,980,954,980]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26942), collected
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFBFFDF47EF6FCF025A0F8C" box="[1202,1356,954,980]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2006-07-21">21 July 2006</date>
|
||
by M. Pepper and E. Twomey, and two adult females (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFBFFDF41906F94043F0FA3" box="[717,809,993,1019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26975, 26976), collected
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFBFFDF47036F9403EB0FA3" box="[1118,1277,993,1019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2007-06-25">25 June 2007</date>
|
||
by J. Brown, E. Twomey, and K. Fieselman,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF4156687D0540087A" box="[523,598,1032,1058]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, 7.0 km SW of Huicungo at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF477C687D03DE087A" box="[1057,1224,1032,1058]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-7.3662777">7° 21' 58.6" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF478B687D028E087A" box="[1238,1432,1032,1058]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-76.812256">76° 48' 44.1" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
: Two adult females (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFBFFDF4222685A06CD0811" box="[383,475,1071,1097]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26979, 26980), collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFBFFDF406F685A049B0811" box="[818,909,1071,1097]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1925-06">25 June</date>
|
||
by J. Brown, E. Twomey, and K. Fieselman, 384 elevation,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF4218682006810837" box="[325,407,1109,1135]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="6.6">6.6 km</quantity>
|
||
N of Campanilla at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF41DB6820043D0837" box="[646,811,1109,1135]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-7.4273887">7° 25' 38.6" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF4064682004EF0837" box="[825,1017,1109,1135]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-76.66481">76° 39' 53.3" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
: One adult female (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFBFFDF47836820022C0837" box="[1246,1338,1109,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26968), collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFFBFFDF4271680906D208CE" box="[300,452,1148,1174]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2006-07-15">15 July 2006</date>
|
||
by M. Pepper,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF412A680905D708CE" box="[631,705,1148,1174]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="570.0">570 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, SW of Chumanza (alternate spelling: Shumanza) at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF43CA68D7063A08E4" box="[151,300,1186,1212]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-7.5688334">7° 34' 7.8" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF426768D706EC08E4" box="[314,506,1186,1212]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-76.69289">76° 41' 34.4" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
: One adult male (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED56DB99FFFBFFDF419A68D7043508E4" box="[711,803,1186,1212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
26941), collected at same locality of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFFBFFDF478168D7025308E4" box="[1244,1349,1186,1212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF460C68D7028A08E4" box="[1361,1436,1186,1212]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="980.0">980 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF424C68BC065B08BB" box="[273,333,1225,1251]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
NE of San Francisco at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF413768BC041908BB" box="[618,783,1225,1251]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-8.308417">8° 18' 30.3" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE73259BFFFBFFDF404168BC04CF08BB" box="[796,985,1225,1251]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" value="-76.67711">76° 40' 37.6" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFBFFDF4398688504140B7F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF439868850451090F" blockId="15.[151,1437,838,2025]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43986885064C0952" bold="true" box="[197,346,1264,1290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet is a patronym for the discoverer of this species, Mark Pepper, an enthusiastic Canadian explorer and conservationist whose discoveries have greatly contributed to the authors’ understanding of poison frog biogeography and taxonomy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFDF4398691104140B7F" blockId="15.[151,1437,838,2025]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43986911051E0926" bold="true" box="[197,520,1380,1406]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Definition and diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Assigned to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF407A691104B60925" box="[807,928,1380,1405]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF407A691104B60925" box="[807,928,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the following: first finger longer than second, webbing absent between the toes, dorsal skin granular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD63EADFFFBFFDF474269FF03A409FC" author="Myers" box="[1055,1202,1418,1444]" pageId="15" pageNumber="25" refString="Myers, C. W. (1982) Spotted poison frogs: Descriptions of three new Dendrobates from western Amazonia, and resurrection of a lost species from " Chiriqui ". American Museum Novitates, 272, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1982">Myers 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD63EADFFFBFFDF47E269FF028609FC" author="Grant" box="[1215,1424,1418,1444]" pageId="15" pageNumber="25" refString="Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, B. D., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. C. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Grant
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF465669FE025109FC" box="[1291,1351,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is a medium-large species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF416C69C405BE0992" box="[561,680,1457,1482]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF416C69C405BE0992" box="[561,680,1457,1482]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an adult SVL of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF473569C403FA0993" box="[1128,1260,1457,1483]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="31.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="28.0">28–34 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsum has a black ground color, finely stippled brick-red to bright red in southern populations (e.g. San Francisco) to coarsely stippled orange or yellow northern populations (e.g. Campanilla), stippling concentrated near head and is less dense near sacral region. Bright yellow dorsolateral stripes extend from the eyelid to the groin; a yellow labial stripe is also present starting near nares and extending posterior to the axillary region. Faded yellow-green to white spot present above groin in some populations, shank spots and axillary spots absent. Limbs greenish-bronze or black; venter blue with strong black marbling. Teeth present. Appressed first finger longer than second; finger discs moderately expanded, hands and feet lacking webbing between digits. Vocalization consists of a loud retarded trill of whistle-like notes given at a rate of 0.9–1.3 notes per second; dominant frequency 2800–3160 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFFBFFDF411B6B7805980B7F" box="[582,654,1805,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,262,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[172,1401,545,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,545,1742]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Advertisement calls of Ameerega yoshina, A. pepperi, and A. bassleri. (A) A. yoshina standard advertisement call, field recording from 1.6 km SE of Callanayacu, San Martín, 25.5 C, 19 July 2007. Dominant frequency 3244 Hz. (B) A. yoshina short call, same location, temperature, and date as previous. Dominant frequency 3141 Hz. (C) A. pepperi advertisement call, field recording from near Polvora, San Martín, 24.5 C, 8 November 2008. Dominant frequency 2749 Hz. (D) A. bassleri advertisement call, field recording from 5.7 km NE of Roque, San Martín, 26.5 C, 16 June 2007. Dominant frequency 2714 Hz. See Fig. 3 for map of localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186522/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C576E7FFFBFFDF41C66B7805E30B7F" box="[667,757,1805,1831]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,240,1118,1142]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1204,1573]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Relationships of call structures of A. pepperi, A. bassleri and A. yoshina. Mean ± standard deviation (min," httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF3813D4FFFEFFDA43CA682B028A082D">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFFBFFC1439B6B4106170C80" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFFBFFC0439B6B4105C70DBF" blockId="15.[151,1437,838,2025]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF439B6B41068B0B15" box="[198,413,1844,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF439B6B41068B0B15" box="[198,413,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from most other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF408A6B41035A0B15" box="[983,1100,1844,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF408A6B41035A0B15" box="[983,1100,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its red, orange, or yellow dorsum. It is similar in appearance to the following species:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF40D26B2E06930BC2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF40D26B2E030E0B2C" box="[911,1048,1883,1908]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">A. bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF477B6B2E03AF0B2C" box="[1062,1209,1883,1908]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilinguis">A. bilinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF479A6B2E02630B2C" box="[1223,1397,1883,1908]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainarachi">A. cainarachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF46DF6B2E07E50BC2" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macero">A. macero</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF43A26BF406970BC2" box="[255,385,1921,1946]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">A. parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF429C6BF405510BC2" box="[449,583,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF429C6BF405550BC2" box="[449,579,1921,1946]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">A. yoshina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
all of which have (or can have) a solid red, orange, or yellow dorsum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF43CA6BDD06660B99" box="[151,368,1960,1985]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF43CA6BDD06660B99" box="[151,368,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF42F66BDD05220B99" box="[427,564,1960,1985]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilinguis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF42F66BDD05220B99" box="[427,564,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. bilinguis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both lack distinct dorsolateral stripes (vs. dorsolateral stripes present and conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF42136BBA06DE0BB0" box="[334,456,1999,2024]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF42136BBA06DE0BB0" box="[334,456,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFFBFFDF42BC6BBA05CB0BB0" box="[481,733,1999,2024]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cainarachi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFFBFFDF42BC6BBA05CB0BB0" box="[481,733,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ameerega cainarachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller, females up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF47576BBA03650BB1" box="[1034,1139,1999,2025]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="31.3">31.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFFBFFDF47B16BBA02290BB1" box="[1260,1343,1999,2025]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="34.0">34 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC043CA6CED06010CE9" box="[151,279,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC043CA6CED06010CE9" box="[151,279,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and has an advertisement call consisting of a regular chain of notes which are not frequency modulated, repeated at a rate of 9 notes per second (vs. ‘bursts’ of frequency-modulated notes, repeated 0.9–1.3 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC042BC6C90054D0CA6" box="[481,603,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC042BC6C90054D0CA6" box="[481,603,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC041296C90045E0CA6" box="[628,840,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC041296C90045E0CA6" box="[628,840,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ameerega macero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC0475E6C9003680CA6" box="[1027,1150,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0475E6C9003680CA6" box="[1027,1150,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, females up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE4FFC0466E6C90028A0CA7" box="[1331,1436,229,255]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="29.5">29.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL, and has a call consisting of a series of harsh ‘peeps’, repeated regularly at a rate of 10 notes per second.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC043CA6D4706660D13" box="[151,368,306,331]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC043CA6D4706660D13" box="[151,368,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ameerega bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an advertisement call consisting of a series of regularly-spaced whistle-like notes given continuously for several minutes at a rate of 1.6–2.1 notes per second (vs. notes given at a rate of 0.9–1.3 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC042DB6DF505150DC1" box="[390,515,384,409]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC042DB6DF505150DC1" box="[390,515,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC041406DF505EE0DC1" box="[541,760,384,409]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yoshina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC041406DF505EE0DC1" box="[541,760,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ameerega yoshina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an advertisement call given in bursts of 4–31 notes, given at a rate of 3.7–4.1 notes per second, each burst less than 8 seconds in total duration (vs. notes given at a rate of 0.9–1.3 notes per second in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC0411B6DB805D60DBE" box="[582,704,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0411B6DB805D60DBE" box="[582,704,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC0439B6D86038F0E03" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0439B6D8605900E55" bold="true" box="[198,646,499,525]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Measurements (in mm) of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFE4FFC0414E6D8605970E55" box="[531,641,499,525]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFE4FFC040596D81047C0E56" box="[772,874,500,526]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFE4FFC040216D8104C70E56" box="[892,977,500,526]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[276,1310,194,1904]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 16. Type series of new species in this paper. (a) Ameerega ignipedis (L-R, MUSM 24947 – 24952); (b) A. yoshina (L-R, MUSM 24945, 26953 – 26955, 26985 – 26987); (c) A. pepperi (L-R, MUSM 26940 - 26942, 26968, 26975, 26976, 26979, 26980)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) has SVL 28.6; FL 13.4; TL 16.1; KK 28.2; FoL 13.3; HaL 7.5; HL 7.7; HW 7.8; BW 8.3; UEW 5.5; IOD 3.9;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFE4FFC040A86E6F033F0E6C" box="[1013,1065,538,564]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
4.0; TD 3.0; ED 4.2; DET 1.6; L1F 6.9; L2F 6.1; W3D 0.8; W3F 0.6. Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFE4FFC0406C6E3404B70E03" box="[817,929,577,603]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are given in Table 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC043986E1202550F32" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC043986E1206FA0ED9" bold="true" box="[197,492,615,641]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FCFDFEFFE4FFC042DD6E1206FA0ED9" box="[384,492,615,641]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Size medium, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE4FFC041BA6E1D04470EDA" box="[743,849,616,642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.86" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="28.6">28.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Table 5). Dorsal skin is coarsely granular and is pigmented black with brick red mottling densest near the snout. Thin yellow dorsolateral stripes extend from groin, extending dorsally around snout; posterior to eyes the stripes blend into the red dorsum. Dorsolateral stripe is sightly wider at groin. Flanks are black extending from groin to nares. Forelimbs lack granulation and are colored tan and flecked in olive. Yellow coloration extends up upper arm surface, anteriorly around lip. Legs are coarsely granulated; contain yellow femoral spots, dorsal surface colored olive green. The venter is yellow-gold with olive marbling; marbling extends primarily on throat and margins of legs. Iris black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC043986F03034E089E" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Widest part of head between jaw articulations and tympanum, head narrower than body. Greatest head width 27.0 % of SVL. Eyes very protuberant. Tongue medium sized, oval. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth present. Vocal slits present. Dorsal skin of head and body is finely granular; skin smooth or nearly smooth on limbs and smooth on sides of head and body and ventral surfaces. Snout sloping laterally; bluntly rounded dorsally; truncate ventrally. Nares situated and directed posterolaterally to the tip of snout; nares visible from front and below but not from above. Canthus rostralis sloped, slightly rounded; loreal region nearly vertical and slightly concave. Upper eyelid 1.4 times wider than interorbital distance. Eye large and prominent with a maximum diameter of 14.6 % of SVL, pupil rounded and horizontally elliptical. Tympanum circular, without tympanic annulus its diameter less than 73.0 % of ED, supratympanic fold absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC0439B68A7041E09DF" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hands relatively small, length being 26.2 % of SVL. Relative length of appressed fingers I ≈ II ≈ IV <III (numbers starting interiorly). Discs moderately expanded on all fingers. In adults, disc on finger III is 1.25 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx A large, circular outer metacarpal tubercle present on median base of palm; smaller inner metacarpal tubercle on base of finger I absent; one well developed subarticular tubercle on fingers I and II, two on fingers III and IV.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC0439B69E1064C0ACE" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35003CCFFE4FFC0439B69E1061709F6" box="[198,257,1428,1454]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs short, small, with heel of appressed limb reaching the interior axilla. Tibia length 56.3% of SVL. Relative lengths of appressed toes I <II <V <III <IV; first toe terminates at subarticular tubercle on base of second toe; toes I, II barely expanded (much smaller than finger discs), and toe III, IV, and V expanded (disc 1.5 times broader than adjacent phalanx). Moderate-sized inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, protuberant with rounded surfaces. One protuberant subarticular tubercle on toes I and II, two on toes III, IV, and V. Hands and feet lacking supernumerary tubercles and lateral fringes. Basal webbing absent. Tarsal tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC0439B6AD703150ABB" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">In 70% alcohol the color is similar to the living animal described above, except that the red on the dorsum changed to black and the yellow dorsolateral lines changed to silver-white.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC0439B6A9A059F0B0F" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0439B6A9A06570B51" bold="true" box="[198,321,1775,1801]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal coloration varies over a cline from the north to south. In southern populations, the dorsum is finely stippled brick-red to bright red and gradually changes to coarsely stippled orange or yellow in northern populations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFE4FFC042EA6B4805230B0F" box="[439,565,1853,1879]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,256,1680,1704]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1654]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Ameerega yoshina, A. cainarachi, and A. pepperi. (a-c) A. yoshina from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru (MUSM 26985 - 26987); (d-f) A. yoshina from type locality (MUSM 24945, 26953, 26954), (g) A. yoshina (left) and sympatric A. cainarachi (right) from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru; (h) A. cainarachi from Cainarachi Valley, San Martín, Peru; (i) A. cainarachi from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru; (j, k) A. pepperi from type locality, (l) A. pepperi from Nuevo San Martín, San Martín, Peru." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figures 14</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFE4FFC041066B48056D0B0F" box="[603,635,1853,1879]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,255,1593,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,194,1569]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Ameerega pepperi and habitat photos for the new species in this paper. (a, e) A. pepperi from Chumanza, San Martín, Peru (photo ‘ a’ by M. Pepper); (b-d) A. pepperi from Río Abiseo near Huicungo, San Martín, Peru; (f, g) A. pepperi from 6.3 km N of Campanilla, San Martín, Peru; (h) type locality of A. ignipedis, a geothermal stream flowing out of the Serranía de Contamana. The entire type series (as well as one A. yoshina metamorph) was found in the forest adjacent to the stream or among the plants growing in the stream banks. (i) type locality of A. pepperi near San Francisco, San Martín, Peru. (j) Quebrada Pacuyacu near Callanayacu. Three A. yoshina paratypes (MUSM 26985 - 26987) were collected from amongst the rocks and vegetation alongside the stream." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186533/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE4FFC1439B6B1606170C80" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,152,1340]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0439B6B1606650B25" bold="true" box="[198,371,1891,1917]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
|
||
The advertisement call for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC0418A6B1104410B25" box="[727,855,1892,1917]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0418A6B1104410B25" box="[727,855,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFE4FFC040336B1104AA0B26" box="[878,956,1892,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,262,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[172,1401,545,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,545,1742]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Advertisement calls of Ameerega yoshina, A. pepperi, and A. bassleri. (A) A. yoshina standard advertisement call, field recording from 1.6 km SE of Callanayacu, San Martín, 25.5 C, 19 July 2007. Dominant frequency 3244 Hz. (B) A. yoshina short call, same location, temperature, and date as previous. Dominant frequency 3141 Hz. (C) A. pepperi advertisement call, field recording from near Polvora, San Martín, 24.5 C, 8 November 2008. Dominant frequency 2749 Hz. (D) A. bassleri advertisement call, field recording from 5.7 km NE of Roque, San Martín, 26.5 C, 16 June 2007. Dominant frequency 2714 Hz. See Fig. 3 for map of localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186522/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) can be classified as a ‘retarded trill’ following Lötters
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC042306BFE06BF0BFC" box="[365,425,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003). The call consists of a series of musical notes resembling short ‘whistles’ at a rate of 0.9–1.3 notes per second. Notes are 130–220 ms long, spaced 560–1030 ms apart, overall dominant frequency 2970 Hz. The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC0414C6BAD059A0BA9" box="[529,652,2008,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC0414C6BAD059A0BA9" box="[529,652,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE4FFC047A56BAD02610BA9" box="[1272,1399,2008,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE4FFC047A56BAD02610BA9" box="[1272,1399,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the rate the notes are repeated, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC141196CED05D40CE9" box="[580,706,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC141196CED05D40CE9" box="[580,706,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
repeating notes at 1.6–2.1 notes per second (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE5FFC1465E6CED026D0CEA" box="[1283,1403,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" metricValueMax="3.302" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="1.1" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.3 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC146DE6CED07E70C80" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC146DE6CED07E70C80" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFE5FFC1439B6C9002830820" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE5FFC1439B6C9002020EF0" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1340]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC1439B6C9005780CA7" bold="true" box="[198,622,229,255]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC141266C9004410CA6" box="[635,855,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC141266C9004410CA6" box="[635,855,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ameerega pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from throughout the upper Huallaga Valley, south of Río Huayabama (near Huicungo) to the southern border of San Martín at elevations from
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE5FFC1462D6D7907B80D14" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="380.0">380 m</quantity>
|
||
to approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE5FFC142DE6D4706CA0D14" box="[387,476,306,332]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation. Most of the known localities for this species run along the main road to Tingo Maria, which is primarily on the eastern side of Río Huallaga (i.e., the western slope of the Cordillera Azul). This species also occurs on the western side of the Huallaga (i.e., the eastern slope of the Andes) in San Francisco and Huicungo, and likely occurs throughout the area between these two sites based on the results of our niche model (Fig. 17). This model also predicts suitable habitat throughout much of the Río Biabo valley in the Cordillera Azul, although no surveys have taken place in this area. There appears to be very little predicted overlap in the distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC141326E6F05FC0E6B" box="[623,746,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC141326E6F05FC0E6B" box="[623,746,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC1407E6E6F04B70E6B" box="[803,929,538,563]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC1407E6E6F04B70E6B" box="[803,929,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the niche model (Fig. 17), with the only overlapping areas occurring near the town of Juanjui. In 2007 we spent a day in the mountains just west of Juanjui and did not detect either species. The area near Juanjui appears to be somewhat drier than surrounding areas, and this may function as a weak barrier that separates the distributions of these two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE5FFC1439B6EC002830820" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1340]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC1439B6EC006BF0E96" box="[198,425,693,718]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC1439B6EC006BF0E96" box="[198,425,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ameerega pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in undisturbed premontane forests and secondary premontane forest, particularly in habitats which are adjacent to streams (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C5FD9FFE5FFC1406F6EA9049B0EAE" box="[818,909,732,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,255,1593,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,194,1569]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Ameerega pepperi and habitat photos for the new species in this paper. (a, e) A. pepperi from Chumanza, San Martín, Peru (photo ‘ a’ by M. Pepper); (b-d) A. pepperi from Río Abiseo near Huicungo, San Martín, Peru; (f, g) A. pepperi from 6.3 km N of Campanilla, San Martín, Peru; (h) type locality of A. ignipedis, a geothermal stream flowing out of the Serranía de Contamana. The entire type series (as well as one A. yoshina metamorph) was found in the forest adjacent to the stream or among the plants growing in the stream banks. (i) type locality of A. pepperi near San Francisco, San Martín, Peru. (j) Quebrada Pacuyacu near Callanayacu. Three A. yoshina paratypes (MUSM 26985 - 26987) were collected from amongst the rocks and vegetation alongside the stream." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186533/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFF9659CFFE5FFC140316EA9049B0EAE" box="[876,909,732,758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1915-01">15</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
i). Unlike
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC147546EA903830EAD" box="[1033,1173,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC147546EA903860EAD" box="[1033,1168,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">A. bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which we have often observed far from streams (>
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE5FFC142A56F7705500F44" box="[504,582,770,796]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
), we have never observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC140DE6F7704E80F43" box="[899,1022,770,795]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC140DE6F7704E80F43" box="[899,1022,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
greater than ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE5FFC147F76F7703F10F44" box="[1194,1255,770,796]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
from a stream. This species can occur in moderately disturbed areas provided the streamside habitats are relatively shaded. During the day, adults tend to hide amongst streamside boulders. Calling activity seems to peak during late evening, just prior to dusk. Males call from elevated positions on boulders, although courtship and oviposition appears to take place on the ground in the leaf litter. Clutches contain 22-
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4188D5FFE5FFC147596FE803350FEF" box="[1028,1059,925,951]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="egg">44</specimenCount>
|
||
eggs and are guarded by males (M. Pepper pers. comm.). These eggs typically hatch in approximately 18 days. Tadpoles have been found in shallow eddies or streamside pools which are sometimes left by receding water levels. Clay-bottomed streams appear to be most commonly used, and tadpoles will often submerge themselves under the sediment, particularly during the hotter hours in the afternoon. These pools also contain tadpoles of the sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC146DF684D06230820" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC146DF684D06230820" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. altamazonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC14231682A06ED0820" box="[364,507,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC14231682A06E10820" box="[364,503,1119,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trivittata">A. trivittata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC141CC682A04700820" box="[657,870,1119,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC141CC682A04700820" box="[657,870,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ameerega pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complete development in as little as 5-6 weeks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35D10D7FFE5FFC1439B68F005480964" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF8435CFFE5FFC1439B68F005480964" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1340]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC1439B68F006D108C7" bold="true" box="[198,455,1157,1183]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
Following the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2001), we tentatively suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4738DFFFE5FFC146DE68F007E1089D" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pepperi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9339F4EFFE5FFC146DE68F007E1089D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. pepperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be listed as Least Concern (LC) based on the following: (1) we estimate the extent of occurrence to be at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CBFEEB9FFE5FFC1429B68A0052E08B7" box="[454,568,1237,1263]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="5500.0">5,500 km</quantity>
|
||
2, (2) populations appear to be continuous and (3) this species occurs in largely undisturbed forests, though there has been a small amount of potential habitat loss in the Cordillera Azul and in the upper Huallaga Valley.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |