194 lines
22 KiB
XML
194 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="88BE59A03F7158091C7BB02B3AD9F2CE">A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1DEB5BD208997F62C464A177BEDC9B30">Moore, Kirrily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="82BE70B95EC128664502436B3B4A7F4C">Miller, Karen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CA3200A01C2AB2B300E2C1E55259F815">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039B87ED3E53FFA2FF4BE7D87DF6D9C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015359" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132631035" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015359" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E53FFA2FF4BE7D87DF6D9C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B87ED3E53FFA2FF4BE7D87DF6D9C6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E53FFA2FF4BE7D87CEADA20" box="[151,449,1008,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E53FFA2FF4BE7D87CEADA20" blockId="18.[151,449,1008,1034]" box="[151,449,1008,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="D0C581973E53FFA2FF4BE7D87CEADA20" bold="true" box="[151,449,1008,1034]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E53FFA2FF4BE7D87CEADA20" ID-CoL="84LG5" authority="Verrill, 1879" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,449,1008,1034]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF4BE7D87CEADA20" bold="true" box="[151,449,1008,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF4BE7D87C35DA20" bold="true" box="[151,286,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Anthothela</emphasis>
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Verrill, 1879
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E53FFA2FF4BE0197FDBDACB" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E53FFA2FF4BE0197DCCDAE8" blockId="18.[151,1437,1073,1249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2211D53E53FFA2FF4BE0197DCCDAE8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E53FFA2FF4BE0197CE4DA6D" ID-CoL="84LG5" authority="Verrill, 1879 a: 199" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="199" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,463,1073,1095]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF4BE0197C2DDA6D" box="[151,262,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Anthothela</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FED0E0197CE4DA6D" author="Verrill" box="[268,463,1073,1095]" page="199" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1879">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FED0E0197CB7DA6D" author="Verrill" box="[268,412,1073,1095]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1879 a) Notice of recent additions to the marine Invertebrata, of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species and critical remarks on others. Part I - Annelida, Gephyraea, Nemertina, Nematoda, Polyzoa, Tunicata, Mollusca, Anthozoa, Echinodermata, Porifera. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 2, 165 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.76.165" type="journal article" year="1879" yearSuffix="a">Verrill, 1879a</bibRefCitation>
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: 199
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 1883: 40;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FD9DE0197FCDDA6D" author="Studer" box="[577,742,1073,1095]" page="28" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1887">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FD9DE0197FEBDA6D" author="Studer" box="[577,704,1073,1095]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Studer, T. & [Wright, E. P. (1887) Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. Archiv fur Naturgeschicte, 53 (1), 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1887">Studer 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 28
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FD2DE0197EFCDA6D" author="Wright" box="[753,983,1073,1095]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Wright, E. P. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. " Challenger ", Zoology, 31, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer 1889</bibRefCitation>
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: xxxiii; (part)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FBB5E0197821DA6D" author="Broch" box="[1129,1290,1073,1095]" page="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1912">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FBB5E01979DBDA6D" author="Broch" box="[1129,1264,1073,1095]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Broch, H. (1912 b) Die Alcyonarien des Trondhjemsfjordes. II. Gorgonacea. Det Kongelige Norske Fidenskabers Selskabs Skrifter 1912, 2, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">Broch 1912b</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 4
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 1916: 12–14;?
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FF0CE0787C87DA4C" author="Kukenthal" box="[208,428,1104,1126]" page="174" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FF0CE0787C52DA4C" author="Kukenthal" box="[208,377,1104,1126]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1916) System und stammesgeschichte der Scleraxioner und der ursprung der Holaxonier. Zooligischer Anzeiger, 47 (6), 170 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">Kükenthal 1916</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 174
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; (part) 1919: 20–31, 43, 103–107, 685, 696, 725–728, 796, 818–826, 874–878, Tafel LVI Karte I., Tafel LXXV; (part)
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FE4EE0477F1DDAAF" author="Verrill" box="[402,566,1135,1157]" page="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1922">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FE4EE0477F3BDAAF" author="Verrill" box="[402,528,1135,1157]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1922) The Alcyonaria of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913 - 1918, with a revision of some other Canadian genera and species. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913 - 1918, 8, 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1922">Verrill 1922</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 18
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; (part)
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FD5DE0477E6BDAAF" author="Kukenthal" box="[641,832,1135,1157]" page="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1924">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FD5DE0477E03DAAF" author="Kukenthal" box="[641,808,1135,1157]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Coelenterata, Gorgonaria Das Tierreich, 47, 1 - 478." type="journal article" year="1924">Kükenthal 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 9
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 14;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FCAEE047796FDAAF" author="Aurivillius" box="[882,1092,1135,1157]" page="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1931">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FCAEE0477936DAAF" author="Aurivillius" box="[882,1053,1135,1157]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Aurivillius, M. (1931) The Gorgonarians from Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and Bonin Islands 1914. Kungliga Svenska Fetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 9 (4), 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="1931">Aurivillius 1931</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 10
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;?
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FB84E0477819DAAF" author="Deichmann" box="[1112,1330,1135,1157]" page="75" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1936">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FB84E0477820DAAF" author="Deichmann" box="[1112,1291,1135,1157]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3, 1 - 317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49348" type="journal article" year="1936">Deichmann 1936</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 75
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 78; (part)
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FF1BE0A57C58DA89" author="Stiasny" box="[199,371,1165,1187]" page="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1937">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FF1BE0A57C66DA89" author="Stiasny" box="[199,333,1165,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae Siboga Expedition Monograph, 13 b (8), 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny 1937</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 19
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FEA1E0A57F13DA89" author="Carlgren" box="[381,568,1165,1187]" page="33" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1945">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FEA1E0A57F39DA89" author="Carlgren" box="[381,530,1165,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Carlgren, P. D. O. (1945) Polypdyr III. Koraldyr. Danmarks Fauna, 51, 1 - 167." type="journal article" year="1945">Carlgren 1945</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 33
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FD9EE0A67FC7DA89" author="Bayer" box="[578,748,1165,1187]" page="86" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1956">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FD9EE0A67FECDA89" author="Bayer" box="[578,711,1165,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1956 a) Descriptions and redescriptions of the Hawaiian octocorals collected by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer " Albatross " (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). Pacific Science, 10 (1), 67 - 95." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="a">Bayer 1956a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 86
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FD2AE0A67E57DA89" author="Bayer" box="[758,892,1165,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1956 b) Octocorallia. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F. Coelenterata. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 166 - 230 (F 166 - F 230)." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">Bayer 1956b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: F194;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FC1BE0A6794EDA89" author="Bayer" box="[967,1125,1165,1187]" page="67" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FC1BE0A6796BDA89" author="Bayer" box="[967,1088,1165,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961">Bayer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 67
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; Arantes & de
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E53FFA2FB20E0A57DC8DAE8" author="Medeiros" page="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FB20E0A578B2DA89" author="Medeiros" box="[1276,1433,1165,1187]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Arantes, R. C. M. & de Medeiros, M. S. (2006) Primeiro registro de Anthothela grandiflora (Sars, 1856) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Anthothelidae) no Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 64 (1), 11 - 17." type="journal article" year="2006">Medeiros 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 12
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E53FFA2FF4BE0E37FDBDACB" blockId="18.[151,1437,1073,1249]" box="[151,752,1227,1249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E53FFA2FF4BE0E37FDBDACB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203824" box="[151,752,1227,1249]" location="Kent" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kent">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF4BE0E37C0FDACA" box="[151,292,1227,1248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">?Gymnosarca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FEF6E0E37CC3DACB" author="Saville" box="[298,488,1227,1249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Saville Kent, W. (1870) On two new genera of Alcyonoid corals, taken in the recent expedition of the yacht Norna off the coast of Spain and Portugal. Quarterly Journal of Micros Science, 10, 397 - 399." type="journal article" year="1870">
|
||
Saville
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E53FFA2FEABE0E47C80DACB" box="[375,427,1228,1249]" country="United Kingdom" name="Kent" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kent</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1870
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FDE7E0E37FEDDACB" author="Stiasny" box="[571,710,1227,1249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae Siboga Expedition Monograph, 13 b (8), 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 19.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E53FFA2FF4BE1207E00DB34" box="[151,811,1288,1310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E53FFA2FF4BE1207E00DB34" blockId="18.[151,811,1288,1310]" box="[151,811,1288,1310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF4BE1207C0EDB34" bold="true" box="[151,293,1288,1310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type species:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E53FFA2FEF7E1217FA7DB34" authority="Sars, 1856" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1856" box="[299,652,1288,1310]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FEF7E1217F32DB34" box="[299,537,1288,1310]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Briareum grandiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E53FFA2FDC3E1207FA7DB34" author="Sars" box="[543,652,1288,1310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Sars, M. (1856) Nouveau polypes. In: Sars, M., Koren, J. & Danielssen, D. C. (Eds.), Fauna littoralis Norvegiae. Beyer, 1846 - 1877, Bergen, pp. 63 - 79." type="book chapter" year="1856">Sars, 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by designation
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E53FFA2FF4BE1637DD2D8E6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E53FFA2FF4BE1637DD2D8E6" blockId="18.[151,1437,1355,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF4BE1637C38DB4E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1355,1380]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Monomorphic scleraxonians which form both membranous and branched colonies. Branched colonies are tangled with no central or main stem; anastomoses common; cortex separated from medulla by a ring of intact coelenteric canals (boundary canals); coelenteric canals almost always absent from central medulla (occasionally present as only a thinning in the density of sclerites); calyces distinct, cylindrical to conical, spread irregularly throughout colonies with some free space between but tending to crowd together at branch tips; polyps often exsert but may be partly or fully invaginated into calyces; medulla sclerites are straight, simple sticks and spindles with light to moderate tuberculation; all other sclerites are sticks and spindles, clubs and hockeystick spindles, many clubs being bent with thorny tips; sticks and spindles are arranged as collaret and points on polyp head and longitudinally along the aboral side of the tentacle rachis; pinnules are crowded with longitudinally arranged, narrow spatulate clubs; the pharynx has small tuberculate rods. Membranous colonies are as above but lack a medulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E53FFA2FF1BE2FE7DF6D9C6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E53FFA2FF1BE2FE7DF6D9C6" blockId="18.[151,1437,1355,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FF1BE2FE7C16D8C5" bold="true" box="[199,317,1750,1775]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E53FFA2FE38E2FE7F74D8C5" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[484,607,1750,1775]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FE38E2FE7F74D8C5" box="[484,607,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have historically been understood to be of relatively common occurrence amongst deep-water samples from the Northern Atlantic. In reality, the understanding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E53FFA2FB4CE2D37820D93E" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1168,1291,1787,1812]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FB4CE2D37820D93E" box="[1168,1291,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been so modified and expanded as to ultimately incorporate specimens which were actually from other genera. The removal of these specimens means the diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E53FFA2FD32E36B7E42D976" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[750,873,1859,1884]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E53FFA2FD32E36B7E42D976" box="[750,873,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has now been refined and tightened. The worldwide distribution of the genus remains with confirmed records from the North and South Atlantic Ocean, southern Indian Ocean, North and South Pacific Ocean and on the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean. All occurrences are restricted to cold waters with most specimens collected deeper than
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E53FFA2FB98E38779A0D9ED" box="[1092,1163,1967,1991]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
down to over
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E53FFA2FAF7E38778ABD9ED" box="[1323,1408,1967,1991]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
in depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |