256 lines
28 KiB
XML
256 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="09D6E730D994FF7AB4577C5BA43FBFC4" ID-CLB-Dataset="3349" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5719778" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fb7a3a15-9c77-4974-921b-49b90848f29b" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719778" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633680277969" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03B0E520E8155863FA60A155ED43F996" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Equidae_0106.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Equus zebra Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="143" masterDocId="FF899D58E8105865FFDBAA21EB53FFD7" masterDocTitle="Equidae" masterLastPageNumber="143" masterPageNumber="106" pageNumber="142" updateTime="1699459032593" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="C1EF41B94C360AF3430A9C96D15BCCEA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7A9B16D97997379FF8185C872F41412A">
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<mods:title id="8C6993AF66D3E1EEC5DA68867E591A3B">Equidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C7ED6DFBADC1BDF7A23A185E9BB829A4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="779D0AA5C5835325E28E393658A0E0C9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="65070FB15B70606F60ED3DC8ED4736E9">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="21C665DEE1B85AD72948BD72C13F4F9C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="70DFBC0A871049F71FD637DEE73C3E81">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4C1187F7B11605F0BC4E26FC1A40DAEE">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="816B8615D2B143CED7A6B9185F435D6E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="DBCEAE5D017B0AF45C9967144EC805F1">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="36C9FD167FA5AC30B29A2EC18CA13155" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="370243FC326F7851B687F5B1A3F0E811">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="7B18FCE5835084D46BF13F8C434F484E">
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<mods:placeTerm id="D94FCC6BEADFECB87792229A7A70931E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="ACB3CE705B248F5A79B339490996DB0C">
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<mods:title id="D4ACBDA1D793181C10D112232EC2F1E2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3733EE2C39D71576D6EA3DEC8EBFDCDD">
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<mods:start id="46DF25A26E23302022E651757DB567DD">106</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="21D9A668C347B9686540B5EAD743388F">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="68EF1DF64BD295350FB6796696D47BA5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5719778</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="71119F48AFADF6057EF8E3374ABDE300" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DAFF033ADC876C1459F61398A1302BE1" type="Zenodo-Dep">5719778</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B0E520E8155863FA60A155ED43F996" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719806" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190543842" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719806" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B0E520E8155863FA60A155ED43F996" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0E520E8155863FA60A155ED43F996" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860FA60A155EE8AF471" box="[1467,1497,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA60A155EE8AF471" blockId="5.[1464,2442,2932,3061]" box="[1467,1497,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8155860FA60A155EE8AF471" box="[1467,1497,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<figureCitation id="132248B3E8155860FA60A155EE87F471" box="[1467,1492,2932,2982]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[106,138,3432,3453]" captionTargetBox="[13,2755,14,3632]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages 3 Tibetan Wıld Ass (Equus kiang), 4 African Wild Ass (Equus africanus), 5 Plains Zebra (Equusquagga),6ZebraGrevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi) 7Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) pages (Equus), 5 (Equus quagga), Gravy’: Equus grevyı, (Equus zebra)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6560301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6560301/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">7</figureCitation>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860FA30A155EC13F471" box="[1515,1856,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA30A155EC13F471" blockId="5.[1464,2442,2932,3061]" box="[1515,1856,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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||
<heading id="D0EEE35AE8155860FA30A155EC13F471" box="[1515,1856,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8155860FA30A155EC13F471" box="[1515,1856,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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Mountain
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F91CA155EC13F471" box="[1735,1856,2932,2982]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860F8ABA155E300F471" box="[1904,2131,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860F8ABA155E300F471" blockId="5.[1464,2442,2932,3061]" box="[1904,2131,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8155860F8ABA155E300F471" box="[1904,2131,2932,2982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F8ABA155E300F471" ID-CoL="7TKN8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1904,2131,2932,2982]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860F8ABA155E300F471" box="[1904,2131,2932,2982]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Equus zebra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860FA62A199E2DBF423" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA62A199E3B2F41A" blockId="5.[1464,2442,2932,3061]" box="[1465,2273,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8155860FA62A199E3B2F41A" box="[1465,2273,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860FA62A199ED55F41A" bold="true" box="[1465,1542,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8155860F9D4A199ED80F41A" box="[1551,1747,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Zebre de montagne</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860F933A199EC10F41A" bold="true" box="[1768,1859,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8155860F896A199ECE3F41A" box="[1869,1968,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Bergzebra</vernacularName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F81EA199E331F41A" authority="Cebra" authorityName="Cebra" box="[1989,2146,3000,3021]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Spanish" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860F81EA199E373F41A" bold="true" box="[1989,2080,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8155860F7F2A199E331F41A" box="[2089,2146,3000,3021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Cebra</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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de montana
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA62A1FEE2DBF423" blockId="5.[1464,2442,2932,3061]" box="[1465,2440,3039,3060]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8155860FA62A1FEE2DBF423" box="[1465,2440,3039,3060]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860FA62A1FEEDFCF423" bold="true" box="[1465,1711,3039,3060]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8155860F963A1FEEC8AF423" box="[1720,2009,3039,3060]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8155860F963A1FEEDBAF423" box="[1720,1769,3039,3060]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Mountain
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F883A1FEECDDF423" box="[1880,1934,3039,3060]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F844A1FEEC87F423" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1951,2004,3039,3060]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">zebra</taxonomicName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8155860F833A1FEE2DBF423" box="[2024,2440,3039,3060]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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Hartmann's Mountain
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F71CA1FEE3ADF423" box="[2247,2302,3039,3060]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F6D5A1FEE2D1F423" box="[2318,2434,3039,3060]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hartmannae">hartmannae</taxonomicName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860FA63A607EC89F394" box="[1464,2010,3110,3139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA63A607EC89F394" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" box="[1464,2010,3110,3139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860FA63A607ED00F394" bold="true" box="[1464,1619,3110,3139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F985A607EC86F394" ID-CoL="7TKN8" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1630,2005,3110,3139]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860F83EA607E113F394" box="[2021,2624,3110,3139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860F83EA607E113F394" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" box="[2021,2624,3110,3139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<materialsCitation id="3B715E6BE8155860F83EA607E113F394" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3758657303" box="[2021,2624,3110,3139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8155860F83EA607E3C6F394" box="[2021,2197,3110,3139]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, south-western
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<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8155860F6B4A607E16FF394" box="[2415,2620,3110,3139]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860FA63A668EC64F3BD" box="[1464,1847,3145,3178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA63A668EC64F3BD" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" box="[1464,1847,3145,3178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Two subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155860FA62A655E2BCF2F9" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF6604BEE8155860FA62A655E2BCF2F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5719798/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" targetBox="[95,690,279,695]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA62A655EC14F346" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" box="[1465,1863,3188,3217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860FA62A655EC14F346" bold="true" box="[1465,1863,3188,3217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA63A6B6EC9DF308" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860FA63A6B6EC9DF308" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="zebra">
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8155860FA63A6B6EC9DF308" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">E. z. zebraLinnaeus, 1758 — SSouthAfrica (S & WedgeofthecentralplateauintheEasternandWesternCapeProvinces).</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155860FA63A6CFE2BCF2F9" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860FA63A6CFEC20F2D0" authority="Matschie, 1898" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1898" box="[1464,1907,3310,3335]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="hartmannae">E. z. hartmannae Matschie, 1898</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8155860F81BA6CFE364F2D0" box="[1984,2103,3310,3335]" name="Namibia" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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(mountainous transition zone between the Namib Desert and the Namibian central plateau); possibly in SW
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8155860F65FA72CE2B8F2F9" box="[2436,2539,3341,3374]" name="Angola" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Angola</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8155863FA63A715E905FCD1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8155863FA63A715E905FCD1" blockId="5.[1463,2666,3110,3459]" lastBlockId="6.[95,1300,706,1600]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8155860FA63A715EDEBF282" bold="true" box="[1464,1720,3380,3413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 210-260 cm, tail 40-55 cm, shoulder height 115-150 cm; weight 240-380 kg. The Mountain
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8155860F7EDA77DE3D4F2AA" box="[2102,2183,3420,3453]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FD11AB33E847FEF8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[714,788,274,303]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">zebra</taxonomicName>
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species by the dewlap under its neck. The pattern of striping is also intermediate between the other two species. The stripes are half as wide as and more numerous than those of Plains Zebras (FE.
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FD10ABF7E874FE24" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[715,807,470,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quagga">quagga</taxonomicName>
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) and the belly is white as in Grevy’s Zebras (FE.
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FCBCABDBE8E4FDCC" authorityName="Oustalet" authorityYear="1882" box="[871,951,506,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grevyi">grevyi</taxonomicName>
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). Mountain Zebras have a “waffle-iron” pattern on the rump near the root of the tail. On the rump, the narrow stripes change to broad and bold stripes, more like those of “Grant’s
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FB6FA8BEEE56FD6F" box="[1204,1285,671,696]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (E. boehmi). The “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863FE86A8E3EAF6FD08" box="[349,421,706,735]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FD91A8E3E9CFFD08" box="[586,668,706,735]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is smaller than “Hartmann’s Mountain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FB33A8E3EBDEFCD1" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and it has slightly wider stripes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FFBAA931E98BFC1D" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FFBAA931E98BFC1D" blockId="6.[95,1300,706,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FFBAA931EB9CFCFA" bold="true" box="[97,207,784,813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
As its name implies, the Mountain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FD35A931E86DFCFA" box="[750,830,784,813]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits slopes and plateaus in mountainous areas.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863FE58A912EA9AFC83" box="[387,457,819,852]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountain Zebras are found up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE1F9D3E8165863FC1EA912EF7FFC83" box="[965,1068,819,852]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
in the summer. Hartmann’s Mountain Zebras sometimes are found on salt flats. In the recent past they were commonly found in the bushy karoo upland shrub where summer droughts were compensated for by night-time dew and mist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FFBBA9F4EE5CFBCE" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FFBBA9F4EE5CFBCE" blockId="6.[95,1300,706,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FFBBA9F4EA36FC25" bold="true" box="[96,357,981,1010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mountain Zebras eat mostly grass, although browse in the form of leaves and bark is occasionally consumed. Mountain Zebras generally drink twice per day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FFBBAE05EFADFB09" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FFBBAE05EFADFB09" blockId="6.[95,1300,706,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FFBBAE05EBB5FB96" bold="true" box="[96,230,1060,1089]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Births occur throughout the year, with peaks in December—January for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863FB11AE05EE43FB96" box="[1226,1296,1060,1089]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Cape</collectingRegion>
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||
Mountain Zebras and in November—April for Hartmann’s Mountain Zebras. Females give birth to a single young every 1-3 years, after a gestation period of approximately one year. The young are weaned at around ten months and leave the natal group at 1-3 years of age. Males are capable of establishing and holding a harem at 5-6 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FF84AEC9EA0BFA1E" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FF84AEC9EA0BFA1E" blockId="6.[95,1300,706,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FF84AEC9EA1DFAD2" bold="true" box="[95,334,1256,1285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Mountain Zebras are most active in the morning and in the late afternoon until sunset. They remain inactive during the middle of the day and seek shelter from the heat when possible. Individuals feed for more than half the daylight hours. Hartmann’s Mountain Zebras have a grazing area of 6-20 km* during winter and considerably smaller areas in the summer. Their home ranges are thought to be around 3-16 km?*.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FFBBAFF1EC69FE1A" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FFBBAFF1EC69FE1A" blockId="6.[95,1300,706,1600]" lastBlockId="6.[1367,2571,271,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FFBBAFF1E877FA26" bold="true" box="[96,804,1488,1521]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Mountain Zebras generally live in small permanent membership groups with overlapping home ranges. Most groups contain a single stallion and 1-5 mares with their young. Sometimes groups join to form temporary herds of 30 or more individuals. Stallions can maintain haremsfor more than 15 years, but they are usually driven out by younger males before then. Bachelor groups are composed of both young males and old stallions that have lost their groups. There is a strict hierarchy amongst males in bachelor groups, and between females in breeding groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FA82ABF9E3BAFA24" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FA82ABF9E3BAFA24" blockId="6.[1367,2571,271,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FA82ABF9EDEEFE22" bold="true" box="[1369,1725,472,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863F82BABF9E360FE22" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2032,2099,472,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Appendix II (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863F68DABF9E2A9FE22" box="[2390,2554,472,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hartmannae">hartmannae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Historically, Mountain Zebras ranged from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F9F6A803ED88FD94" box="[1581,1755,546,579]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F884A803EC86FD94" box="[1887,2005,546,579]" name="Namibia" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to extreme south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F693A803E2FCFD94" box="[2376,2479,546,579]" name="Angola" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Habitat conversion to agriculture, competition with domestic livestock, hunting, and persecution are the main threats facing Mountain Zebras. Crossbreeding between the two subspecies is considered a potential threat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F7D4A8B8E3ECFD6D" box="[2063,2239,665,698]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where both subspecies occur,since this would mix and disrupt the genetic diversity of the species. Crossbreeding with Plains Zebras is also a potential threat just asit is for Grevy’s Zebras.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863F619A8C6E15BFCDF" box="[2498,2568,743,776]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountain Zebras suffered devastating declines because of trophy hunting and land conversion to agriculture in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F934A914ECCCFC81" box="[1775,1951,821,854]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
during the 19" and early 20™ centuries. By the 1930s they were on the brink of extinction—a 1937 census countedjust 45 individuals. Since the establishment of national parks in the locations where the few surviving individuals remained, the population has increased to around 1400.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863F6F7A98EE221FC1B" box="[2348,2418,943,972]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountain Zebras now live in 17 provincial nature reserves and national parks, the largest being the Addo Elephant and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863F923A9DBEC6DFBCC" box="[1784,1854,1018,1051]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Peninsula National Parks. Hartmann’s Mountain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863FA82AE00EEF9FB95" box="[1369,1450,1057,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
also suffered massive population declines during the 1950s and 1960s, primarily due to persecution from an expanding livestock industry. Hartmann’s Mountain Zebras continue to come into conflict with livestock farmers, particularly during drought years when resources are in short supply. Hartmann’s Mountain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8165863F735AEB6E26CFB6F" box="[2286,2367,1175,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a protected species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863FA30AEE3ED32FB08" box="[1515,1633,1218,1247]" name="Namibia" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and any use requires permits. The Namibian Ministry of Environment and Tourism therefore has encouraged the commercial use of Mountain Zebras to provide an incentive for promoting tolerance. Numbers are increasing on communal land and overall numbers are in the range of 30,000. Today, populations are isolated, inhabiting the Mkambati and Goegap Provincial Nature Reserves, Amaqwati Tribal Resource Area, and Richtersveld National Park. The animals are also present on numerous private estates in the Northern and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8165863F804AF8EE3C4FA1B" box="[2015,2199,1455,1484]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Provinces of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F688AF8EE151FA1B" box="[2387,2562,1455,1484]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as well as in fenced, protected areas, and game farms in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8165863F7B7AFFBE3B6FA24" box="[2156,2277,1498,1523]" name="Namibia" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8165863FA82AC23ED43F996" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8165863FA82AC23ED43F996" blockId="6.[1367,2571,271,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8165863FA82AC23EEA0F9CC" bold="true" box="[1369,1523,1538,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Kingdon (1997), Lloyd (1984), Millar (1970a, 1970b), Novellie (2008), Novellie et al (2002), Penzhorn (1975).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |