646 lines
89 KiB
XML
646 lines
89 KiB
XML
<document id="64A38936AF65A36B29236CF1B56AF92B" ID-CLB-Dataset="32506" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3b9bd2c4-7dee-46a3-a36d-80077b88a78b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="842289" ID-ZooBank="3D557C94-0783-4C39-80C3-9C321DA94800" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1502687522877" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moore, Kirrily M., Alderslade, Philip & Miller, Karen J." docDate="2017" docId="039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4304.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4304 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Anthothela tropicalis Bayer 1961" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFA2FF953E41FFB0FFDCE4287D2BDE2A" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="212" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1698466576984" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="080E66096E1BDBD42E67A6BE53995846" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F9DCA7C25988F35DCAE4E7973293BAEC">
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<mods:title id="82250230F570475295C0AE8066E57BF5">A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CBEA0DD3A2C2756AB7EAF3CA82CEC256" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="59F86C6F74FC032ACB309FB550C45660">Moore, Kirrily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D908ABD1C4D7023D87A7856278445E49">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5D28185B661993B5A2C40837E7FA7CDE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F97459418A4172A0DA07DC5B5E3E2E5B">Miller, Karen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AB740A13BEE658FF46E02B6062E2AAD1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C5A54CD089FD4FAD846F9A60DA19D365">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="22F091857CC5CCBE23BD21C74BEB8785">
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<mods:date id="EEB2E62533F83374815C80FCC29A931D">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5344E2BB099C171E744979CD0D337916">4304</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="4A4534BE6935B99F19F66E44339EDED8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015367" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132631037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015367" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E76FF87FF4BE7167C05DD50" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF4BE7167F04DD72" blockId="55.[151,559,830,890]" box="[151,559,830,856]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="D0C581973E76FF87FF4BE7167F04DD72" bold="true" box="[151,559,830,856]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E76FF87FF4BE7167F04DD72" ID-CoL="67GP8" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,559,830,856]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF4BE7167F04DD72" bold="true" box="[151,559,830,856]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF4BE7167CBDDD72" bold="true" box="[151,406,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E76FF87FE41E7167F04DD72" author="Bayer" box="[413,559,830,856]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961">Bayer, 1961</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF4BE7497C05DD50" blockId="55.[151,559,830,890]" box="[151,302,865,890]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FF43E7497C0DDD50" box="[159,294,865,890]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 32" captionStart-1="FIGURE 33" captionStart-2="FIGURE 34" captionStart-3="FIGURE 35" captionStart-4="FIGURE 36" captionStart-5="FIGURE 37" captionStart-6="FIGURE 38" captionStart-7="FIGURE 39" captionStart-8="FIGURE 40" captionStart-9="FIGURE 41" captionStartId-0="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionStartId-1="57.[151,250,1079,1101]" captionStartId-2="58.[151,250,1918,1940]" captionStartId-3="59.[151,250,1166,1188]" captionStartId-4="60.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionStartId-5="61.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionStartId-6="62.[151,250,1976,1998]" captionStartId-7="63.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionStartId-8="64.[151,250,1713,1735]" captionStartId-9="65.[151,250,966,988]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1054]" captionTargetBox-2="[153,1435,194,1888]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,193,1139]" captionTargetBox-4="[157,1430,193,1940]" captionTargetBox-5="[160,1419,193,1942]" captionTargetBox-6="[184,1416,193,1944]" captionTargetBox-7="[164,1423,193,1944]" captionTargetBox-8="[155,1426,193,1680]" captionTargetBox-9="[219,1368,193,939]" captionTargetId-0="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetId-1="figure@57.[151,1435,193,1058]" captionTargetId-2="figure@58.[151,1435,193,1897]" captionTargetId-3="figure@59.[151,1435,193,1145]" captionTargetId-4="figure@60.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetId-5="figure@61.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetId-6="figure@62.[175,1418,193,1948]" captionTargetId-7="figure@63.[151,1435,193,1953]" captionTargetId-8="figure@64.[151,1435,193,1692]" captionTargetId-9="figure@65.[210,1376,193,945]" captionTargetPageId-0="56" captionTargetPageId-1="57" captionTargetPageId-2="58" captionTargetPageId-3="59" captionTargetPageId-4="60" captionTargetPageId-5="61" captionTargetPageId-6="62" captionTargetPageId-7="63" captionTargetPageId-8="64" captionTargetPageId-9="65" captionText-0="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." captionText-1="FIGURE 33. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Fragment of polyp head showing points, collaret, tentacle rachis and pinnules; B. Cross-section of medulla." captionText-2="FIGURE 34. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: Point and collaret." captionText-3="FIGURE 35. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: Arrangement of sclerites in the points, tentacle rachis and pinnules." captionText-4="FIGURE 36. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: A. Pinnule; B. Tentacle rachis (a. short, clavate spindle as mentioned by Bayer 1961)." captionText-5="FIGURE 37. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Polyp head with pharynx in place; B. In situ arrangement of pharyngeal sclerites; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." captionText-6="FIGURE 38. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, calyx sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks." captionText-7="FIGURE 39. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, cortex sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks." captionText-8="FIGURE 40. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: Medulla." captionText-9="FIGURE 41. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, USNM 1090549: A. Colony; B. Terminal polyp bunch." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/842355/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/842357/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/842359/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/842361/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/842363/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/842365/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/842367/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/842369/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/842371/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs. 32–41</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E76FF87FF4BE78E7F44DD96" box="[151,623,934,956]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF4BE78E7F44DD96" blockId="55.[151,623,934,956]" box="[151,623,934,956]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2211D53E76FF87FF4BE78E7F44DD96" box="[151,623,934,956]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E76FF87FF4BE78E7F3DDD96" ID-CoL="67GP8" authority="Bayer, 1961: 68" authorityName="Bayer" authorityPageNumber="68" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,534,934,956]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF4BE78E7C47DD96" box="[151,364,934,956]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E76FF87FEAFE78F7F3DDD96" author="Bayer" box="[371,534,934,956]" page="68" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" year="1961">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E76FF87FEAFE78F7CDADD96" author="Bayer" box="[371,497,934,956]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961">Bayer, 1961</bibRefCitation>
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: 68
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FDFDE78E7F40DD96" box="[545,619,934,956]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1985,2007]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,193,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1435,193,1963]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Anthothela grandiflora (Sars, 1856): A – B. NTNU 67149: (A). Calicular sclerites; (B). Recently collected colony. C. NTNU 67148, recently collected colony. (B – C. Courtesy of Torkild Bakken, NTNU-VM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842315/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E76FF87FF4BE7CE7F2BDA5B" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF4BE7CE7E3ADA0C" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E76FF87FF4BE7CE7E3ADA0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203829" collectingDate="1952-04-11" collectionCode="USNM" country="Mexico" county="Oregon" elevation="778" latitude="27.533" location="Material" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="-93.027" municipality="Texas" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCode="USNM 50650" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF4BE7CE7F80DDD5" bold="true" box="[151,683,998,1023]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<location id="8EED60203E76FF87FF4BE7CE7DD4DDD5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA:8EED60203E76FF87FF4BE7CE7DD4DDD5" box="[151,255,998,1023]" country="Mexico" county="Oregon" latitude="27.533" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="-93.027" municipality="Texas" name="Material" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Material</location>
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examined.
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<typeStatus id="548988593E76FF87FE56E7CE7CD0DDD5" box="[394,507,998,1023]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="DB949E803E76FF87FDD5E7CE7F80DDD5" box="[521,683,998,1023]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<collectionCode id="ED23AE3E3E76FF87FDD5E7CE7F77DDD5" box="[521,604,998,1023]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">USNM</collectionCode>
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50650
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</specimenCode>
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</emphasis>
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, southeast of
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<location id="8EED60203E76FF87FC97E7CE7EEBDDD5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA:8EED60203E76FF87FC97E7CE7EEBDDD5" box="[843,960,998,1023]" country="Mexico" county="Oregon" latitude="27.533" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="-93.027" municipality="Texas" name="Galveston" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Galveston</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BE9AC813E76FF87FC10E7CF793BDDD4" box="[972,1040,999,1022]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Texas</collectingMunicipality>
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, Gulf of
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<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E76FF87FBA5E7CE79FADDD5" box="[1145,1233,998,1023]" name="Mexico" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62EC4E773E76FF87FB02E7CF7819DDD5" box="[1246,1330,999,1023]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Oregon</collectingCounty>
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stn. 534,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE06503C3E76FF87FF4BE0257C2DDA0C" box="[151,262,1037,1062]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" precision="55" value="27.533">27.533°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE06503C3E76FF87FECDE0267CAFDA0C" box="[273,388,1038,1062]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" precision="55" value="-93.027">93.027°W</geoCoordinate>
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, depth
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<elevation id="001FD1C83E76FF87FE09E0267F7DDA0F" box="[469,598,1038,1062]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.775" metricValueMax="8.23" metricValueMin="7.32" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="777.5" valueMax="823.0" valueMin="732.0">
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<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FE09E0267F7DDA0F" box="[469,598,1038,1062]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.775" metricValueMax="8.23" metricValueMin="7.32" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="777.5" valueMax="823.0" valueMin="732.0">732–823 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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,
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<collectingDate id="EFC8E9D33E76FF87FDBDE0267E26DA0C" box="[609,781,1033,1062]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1952-04-11">
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<date id="FF8C103B3E76FF87FDBDE0267E26DA0C" box="[609,781,1033,1062]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1952-04-11">11th April 1952</date>
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</collectingDate>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF1BE0197F2BDA5B" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E76FF87FF1BE0197F2BDA5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203844" collectingDate="2005-11-09" collectionCode="USNM" county="Atlantic Ocean" elevation="785" latitude="29.849" location="St. Augustine" longLatPrecision="73" longitude="-79.633" municipality="Reed Peak" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCode="USNM 1090549" specimenCount="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF1BE0197F7FDA60" bold="true" box="[199,596,1073,1098]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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||
Other material:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB949E803E76FF87FE48E0197F7FDA60" box="[404,596,1073,1098]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<collectionCode id="ED23AE3E3E76FF87FE48E0197CCCDA60" box="[404,487,1073,1098]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
1090549
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</specimenCode>
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</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<location id="8EED60203E76FF87FDBAE01A7E2EDA60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E76FFF2FF4BE7167C15DFFA:8EED60203E76FF87FDBAE01A7E2EDA60" box="[614,773,1073,1098]" county="Atlantic Ocean" latitude="29.849" longLatPrecision="73" longitude="-79.633" municipality="Reed Peak" name="St. Augustine" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">St. Augustine</location>
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,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE9AC813E76FF87FCC9E0197EBBDA60" box="[789,912,1073,1098]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Reed Peak</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
#160,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62EC4E773E76FF87FC3BE01979BCDA60" box="[999,1175,1073,1098]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Atlantic Ocean</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE06503C3E76FF87FB7AE01A783EDA60" box="[1190,1301,1074,1098]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" precision="55" value="29.849">29.849°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE06503C3E76FF87FAF9E01978B3DA60" box="[1317,1432,1073,1098]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" precision="55" value="-79.633">79.633°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<elevation id="001FD1C83E76FF87FF00E0707C76DA5A" box="[220,349,1112,1136]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="8.28" metricValueMin="7.42" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="785.0" valueMax="828.0" valueMin="742.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FF00E0707C76DA5A" box="[220,349,1112,1136]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="8.28" metricValueMin="7.42" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="785.0" valueMax="828.0" valueMin="742.0">742–828 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFC8E9D33E76FF87FEB5E0707CD6DA5B" box="[361,509,1108,1137]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2005-11-09">
|
||
<date id="FF8C103B3E76FF87FEB5E0707CD6DA5B" box="[361,509,1108,1137]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2005-11-09">9th Nov 2005</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E76FFF0FF1BE0547CCCD991" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF1BE0547C70DABF" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" box="[199,347,1148,1173]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF1BE0547C70DABF" bold="true" box="[199,347,1148,1173]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF1BE0887F3ED80B" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF1BE0887C47DA93" bold="true" box="[199,364,1184,1209]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colony form:</emphasis>
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E76FF87FDC5E0897F9FDA93" author="Bayer" box="[537,692,1184,1209]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961">Bayer (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, originally the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E76FF87FCB5E0887EE0DA93" box="[873,971,1184,1209]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was a rambling colony with “crooked” branches forming a “tangled mass” with no central stem; he figured only a small fragment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FB52E0EC79CBDAF7" box="[1166,1248,1220,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E76FF87FAE6E0EC78B7DAF7" box="[1338,1436,1220,1245]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
now consists of seven fragments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FDC8E0C07F43DB2A" box="[532,616,1256,1281]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
B); five of these are straight to slightly bent pieces of branch and two are pieces of tangled branch with anastomoses evident. There is no central stem or obvious holdfast. There are many calyces present but very few remaining polyps. The calyces apparently were “widely separated on all sides” but no distances between calyces or measurements of colony surface without polyps were given. On the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E76FF87FAE6E17C78B7DB47" box="[1338,1436,1364,1389]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
fragments, calyces are evident on all sides of the branches and distributed evenly throughout. There is no mention or evidence of clumps of polyps which is a common feature in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E76FF87FBD0E1B479ACDB9F" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1036,1159,1436,1461]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FBD0E1B479ACDB9F" box="[1036,1159,1436,1461]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only a tiny fragment of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E76FF87FF1FE1E87C0EDBF3" box="[195,293,1472,1497]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was examined for this study (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FD58E1E87FF3DBF2" box="[644,728,1472,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
C) so parts of the original description have been incorporated here. The fragment is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FE78E1CD7F08DBD7" box="[420,547,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (which corresponds with “about 2.0 mm” from Bayer) and is basically circular in cross-section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF1BE2047E39D843" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF1BE2047C0FD86F" bold="true" box="[199,292,1580,1605]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Colour:</emphasis>
|
||
According to Bayer, “the colonies (sic) are ivory white in alcohol”. The fragment examined here is also white in alcohol. There is no mention of live colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF87FF1BE25C79FFD96A" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E76FF87FF1BE25C7C85D8A7" bold="true" box="[199,430,1652,1677]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Polyps and calyces:</emphasis>
|
||
Calyces, as described by Bayer, are cylindrical in shape, “about
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FBA2E25C79FFD8A6" box="[1150,1236,1652,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall” and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FA9CE25D78B6D8A6" box="[1344,1437,1653,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide from his figure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FE4CE2B07CCFD89A" box="[400,484,1688,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Bayer does not give the dimensions of polyps in the text but from the figure the head of the polyp extends approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FDBAE2957F8CD8FE" box="[614,679,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the lip of the calyx and is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FBD1E2957954D8FE" box="[1037,1151,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Most of the polyps were preserved exsert although Bayer mentions that the “polyps are fully retractile”, and in his figure a polyp head is partly retracted such that the base of the polyp head rests on the lip of the calyx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FBB7E32C79EBD937" box="[1131,1216,1796,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
A). One of the few remaining polyps visible on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E76FF87FE23E3007F4AD96B" box="[511,609,1832,1857]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
fragments resembles that figured by Bayer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FB88E300798DD96A" box="[1108,1190,1832,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
Ba).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E76FF88FF1BE3647F66DED2" blockId="55.[151,1437,998,2037]" lastBlockId="56.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The fragment examined here has two mound-shaped calyces which are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FB42E36579DDD94E" box="[1182,1270,1869,1893]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E76FF87FA86E36578B6D94E" box="[1370,1437,1869,1893]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide with no discernible ridges. The single polyp present is fully retracted within its calyx and appears poorly developed—it may in fact be a juvenile polyp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FD74E3BC7FD1D987" box="[680,762,1940,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
Ca). The calyces and the colony surface are covered in large sclerites which have a projecting tip, giving the colony a very prickly appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FB9DE39079BED9FA" box="[1089,1173,1976,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The polyp head has sclerites arranged in a distinct collaret and points (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E76FF87FD3CE3F47E18D9DF" box="[736,819,2012,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1079,1101]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1054]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1435,193,1058]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 33. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Fragment of polyp head showing points, collaret, tentacle rachis and pinnules; B. Cross-section of medulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842355/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
A) and the tentacles are folded tightly into the mouth forming eight mounds and furrows, giving the top of the polyp a starred appearance. A single row of approximately 10 pinnules are arranged along each side of the tentacles but it was impossible to accurately determine the number of pinnules with the material available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E79FF88FF4BE3B17CA1D9C6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" targetPageId="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E79FF88FF4BE3B17CA1D9C6" blockId="56.[151,1436,1945,2028]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E79FF88FF4BE3B17C0DD985" bold="true" box="[151,294,1945,1967]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E79FF88FEEEE3B17FB6D985" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[306,669,1945,1967]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E79FF88FEEEE3B17F26D985" box="[306,525,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E78FF89FF4BE01F7F6CDA46" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842355/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1054]" targetPageId="57">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E78FF89FF4BE01F7F6CDA46" blockId="57.[151,1435,1079,1132]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E78FF89FF4BE01F7C0BDA67" bold="true" box="[151,288,1079,1101]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E78FF89FEFAE01F7FABDA67" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[294,640,1079,1101]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E78FF89FEFAE01F7CD7DA67" box="[294,508,1079,1101]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype: A. Fragment of polyp head showing points, collaret, tentacle rachis and pinnules; B. Cross-section of medulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E78FF89FF1BE0BB7921DBE6" blockId="57.[151,1437,1171,2024]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E78FF89FF1BE0BB7CEBDA86" bold="true" box="[199,448,1171,1196]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Medulla and Cortex:</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer included a figure of a cross-section of the colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FB9CE0BB79BADA86" box="[1088,1169,1171,1196]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
Aa), and a cross-section from the fragment of
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E78FF89FE4CE09F7CD9DAFA" box="[400,498,1207,1232]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
here generally confirms this figure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FC4BE09F7EC6DAE5" box="[919,1005,1207,1232]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1079,1101]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1054]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1435,193,1058]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 33. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Fragment of polyp head showing points, collaret, tentacle rachis and pinnules; B. Cross-section of medulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842355/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The branch fragment consists of a medulla of tightly packed sclerites, longitudinally or obliquely arranged, surrounded by a thin cortex. The cortex and the medulla are separated by a series of longitudinal canals, running adjacent to each other and so close as to form a circle of boundary canals. They are, however, still discernible as individual canals and do not appear to frequently anastomose. There is no evidence, either in Bayer’s figure or the small cross-section taken here, of internal coelenteric canals within the medulla. However, Bayer qualifies his description by admitting that the “material is not sufficiently well-preserved to determine the extent to which the medulla is penetrated by solenia”. There is insufficient material to investigate the canal arrangements any further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E78FF89FF1BE1FF7874D88E" blockId="57.[151,1437,1171,2024]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E78FF89FF1BE1FF7C1EDBDA" bold="true" box="[199,309,1495,1520]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Sclerites:</emphasis>
|
||
The polyp head is covered in closely packed sclerites, with approximately 10 transverse rows of sclerites forming a collaret and others arranged
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E78FF89FD6BE1D47E18D83E" box="[695,819,1531,1556]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">en chevron</emphasis>
|
||
to longitudinally in eight points. These sclerites (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E78FF89FAB5E1D47C2AD81D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="8.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="0.535" valueMax="0.87" valueMin="0.2">0.2– 0.87 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) are mainly curved or straight sticks and spindles with relatively simple tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FAE9E23778BBD81D" box="[1333,1424,1567,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1918,1940]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,194,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1435,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 34. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: Point and collaret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842357/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occasionally in the points, there are sclerites where one end has developed short spines or thorns and these are positioned such that these tips project above the base of the folded tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FBE6E24F79B8D8AA" box="[1082,1171,1639,1664]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1166,1188]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1139]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1435,193,1145]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 35. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: Arrangement of sclerites in the points, tentacle rachis and pinnules." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842359/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). It was impossible to adequately determine the arrangement of the sclerites on the polyp neck due to the limited material available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E78FF89FF1BE2877FF5D9C2" blockId="57.[151,1437,1171,2024]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The tentacles are crowded with sclerites that are arranged longitudinally along the aboral side and angled obliquely on the flanks. They are mostly short tuberculate rods, usually straight, sometimes curved, and are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E78FF89FE9EE2DF7CE1D925" box="[322,458,1783,1807]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FDCAE2DF7F47D93A" box="[534,620,1783,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 36. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: A. Pinnule; B. Tentacle rachis (a. short, clavate spindle as mentioned by Bayer 1961)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842361/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Bayer mentions that the tentacle sclerites have “spines larger at one end than elsewhere” and includes them in his figure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E78FF89FD35E3347EF3D91E" author="Bayer" box="[745,984,1819,1844]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FCA5E3337EE1D91E" box="[889,970,1819,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1985,2007]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,193,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1435,193,1963]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Anthothela grandiflora (Sars, 1856): A – B. NTNU 67149: (A). Calicular sclerites; (B). Recently collected colony. C. NTNU 67148, recently collected colony. (B – C. Courtesy of Torkild Bakken, NTNU-VM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842315/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A few sclerites like those figured were found in this study (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FE5CE3177CF9D972" box="[384,466,1855,1880]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 36. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: A. Pinnule; B. Tentacle rachis (a. short, clavate spindle as mentioned by Bayer 1961)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842361/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
Ba) although they were not the dominant sclerite
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E78FF89FBD1E3687916D972" box="[1037,1085,1856,1880]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
|
||
in the tentacles. However, not specifically mentioned by Bayer is the fact that the pinnules are packed with longitudinally arranged spatulate clubs, with an enlarged and flattened tip, along with some simple small tuberculate rodlets, particularly in the tip of the tentacle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E78FF89FEFBE3837C52D9EE" box="[295,377,1963,1988]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,193,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 36. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: A. Pinnule; B. Tentacle rachis (a. short, clavate spindle as mentioned by Bayer 1961)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842361/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Sclerites from the pinnules range in size from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E78FF89FC76E3837966D9E9" box="[938,1101,1963,1988]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="0.205" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, with the spatulate clubs falling mainly into the range of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E78FF89FE27E3E77FB5D9CD" box="[507,670,1999,2024]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="0.27" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.19">0.19–0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E7BFF8AFF4BE3567923D9BE" box="[151,1032,1918,1940]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842357/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[153,1435,194,1888]" targetPageId="58">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7BFF8AFF4BE3567923D9BE" blockId="58.[151,1032,1918,1940]" box="[151,1032,1918,1940]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7BFF8AFF4BE3567C0BD9BE" bold="true" box="[151,288,1918,1940]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 34.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E7BFF8AFEF9E3567F54D9BE" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[293,639,1918,1940]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7BFF8AFEF9E3567CD0D9BE" box="[293,507,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, sclerites: Point and collaret.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E7AFF8BFF4BE0A678B2DA8E" box="[151,1433,1166,1188]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842359/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1139]" targetPageId="59">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7AFF8BFF4BE0A678B2DA8E" blockId="59.[151,1433,1166,1188]" box="[151,1433,1166,1188]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7AFF8BFF4BE0A67C34DA8E" bold="true" box="[151,287,1166,1188]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E7AFF8BFEF9E0A67F54DA8E" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[293,639,1166,1188]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7AFF8BFEF9E0A67CD0DA8E" box="[293,507,1166,1188]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype: Arrangement of sclerites in the points, tentacle rachis and pinnules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7AFF8BFF1BE0E47C60DB7A" blockId="59.[151,1437,1227,2008]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Bayer mentions that the pharynx has “numerous slender, spinose spindles about
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFB83E0E4799CDAC9" box="[1119,1207,1228,1252]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long”. In this study sclerites were found to be very numerous and densely arranged throughout the pharynx, leaving very little free tissue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFF34E13B7C10DB06" box="[232,315,1299,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1419,193,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 37. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Polyp head with pharynx in place; B. In situ arrangement of pharyngeal sclerites; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842363/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). They are small, slender spindles with sparse, small tubercles, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFB24E13B78B6DB01" box="[1272,1437,1299,1324]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.499999999999998" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.08499999999999999" valueMax="0.12" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFF04E11F7C01DB7A" box="[216,298,1335,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[160,1419,193,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1435,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 37. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Polyp head with pharynx in place; B. In situ arrangement of pharyngeal sclerites; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842363/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7AFF8BFF1BE1737820D8F6" blockId="59.[151,1437,1227,2008]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
The calyces and cortex are covered with tightly packed, relatively large sclerites with projecting tips, making the calyces and colony surface very prickly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFD53E1577FC9DBB2" box="[655,738,1407,1432]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,302,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[189,1393,301,1922]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 32. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype: A. Colony diagram from Bayer 1961, Fig. 13 g; B. Colony fragments; C. Fragment examined (a. small retracted polyp); D. Sclerites projecting out from a calyx and cortex. (B. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842353/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
D). These sclerites are usually strongly bent or curved and are mostly covered in simple to quite complex tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFCDDE18B7E74DB96" box="[769,863,1443,1468]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1976,1998]" captionTargetBox="[184,1416,193,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[175,1418,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 38. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, calyx sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842365/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 39A) except at the tips which have foliose and flattened thorns but little or no tuberculation directly on the smooth spines. These sclerites are termed “bent hockey-stick spindles” by Bayer but conforming to the much later published octocoral glossary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E7AFF8BFB17E1C478A4D82E" author="Bayer" box="[1227,1423,1515,1540]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Bayer, F. M., Grasshoff, M. & Verseveldt, J. (1983) Illustrated trilingual glossary of morphological and anatomical terms applied to Octocorallia. Brill, J. E. & Backhuys, Dr. W., Leiden, 75 pp." type="book" year="1983">
|
||
Bayer
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7AFF8BFAC9E1C57866D82E" box="[1301,1357,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), they are here termed thorn clubs. These thorn clubs range in length from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFC02E22779A9D80D" box="[990,1154,1551,1576]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.800000000000001" metricValueMax="6.800000000000001" metricValueMin="2.8000000000000003" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.48" valueMax="0.68" valueMin="0.28">0.28–0.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the calyx. In the cortex, the thorn clubs tend to be of similar size (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFD6AE21C7E70D861" box="[694,859,1588,1612]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.550000000000001" metricValueMax="7.800000000000001" metricValueMin="3.3000000000000003" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.555" valueMax="0.78" valueMin="0.33">0.33–0.78 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) but there are more numerous small ones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFAB3E21B7D9ED85A" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,193,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1435,193,1953]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 39. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, cortex sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842367/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Mixed in with the thorn clubs, in both the calyces and cortex, are straight or slightly curved tuberculate spindles and sticks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFEABE2537CFFD8BE" box="[375,468,1659,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1976,1998]" captionTargetBox="[184,1416,193,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[175,1418,193,1948]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 38. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, calyx sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842365/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 39B). These range in length from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFCB2E2537928D8B9" box="[878,1027,1659,1684]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.39" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the calyx and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFB26E25378B6D8B9" box="[1274,1437,1659,1684]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.699999999999999" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.57" valueMin="0.33">0.33–0.57 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the cortex where they appear to be more common. This supports Bayer’s description where he stated “in the cortex [the bent hockey-stick spindles] are smaller and many ordinary spindles are mixed with them”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7AFF8BFF1BE2CF796CD946" blockId="59.[151,1437,1227,2008]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Sclerites in the medulla are mostly long, narrow sticks and spindles with sparse, simple tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFAE5E2CF78BBD92A" box="[1337,1424,1767,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1713,1735]" captionTargetBox="[155,1426,193,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1435,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 40. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, holotype, sclerites: Medulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842369/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occasionally, there are large sclerites with a greater covering of tubercles or warts. In the small sample taken here the sclerites ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFE64E3077F77D96D" box="[440,604,1839,1864]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.49" valueMax="0.66" valueMin="0.32">0.32–0.66 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, although Bayer mentions that the medulla sclerites often exceed “a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E7AFF8BFEDEE37B7C76D946" box="[258,349,1875,1900]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
”. There is evidence of sclerites occasionally fusing and branching.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7AFF8BFF1BE35F7EF2D9BA" blockId="59.[151,1437,1227,2008]" box="[199,985,1911,1936]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">The sclerites are all translucent and colourless under transmitted light.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7AFFF0FF1BE3B37CCCD991" blockId="59.[151,1437,1227,2008]" lastBlockId="64.[151,1437,1774,2015]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7AFF8BFF1BE3B37C7BD99E" bold="true" box="[199,336,1947,1972]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Variability:</emphasis>
|
||
The tiny fragment of USNM 1090549 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFCD1E3B37E76D99E" box="[781,861,1947,1972]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="65.[151,250,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[219,1368,193,939]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[210,1376,193,945]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 41. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, USNM 1090549: A. Colony; B. Terminal polyp bunch." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842371/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
A) examined consists of only three polyps arranged as a terminal branch cluster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E7AFF8BFE06E3977F07D9F2" box="[474,556,1983,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="65.[151,250,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[219,1368,193,939]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[210,1376,193,945]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 41. Anthothela tropicalis Bayer, 1961, USNM 1090549: A. Colony; B. Terminal polyp bunch." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842371/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The sclerites differ slightly from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E7AFF8BFBD9E397794CD9F2" box="[1029,1127,1983,2008]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in having more numerous thorn clubs in the points. The polyps and calyces are taller and narrower than those from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E01FFF0FB1CE2C67809D92D" box="[1216,1314,1774,1799]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(calyx
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E01FFF0FAA5E2C77DE8D900" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high with the polyp fully extended
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E01FFF0FD8BE33B7F86D900" box="[599,685,1811,1835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
above that; polyp head
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E01FFF0FC67E33A7939D900" box="[955,1042,1810,1835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) but the colony has the spiky surface characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E01FFF0FE74E31F7F19D965" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[424,562,1846,1871]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E01FFF0FE74E31F7F19D965" box="[424,562,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, apart from those in the pharynx, the other sclerites correspond with those of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E01FFF0FF3AE3727C67D959" box="[230,332,1882,1907]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In the pharynx, it has only loosely arranged sclerites and lacks the densely arranged pharynx sclerites found in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E01FFF0FE56E3567CC4D9BD" box="[394,495,1918,1943]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, however the taxonomic importance of this character is unproved. This specimen is from the east coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E01FFF0FE53E38A7CCFD991" box="[399,484,1954,1979]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E7DFF8CFF4BE3997C87D9CC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842361/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[157,1430,193,1940]" targetPageId="60">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7DFF8CFF4BE3997C87D9CC" blockId="60.[151,1435,1969,2022]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7DFF8CFF4BE3997C0BD9ED" bold="true" box="[151,288,1969,1991]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 36.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E7DFF8CFEFAE3997FABD9ED" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[294,640,1969,1991]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7DFF8CFEFAE3997CD7D9ED" box="[294,508,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, sclerites: A. Pinnule; B. Tentacle rachis (a. short, clavate spindle as mentioned by Bayer 1961).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E7CFF8DFF4BE3997F75D9CC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842363/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[160,1419,193,1942]" targetPageId="61">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7CFF8DFF4BE3997F75D9CC" blockId="61.[151,1436,1969,2022]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7CFF8DFF4BE3997C09D9ED" bold="true" box="[151,290,1969,1991]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 37.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E7CFF8DFEF7E3997FA7D9ED" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[299,652,1969,1991]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7CFF8DFEF7E3997F28D9ED" box="[299,515,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype: A. Polyp head with pharynx in place; B. In situ arrangement of pharyngeal sclerites; C. Pharyngeal sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E7FFF8EFF4BE3907833D9E4" box="[151,1304,1976,1998]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842365/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[184,1416,193,1944]" targetPageId="62">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7FFF8EFF4BE3907833D9E4" blockId="62.[151,1304,1976,1998]" box="[151,1304,1976,1998]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7FFF8EFF4BE3907C0BD9E4" bold="true" box="[151,288,1976,1998]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 38.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E7FFF8EFEF9E3907F54D9E4" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[293,639,1976,1998]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7FFF8EFEF9E3907CD0D9E4" box="[293,507,1976,1998]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, calyx sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E7EFF8FFF4BE39E780BD9E6" box="[151,1312,1974,1996]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842367/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[164,1423,193,1944]" targetPageId="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E7EFF8FFF4BE39E780BD9E6" blockId="63.[151,1312,1974,1996]" box="[151,1312,1974,1996]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7EFF8FFF4BE39E7C0BD9E6" bold="true" box="[151,288,1974,1996]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E7EFF8FFEF9E39E7F54D9E6" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[293,639,1974,1996]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E7EFF8FFEF9E39E7CD0D9E6" box="[293,507,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, cortex sclerites: A. Thorn clubs; B. Spindles and sticks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E01FFF0FF4BE2997E81D8ED" box="[151,938,1713,1735]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842369/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[155,1426,193,1680]" targetPageId="64">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E01FFF0FF4BE2997E81D8ED" blockId="64.[151,938,1713,1735]" box="[151,938,1713,1735]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E01FFF0FF4BE2997C34D8ED" bold="true" box="[151,287,1713,1735]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 40.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E01FFF0FEF9E2997F54D8ED" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[293,639,1713,1735]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E01FFF0FEF9E2997CD0D8ED" box="[293,507,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, sclerites: Medulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E01FFF1FF1BE3EE7CF7DA0B" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E01FFF0FF1BE3EE79A1D9F5" blockId="64.[151,1437,1774,2015]" box="[199,1162,1990,2015]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E01FFF0FF1BE3EE7C49D9F5" bold="true" box="[199,354,1990,2015]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Gulf of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E01FFF0FE1EE3EE7F30D9F5" box="[450,539,1990,2015]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E01FFF0FE1EE3EE7F30D9F5" box="[450,539,1990,2015]" name="Mexico" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
; northern Atlantic Ocean off the coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E01FFF0FC37E3EE7914D9F5" box="[1003,1087,1990,2015]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E01FFF0FB96E3EF79ADD9F5" box="[1098,1158,1991,2015]" name="United States of America" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E00FFF1FF4BE7EE7992DDF6" box="[151,1209,966,988]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842371/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[219,1368,193,939]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF4BE7EE7992DDF6" blockId="65.[151,1209,966,988]" box="[151,1209,966,988]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FF4BE7EE7C34DDF6" bold="true" box="[151,287,966,988]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FEF9E7EE7F54DDF6" authority="Bayer, 1961" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[293,639,966,988]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FEF9E7EE7CD0DDF6" box="[293,507,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 1090549: A. Colony; B. Terminal polyp bunch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF1BE0217CF7DA0B" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" box="[199,476,1033,1058]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FF1BE0217C32DA08" bold="true" box="[199,281,1033,1058]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Depth:</emphasis>
|
||
732–828 metres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E00FFF2FF1BE0057FE3DEFF" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF1BE0057E8FDA98" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FF1BE0057C16DA6C" bold="true" box="[199,317,1069,1094]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Regretfully, there are very few polyps remaining on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E00FFF1FC09E0057911DA6C" box="[981,1082,1069,1094]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and only a tiny fragment was available for study. Nevertheless, further specimens are likely to be collected in the future. In fact, in Bayer’s description he mentioned “colonies are white in alcohol” so although he only explicitly mentioned and figured the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E00FFF1FF4BE0B17DD2DA98" box="[151,249,1177,1202]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
he appeared to have more than one specimen at his disposal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF1BE0957FA1DB4C" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Of the specimen USNM 1090549, a similarly small fragment was available for study. Unfortunately, with so little material available, the phylogenetic importance of calyx and polyp form and size is impossible to assess. Geographic proximity and the presence of large thorn clubs in the calyx and cortex are the main features tying these specimens together. Future research, particularly some molecular analysis not possible for these specimens, may also assist with this species delineation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF1BE1597C3AD814" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FEA8E15A7CD4DBA0" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[372,511,1393,1418]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FEA8E15A7CD4DBA0" box="[372,511,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FD22E1597E52DBA0" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[766,889,1393,1418]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FD22E1597E52DBA0" box="[766,889,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
centres on the presence and, in fact, dominance of the characteristic thorn clubs in the calyx and surface.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FCC9E1BE7E9EDB84" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[789,949,1429,1454]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Lateothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FCC9E1BE7E9EDB84" box="[789,949,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has, at times, quite complex sclerites in the calyx but it does not have the true thorn clubs with smooth, sharply pointed tips. Consequently, the surface and calyces of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FECAE1F67C91DBDC" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[278,442,1501,1526]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Lateothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FECAE1F67C91DBDC" box="[278,442,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not as thorny as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FCFEE1F67E85DBDC" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[802,942,1501,1526]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FCFEE1F67E85DBDC" box="[802,942,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, sclerites in the pharynx are always sparsely arranged in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FE0DE22A7F5AD830" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[465,625,1537,1562]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Lateothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FE0DE22A7F5AD830" box="[465,625,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while those in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FC9EE22A7EE1D830" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[834,970,1537,1562]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FC9EE22A7EE1D830" box="[834,970,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E00FFF1FC0DE2297918D830" box="[977,1075,1537,1562]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are crowded, with little scleritefree tissue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF1BE2627CC6D880" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
A specimen collected from a location very close to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E00FFF1FC51E2617EC4D848" box="[909,1007,1609,1634]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FBCAE262798BD848" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[1046,1184,1609,1634]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FBCAE262798BD848" box="[1046,1184,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is herein described as the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FE90E2467CCCD8AF" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" box="[332,487,1646,1669]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="quattriniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FE90E2467CCCD8AF" box="[332,487,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. quattriniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It too has thorn clubs in the calyx and surface of the colony but these thorn clubs are bulbous and swollen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E00FFF1FE50E2B97CCBD880" box="[396,480,1681,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="88.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,373,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@88.[151,1435,373,1959]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 63. Anthothela quattriniae, n. sp., holotype: Bulbous calyx sclerites (a. sclerites lacking a spear tip)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842415/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF1FF1BE29E79B6D974" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Bayer compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FE5AE29E7F3BD8E4" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[390,528,1717,1742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FE5AE29E7F3BD8E4" box="[390,528,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FD8CE29E7FE2D8E4" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[592,713,1718,1742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FD8CE29E7FE2D8E4" box="[592,713,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, calling them “a twin pair”, one from the Pacific Ocean and one from the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E00FFF1FEBDE2F17C91D8D8" box="[353,442,1753,1778]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E00FFF1FEBDE2F17C91D8D8" box="[353,442,1753,1778]" name="Mexico" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
. He claims
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FD98E2F27FFBD8D8" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[580,720,1753,1778]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FD98E2F27FFBD8D8" box="[580,720,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has “smaller and more numerous spicules in the crown and a broader collaret”. In fact, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E00FFF1FE03E2D57F6DD93C" box="[479,582,1789,1814]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FDB6E2D67FC9D93C" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[618,738,1790,1814]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FDB6E2D67FC9D93C" box="[618,738,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has very small sclerites, in general much smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FF4BE30A7C0BD910" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,288,1825,1850]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FF4BE30A7C0BD910" box="[151,288,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Using the limited material from both
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E00FFF1FD08E30A7E2FD910" box="[724,772,1826,1850]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens here, it appears
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FBE6E30A799FD910" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1082,1204,1826,1850]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FBE6E30A799FD910" box="[1082,1204,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the large, bent thorn clubs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FEE5E36E7CE9D974" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[313,450,1861,1886]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FEE5E36E7CE9D974" box="[313,450,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, instead having straight clubbed sclerites in the calyx and points.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E00FFF2FF1BE3427FE3DEFF" blockId="65.[151,1437,1033,2030]" lastBlockId="66.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FF1BE3427C4ED9A8" authority="Moore & Alderslade & Miller, 2017" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" box="[199,357,1897,1922]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aldersladei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FF1BE3427C4ED9A8" box="[199,357,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. aldersladei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E00FFF1FEB0E3417C87D9A8" box="[364,428,1897,1922]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FEB0E3417C87D9A8" bold="true" box="[364,428,1897,1922]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has thorn clubs dominant in the calyx and surface but they are usually shorter than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FF68E3A67C15D98C" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[180,318,1933,1958]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FF68E3A67C15D98C" box="[180,318,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E00FFF1FE91E3A57CD8D98F" box="[333,499,1933,1958]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="0.365" valueMax="0.54" valueMin="0.19">0.19–0.54 mm</quantity>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E00FFF1FDC2E3A67FECD98C" box="[542,711,1934,1958]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.550000000000001" metricValueMax="7.800000000000001" metricValueMin="3.3000000000000003" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="0.555" valueMax="0.78" valueMin="0.33">0.33–0.78 mm</quantity>
|
||
). In the surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FC46E3A6791CD98C" authority="Moore & Alderslade & Miller, 2017" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" box="[922,1079,1933,1958]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aldersladei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FC46E3A6791CD98C" box="[922,1079,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. aldersladei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E00FFF1FBE3E3A57955D98C" box="[1087,1150,1933,1958]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FBE3E3A57955D98C" bold="true" box="[1087,1150,1933,1958]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
the small thorn clubs are almost exclusive with very few straight sticks and spindles as opposed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FC20E39A79A2D9E0" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[1020,1161,1969,1994]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FC20E39A79A2D9E0" box="[1020,1161,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has a far higher percentage of the latter mixed in with the thorn clubs. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E00FFF1FC4AE3FE7918D9C4" authority="Moore & Alderslade & Miller, 2017" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" box="[918,1075,2005,2030]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aldersladei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FC4AE3FE7918D9C4" box="[918,1075,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. aldersladei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E00FFF1FBE7E3FD7950D9C4" box="[1083,1147,2005,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E00FFF1FBE7E3FD7950D9C4" bold="true" box="[1083,1147,2005,2030]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has very large points and collaret sclerites relative to the size of the polyp. At this stage,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FCBBE4B0792EDE9A" authority="Moore & Alderslade & Miller, 2017" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" box="[871,1029,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aldersladei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FCBBE4B0792EDE9A" box="[871,1029,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. aldersladei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E03FFF2FBD2E4BF7965DE9A" box="[1038,1102,151,176]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FBD2E4BF7965DE9A" bold="true" box="[1038,1102,151,176]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has only been recorded from the Indian Ocean, in waters off
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E03FFF2FE24E4957FEFDEFF" box="[504,708,188,213]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E03FFF2FD86E4947FEFDEFF" box="[602,708,188,213]" name="Australia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E03FFF2FF1BE4C87C15DFFA" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E03FFF2FF1BE4C879F5DF4E" blockId="66.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FF1BE4C87C15DED2" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[199,318,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vickersi" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FF1BE4C87C15DED2" box="[199,318,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. vickersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E03FFF2FE9AE4F77C86DED2" box="[326,429,223,248]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FE9AE4F77C86DED2" bold="true" box="[326,429,223,248]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is a very similar species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FD30E4C87E5CDED2" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[748,887,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FD30E4C87E5CDED2" box="[748,887,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has similar sized thorn clubs in the calyx but they only rarely occur in the surface. The surface sclerites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FCA4E52C7ED8DF37" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[888,1011,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vickersi" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FCA4E52C7ED8DF37" box="[888,1011,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. vickersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E03FFF2FC23E52C7942DF37" box="[1023,1129,260,285]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FC23E52C7942DF37" bold="true" box="[1023,1129,260,285]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are a mixture of straight, tuberculate sticks and spindles with numerous short, rounded clubs with a slightly developed tip which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FACFE50078B7DF6A" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[1299,1436,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FACFE50078B7DF6A" box="[1299,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FEA4E5647CC5DF4F" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[376,494,332,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vickersi" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FEA4E5647CC5DF4F" box="[376,494,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. vickersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E03FFF2FE29E5647F70DF4F" box="[501,603,332,357]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FE29E5647F70DF4F" bold="true" box="[501,603,332,357]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has only been recorded from the southern Pacific Ocean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E03FFF2FF1BE5477C15DFFA" blockId="66.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Finally, Bayer mentions that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FDEBE5587FE8DFA2" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[567,707,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FDEBE5587FE8DFA2" box="[567,707,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the polyps are “widely separated on all sides”. This might be considered a difference with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E03FFF2FDC1E5BC7FB3DF87" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[541,664,404,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E03FFF2FDC1E5BC7FB3DF87" box="[541,664,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species which all tend to have polyps closely bunched and, at times, quite crowded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |