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<mods:title id="F3EC690B3A06F024C506A5C538C6A248">Taxonomy and ecology of genus Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Indian Himalaya with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356B0FEA9B2F4FF54" bold="true" box="[151,726,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356B0FEA9B1BAFF57" bold="true" box="[151,408,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Phlogophora humilis</emphasis>
Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998
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[
<figureCitation id="130105E254308E2356B9FE85B0C6FF33" box="[158,228,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[226,1365,200,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[199,1388,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 3–10. Habitus images of Phlogophora spp. 3. Phlogophora nobilis Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998; 4. Phlogophora costalis (Moore, 1882); 5. Phlogophora humilis Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998; 6. Phlogophora meticulodina (Draudt, 1950)*; 7. Phlogophora conservuloides (Hampson, 1898); 8. Phlogophora distorta (Moore, 1881); 9. Phlogophora szecsenyii (Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998); 10. Phlogophora sinuata (Moore, 1882). *Image procured from Dr Péter Gyulai, Hungary, through personal correspondence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756736/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130105E254308E2356D7FE85B11AFF30" box="[240,312,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–30" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[226,1350,196,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[213,1375,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 23–30. Male genitalia images of Phlogophora spp. 23–24. Phlogophora nobilis Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998, West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/MND21/1/29.X.18/60; 25–26. Phlogophora costalis (Moore, 1882), West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/ GAR24_2/2/21.V.18/37; 27–28. Phlogophora humilis Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998, West Bengal, Gen. prep. SN/PAL19_1/1/03. XI.18/166; 29–30. Phlogophora meticulodina (Draudt, 1950), Sichuan, China, Gen. prep. GYP 5267*. *Image procured from Dr Péter Gyulai, Hungary, through personal correspondence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5756742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5756742/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">27, 28</figureCitation>
]
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A62E454308E2356B0FEC4B257FEF7" authority="Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998" authorityName="Hreblay &amp; Ronkay" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,629,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356B0FEC4B14CFEF7" box="[151,366,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Phlogophora humilis</emphasis>
Hreblay &amp; Ronkay, 1998
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,
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E235458FEC5B2B1FEF7" box="[639,659,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">in</emphasis>
Haruta,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A62E454308E2354CCFEC5B304FEF7" box="[747,806,251,274]" class="Insecta" family="Tineidae" genus="Tinea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tinea</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E235517FEC4B36BFEF7" bold="true" box="[816,841,250,274]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">15</emphasis>
: 259.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3204AEC54308E2356B0FF7FB297FDEA" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356B0FF7FB2F4FEBE" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" box="[151,726,320,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="3B52133A54308E2356B0FF7FB2F0FEBE" box="[151,722,320,347]" country="Nepal" location="Lal Kharka" municipality="Taplejung area" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356B0FF7FB11BFEBF" bold="true" box="[151,313,320,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<typeStatus id="5481A7C554308E2356B0FF7FB0F0FEBE" box="[151,210,321,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<location id="8EE54FBC54308E235767FF7EB1E0FEBF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393A87154308E2356B0FEA9B186FC5B:8EE54FBC54308E235767FF7EB1E0FEBF" box="[320,450,320,346]" country="Nepal" municipality="Taplejung area" name="Lal Kharka" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Lal Kharka</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE1831D54308E2357EBFF7EB250FEBE" box="[460,626,320,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Taplejung area</collectingMunicipality>
[
<collectingCountry id="F32D59F754308E235458FF7EB2E8FEBE" box="[639,714,320,347]" name="Nepal" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Nepal</collectingCountry>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356E0FF5AB427FE46" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356E0FF5AB196FE9B" bold="true" box="[199,436,356,382]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B52133A54308E23579BFF5AB423FE46" collectingDate="2019-11-23" collectorName="A. K. Sanyal" country="India" elevation="1879" latitude="27.37864" location="Yuksom" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="88.22087" municipality="Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Sikkim">
<collectingCountry id="F32D59F754308E23579BFF5AB1D8FE9B" box="[444,506,356,382]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">India</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCount id="9D3CD2EE54308E235421FF5BB211FE9A" box="[518,563,357,383]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49FED78554308E235466FF5AB2B7FE9B" box="[577,661,356,382]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
, Dist. West
<collectingRegion id="49FED78554308E235539FF5AB350FE9B" box="[798,882,356,382]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE1831D54308E235559FF5AB50CFE9A" box="[894,1326,356,383]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EE54FBC54308E23531EFF5AB5BAFE9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393A87154308E2356B0FEA9B186FC5B:8EE54FBC54308E23531EFF5AB5BAFE9B" box="[1337,1432,356,382]" country="India" latitude="27.37864" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="88.22087" municipality="Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve" name="Yuksom" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Sikkim">Yuksom</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E7FA054308E2356B0FFB6B10BFE46" box="[151,297,392,419]" degrees="27.37864" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" precision="1" value="27.37864">27.37864° N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E7FA054308E235712FFB7B1F3FE46" box="[309,465,393,419]" degrees="088.22087" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" precision="1" value="88.22087">088.22087° E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E2357FAFFB7B216FE46" box="[477,564,393,419]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.879" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="1879.0">
<elevation id="0017FE5454308E2357FAFFB7B216FE46" box="[477,564,393,419]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.879" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="1879.0">1879 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FF843FA754308E235467FFB7B2F2FE46" box="[576,720,393,419]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2019-11-23">
<collectingDate id="EFC0C64F54308E235467FFB7B2F2FE46" box="[576,720,393,419]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2019-11-23">23. XI. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
; coll.
<collectorName id="26CF7CB154308E235535FFB7B381FE47" box="[786,931,392,419]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">A. K. Sanyal</collectorName>
&amp; team
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356E0FF93B297FDEA" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="3B52133A54308E2356E0FF93B0D7FE0E" collectingDate="2018-10-19" county="Dist. Darjeeling" elevation="2168" latitude="27.1147" location="Manedara" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="88.1" municipality="Singalila National Park" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="West Bengal">
<specimenCount id="9D3CD2EE54308E2356E0FF93B0D1FE22" box="[199,243,429,455]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="49FED78554308E2356D8FF93B1ADFE23" box="[255,399,428,455]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="62E461EB54308E2357BCFF92B272FE23" box="[411,592,428,454]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Dist. Darjeeling</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE1831D54308E23547BFF92B346FE23" box="[604,868,428,454]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Singalila National Park</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EE54FBC54308E235548FF92B3C0FE23" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393A87154308E2356B0FEA9B186FC5B:8EE54FBC54308E235548FF92B3C0FE23" box="[879,994,428,454]" county="Dist. Darjeeling" latitude="27.1147" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="88.1" municipality="Singalila National Park" name="Manedara" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="West Bengal">Manedara</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E7FA054308E2355CAFF93B452FE22" box="[1005,1136,429,455]" degrees="27.1147" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" precision="5" value="27.1147">27.1147° N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E7FA054308E23525BFF93B528FE22" box="[1148,1290,429,455]" degrees="088.1000" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" precision="5" value="88.1">088.1000° E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E235331FF92B54FFE22" box="[1302,1389,428,455]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.168" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="2168.0">
<elevation id="0017FE5454308E235331FF92B54FFE22" box="[1302,1389,428,455]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.168" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="2168.0">2168 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FF843FA754308E23535EFF93B0D7FE0E" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2018-10-19">
<collectingDate id="EFC0C64F54308E23535EFF93B0D7FE0E" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2018-10-19">19. X. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="9D3CD2EE54308E235726FFEFB160FE0E" box="[257,322,465,491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="male">3 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D3CD2EE54308E235769FFEFB15BFE0E" box="[334,377,465,491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<date id="FF843FA754308E2357A0FFEFB22DFE0E" box="[391,527,465,491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2018-10-29">29. X. 2018</date>
; coll. A. K. Sanyal &amp; team;
<materialsCitation id="3B52133A54308E23556AFFEFB276FDEB" collectingDate="2018-11-03" collectorName="K. Bhattacharyya" elevation="1909" latitude="27.07071" location="Palamajua" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="88.09071" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="West Bengal">
<specimenCount id="9D3CD2EE54308E23556AFFEFB3ACFE0E" box="[845,910,465,491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<location id="8EE54FBC54308E2355BDFFEEB430FE0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393A87154308E2356B0FEA9B186FC5B:8EE54FBC54308E2355BDFFEEB430FE0F" box="[922,1042,464,490]" latitude="27.07071" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="88.09071" name="Palamajua" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="West Bengal">Palamajua</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E7FA054308E23523AFFEFB492FE0E" box="[1053,1200,465,491]" degrees="27.07071" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" precision="1" value="27.07071">27.07071° N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0E7FA054308E23529CFFEFB57AFE0E" box="[1211,1368,465,491]" degrees="088.09071" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" precision="1" value="88.09071">088.09071° E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E235343FFEFB08DFDEA" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.909" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="1909.0">
<elevation id="0017FE5454308E235343FFEFB08DFDEA" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.909" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="1909.0">1909 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FF843FA754308E23569CFFCBB16EFDEA" box="[187,332,501,527]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2018-11-03">
<collectingDate id="EFC0C64F54308E23569CFFCBB16EFDEA" box="[187,332,501,527]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" value="2018-11-03">03. XI. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
; coll.
<collectorName id="26CF7CB154308E2357A8FFCBB276FDEB" box="[399,596,500,527]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">K. Bhattacharyya</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
&amp; team.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3204AEC54308E2356E0FC26B542FD03" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356E0FC26B503FD9F" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356E0FC26B166FDD7" bold="true" box="[199,324,536,562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Wing expanse: Male:
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E23541BFC26B294FDD6" box="[572,694,536,563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="38.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="36.0">36–40 mm</quantity>
, female:
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E23553CFC27B3B4FDD6" box="[795,918,537,563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="39.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="38.0">38–40 mm</quantity>
. Almost similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C3A62E454308E235241FC27B4F5FDD7" box="[1126,1239,536,562]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costalis">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E235241FC27B4F5FDD7" box="[1126,1239,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">P. costalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and very difficult to separate from outer morphology. Head, thorax and forewing darker olive-green. The hind wing is much whitish compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C3A62E454308E23570EFC5EB15DFD9F" box="[297,383,608,634]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costalis">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E23570EFC5EB15DFD9F" box="[297,383,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">costalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and have a prominent submarginal dark band lacking the postmedial line before it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356E0FCBBB542FD03" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356E0FCBBB158FD7B" bold="true" box="[199,378,644,671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
In
<taxonomicName id="4C3A62E454308E2357B9FCBBB228FD7B" box="[414,522,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2357B9FCBBB228FD7B" box="[414,522,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">P. humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the male genitalia differ widely from
<taxonomicName id="4C3A62E454308E235591FCBAB42EFD7B" box="[950,1036,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costalis">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E235591FCBAB42EFD7B" box="[950,1036,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">costalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having a much longer and narrower sickle-shaped valva with an acute and curved apex. Shorter, basally inflated harpe and elongated ampulla not crossing the saccular margin are typical to the species. Aedeagus vesica long, with a subterminal scobinated patch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3204AEC54308E2356E0FCCEB186FC5B" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356E0FCCEB0C2FCCA" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356E0FCCEB195FCEF" bold="true" box="[199,439,752,778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="F32D59F754308E235749FCCEB190FCEF" box="[366,434,752,778]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">India</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49FED78554308E2357E6FCCEB237FCEF" box="[449,533,752,778]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49FED78554308E235403FCCFB297FCEF" box="[548,693,752,779]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
(Hreblay &amp; Ronkay 1998).
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E235223FCCEB47CFCEF" bold="true" box="[1028,1118,752,778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Global:</emphasis>
Nepal (Hreblay &amp; Ronkay 1998).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B85196754308E2356E0FD06B186FC5B" blockId="12.[151,1437,320,958]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B94EC57554308E2356E0FD06B16FFCB7" bold="true" box="[199,333,824,850]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Bionomics:</emphasis>
Distribution restricted to Central Himalaya, preferably within an altitudinal range of
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E235339FD06B08DFC92" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="2200.0" valueMax="2500.0" valueMin="1900.0">1900–2500 m</quantity>
, with an annual mean temperature and annual precipitation range of 9–14 ºC and
<quantity id="4CC2B48254308E235272FD62B52AFC92" box="[1109,1288,860,887]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="2400.0" valueMax="2500.0" valueMin="2300.0">2300–2500 mm</quantity>
respectively. The species was mainly recorded in wet Temperate and mixed Coniferous forests in the postmonsoon months of October and November.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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