175 lines
22 KiB
XML
175 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1B25EE552AD21C7FC1FF2F6699AC7BE8">Subspecies-level systematics and affinities of Cheimas Thieme - an endemic genus of the subparamo of the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C6DBC9B640E959F7D3122728D848D56">Pyrcz, Tomasz W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="49AD611B47648028DE983C0C158FAD1C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="63993F69F7F0EDB9D10B5AAE1B2E24EF">Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB36D761235599942A0E2B8A7FB5921F">Boyer, Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="69A9B557EB3CF255B876E639F3564689">Zubek, Anna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="79DB46B64E787DB819826A2EFCD72F5D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E23D56BE1EBF1CD0DF66240FF1EAF3D8">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="20E27ADEDC70373E6DBA1EA679E01FAB">4422</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="07A3A22CD46C2DBA831614EB1CC3D52F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4422.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0382F17FFFFE3D549986F9CEFC406EC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5950473" ID-GBIF-Taxon="144072423" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5950473" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0382F17FFFFE3D549986F9CEFC406EC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0382F17FFFFE3D549986F9CEFC406EC0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">
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<subSubSection id="C33113E2FFFE3D559986F9CEFE596FD0" box="[151,401,1647,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B944069FFFE3D559986F9CEFE596FD0" blockId="2.[151,401,1647,1674]" box="[151,401,1647,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">
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<heading id="D0DCF705FFFE3D559986F9CEFE596FD0" bold="true" box="[151,401,1647,1674]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559986F9CEFE596FD0" ID-CoL="9255V" authority="Staudinger" authorityName="Staudinger" box="[151,401,1647,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559986F9CEFE596FD0" bold="true" box="[151,401,1647,1674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559986F9CEFEC96FD3" bold="true" box="[151,257,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Cheimas</emphasis>
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Staudinger
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33113E2FFFE3D559986F916FBD66F96" box="[151,1054,1718,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B944069FFFE3D559986F916FBD66F96" blockId="2.[151,1054,1718,1740]" box="[151,1054,1718,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">
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Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559837F917FD266F96" authority="Staudinger, 1897: 145" authorityName="Staudinger, O. Neue Sudamerikanische Tagfalter. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1897" box="[294,750,1718,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oxeoschistus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559837F917FDC16F96" box="[294,521,1718,1740]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Oxeoschistus opalinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA3D98FFFE3D559B1EF917FD766F96" box="[527,702,1718,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" refId="ref13004" refString="Staudinger, O. (1897) Neue sudamerikanische Tagfalter. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift " Iris ", 10 (1), 123 - 151, pls. 5 - 8." type="journal article">Staudinger, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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: 145
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</taxonomicName>
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–146, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33113E2FFFE3D559986F958FB336EB3" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B944069FFFE3D559986F958FB336EB3" blockId="2.[151,1436,1785,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559986F958FEBB6E48" bold="true" box="[151,371,1785,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Generic diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Adults of this genus can be identified immediately by the rounded or oval greenish blue patch on the hindwing dorsum. Such a colour pattern is nearly exclusive to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559AA5F8BCFBDE6E6F" box="[948,1046,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559AA5F8BCFBDE6E6F" box="[948,1046,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Cheimas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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among neotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559DEBF8BCFAAF6E6C" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1833" box="[1274,1383,1821,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
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, and the only species with a somewhat similar bluish patch is
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559A59F8E3FB5D6E00" authority="(Doubleday)" authorityName="Doubleday" box="[840,1173,1857,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mygona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irmina">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559A59F8E3FC336E03" box="[840,1019,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Mygona irmina</emphasis>
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(Doubleday)
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</taxonomicName>
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which however has a completely different wing shape with scalloped hindwing margin, which is smooth in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559D6DF8C4FB166E27" box="[1148,1246,1893,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559D6DF8C4FB166E27" box="[1148,1246,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Cheimas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and a forewing distal margin produced below the apex, smooth in
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559BC6F828FC886EFB" box="[727,832,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559BC6F828FCF56EFB" box="[727,829,1929,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheimas</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Several species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559D0CF828FA5F6EF8" authority="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" box="[1053,1431,1929,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lasiophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559D0CF828FB5D6EFB" box="[1053,1173,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Lasiophila</emphasis>
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C. Felder & R. Felder
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</taxonomicName>
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, and one of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D55980AF80CFD806E9F" authority="Forster" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[283,584,1965,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Steromapedaliodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D55980AF80CFE386E9F" box="[283,496,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Steromapedaliodes</emphasis>
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Forster
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</taxonomicName>
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have bright, oval hindwing patches but these are invariably snowy white, and additionally
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559842F870FE036EB3" box="[339,459,2001,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lasiophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559842F870FE036EB3" box="[339,459,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Lasiophila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have hindwing tail-like extensions along vein CuA1, absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFE3D559D83F870FB3C6EB3" box="[1170,1268,2001,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFE3D559D83F870FB3C6EB3" box="[1170,1268,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="221">Cheimas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33113E2FFFF3D5499D6FF36FC406EC0" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B944069FFFF3D5499D6FF36FBD46ADC" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D5499D6FF36FEBC69EA" bold="true" box="[199,372,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">Redescription.</emphasis>
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Head: Antennae composed of 32 flagellomeres (based on
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<specimenCount id="9D2D8BE0FFFF3D549D0DFF39FB7F69EA" box="[1052,1207,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
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representing all the subspecies), orange brown, naked, except some sparse scales on basal segments, club composed of 9 flagellomeres, slightly flattened, dorsally blackish–brown; eyes chocolate brown, densely hairy covered with black setae; labial palpi 2.5 the length of head, covered with thick hairy scales, dorsally sandy yellow, ventrally black, brown and chestnut. Thorax: black, covered with golden brown hair on the sides, in the middle mostly naked except for some tiny dark blue scales. Legs brown, covered with rather sparse sandy yellow scales and hair. Wings: Shape: FW triangular with a subacute apex and a slightly concave outer margin; FW rounded with delicately undulated margins; Venation (
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<figureCitation id="13105CECFFFF3D549860FE35FE0C68F6" box="[369,452,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1993,2015]" captionText="FIGURE 12. Cheimas venation pattern (Ch. opalinus cristalinus, male)" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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): FW vein R2 arising separately from R3+R4+R5; cross vein r–M1 short but present; cross vein m1–m2 well incurved basally; vestigial discal–cell veinlet present. HW humeral vein present; cross vein m1–m2 four times longer than rs–m1 and incurving basally at a sharp angle; A1 and A2 separate along their entire length; Colour patterns: Dorsal FW and HW ground colour brown or chestnut; a bluish or greenish HW median patch, rounded or oval; Ventral FW mostly reddish brown with faint postdiscal and submarginal lines; HW ground colour highly variable, between dusty yellow and reddish brown with a pattern of irregular median, postdiscal and submarginal lines, and in some populations a sandy yellow discal spot. Abdomen: Male genitalia: Simple, characterized by a long and stout uncus, long subunci, longer than half the length of uncus, narrow and uplifted, elongated and rather slender valvae with a blunt apex and slightly irregular dorsal surface occasionally produced in the form of a short process, a rather deep saccus and aedeagus straight or slightly arched, about the length of valvae, smooth. Female genitalia: Papillae anales large; apophysis posterior short but present; a spatiose membraneous pocket enclosing antrum; paddle–like antevaginal and postvaginal lamellae; ductus bursae of intermediate length and width as compared to other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFF3D549A73FCE8FC3D6A38" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1896" box="[866,1013,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pronophilina">Pronophilina</taxonomicName>
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, straight, with an internal sclerotized slat; corpus bursae oval or rounded without signa (see:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA3D98FFFF3D549A10FCCFFC006ADC" box="[769,968,877,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" refId="ref12732" refString="Pyrcz, T. W., Greeney, H., Willmott, K. & Wojtusiak, J. (2011) A taxonomic revision of the genus Daedalma Hewitson with the descriptions of twenty new taxa and the immature stages of two species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zootaxa, 2898, 1 - 68." type="journal article">
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Pyrcz
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D549A59FCCFFCB16ADF" box="[840,889,877,901]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">et al</emphasis>
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., 2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBA3D98FFFF3D549AC5FCCFFBD96ADC" box="[980,1041,878,902]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" refId="ref12794" refString="Pyrcz, T. W., Lorenc-Brudecka, J., Zubek, A., Boyer, P., Carolaing Gabaldon, M. & Mavarez, J. (2017) Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of the genus Steromapedaliodes sensu novo in the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 75, 195 - 243." type="journal article">2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B944069FFFF3D5499D6FC30FE386C6F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D5499D6FC30FDC26AF0" bold="true" box="[199,522,913,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">Subspecies discrimination.</emphasis>
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We identified five geographically well–defined and morphologically discrete subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFF3D549825FC14FE356A97" box="[308,509,949,973]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D549825FC14FE356A97" box="[308,509,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">Cheimas opalinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, described below, differing from each other mostly by their dorsal colour patterns, in particular the shade of the brown ground colour, and colour and shape of the hindwing upperside greenish-blue patch. The entire FWD and most of the HWD of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFF3D549BCCFC5FFCAA6D4F" box="[733,866,1021,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
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<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D549BCCFC5FFCAA6D4F" box="[733,866,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">C. opalinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is uniform brown, however the shades of brown varying between chestnut and blackish–brown are valuable taxonomic characters. The HWD median patch is the only conspicuous feature varying between steely blue and shining green. The shade can be very useful in helping to distinguish between the subspecies, but considerable caution is needed. The scales that make up the patch have a tendency to fall away, particularly in ageing individuals. It leads to the alteration in the colour of the patch, and with time blue shades tend to prevail over light green. Eventually, some individuals may even lose completely their blue scales, more frequently in the females. Therefore, the descriptions of the subspecies is based on freshly emerged specimens exclusively, although the characters diagnostic for each subspecies are evident even in older, worn specimens in most cases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B944069FFFF3D5499D6FAE0FE496F54" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">
|
||
Ventral colour patterns are fairly variable among subspecies, especially on the HW. For example, the individual form
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D54985FFAC4FE7B6C27" box="[334,435,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">spoliatus</emphasis>
|
||
is characterized by the lack of any white pattern on the HWV. HWV pattern can be light and dull in some specimens, heavily suffused with blackish scales and contrasting in others. HW postmedian and submarginal lines can take different shapes as well. FWV ground colour, varying between orange brown and dark brick red is somewhat more stable and specific to given populations, and can be used, with some restriction as a taxonomic character.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B944069FFFF3D5499D6F9B8FCAC6F98" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">
|
||
The various subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFF3D5498FCF9B8FD7E6F6B" box="[493,694,1561,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D5498FCF9B8FD7E6F6B" box="[493,694,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">Cheimas opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differ in size and, to some extent in wing shape, which can be appreciated based on long series of examined individuals from different populations. These are valuable taxonomic characters that have been taken into consideration in defining the subspecies. Sexual dimorphism in the subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B3BEAFFFF3D5499A6F927FEF36FC7" box="[183,315,1669,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cheimas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F9C7BFFFF3D5499A6F927FEF36FC7" box="[183,315,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">C. opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is little marked and limited to the slightly larger size of the female, lighter dorsal ground colour, paler and less patterned HWV, and more undulated HW margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B944069FFFF3D5499D6F96CFC406EC0" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="222">Male and female genitalia also provide some taxonomic information, even if the differences between the subspecies are slight and mostly quantitative affecting the proportions of sclerites and, to some extent, their shape, rather than the presence or absence of morphological structures. Male genitalia differ between the subspecies mostly in the shape of valvae and the size of the subapical dorsal process, and those of female genitalia in the width and length of ductus bursae and shape of processi at the entrance of the antrum. Subspecific differences between female genitalia are more pronounced than between male genitalia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |