241 lines
31 KiB
XML
241 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="8ABA4D3463A6FF546F30AD3187A97537">
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<mods:title id="2C334D17D0F4F1972D0BC6340D0777CC">Leporidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D86A2F1106DDDD5DFD3E3CAFD2F7EDA5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E6DEFA085BCB4FCA3DCC83283584D5C">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4F73DF69FC385A9563810C4A18B20973">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5A9B981496682C7FB7DF5C0735CEFE82">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="A015E6D14F9DC11DE7B81B923E7B91A5" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="DE8A6846F7A1AB4F63AEB1BE64844568">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="E72F166176E1BDF6B21A1BADDDE7CC88">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="DB62AE540108D34B0F04CAC8F874F513">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03822308B751FFEFFFC3F5ADF62CFAE8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625438" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195832018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625438" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03822308B751FFEFFFC3F5ADF62CFAE8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03822308B751FFEFFFC3F5ADF62CFAE8" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFFC3F5ADFF6BFC1A" box="[104,160,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFFC3F5ADFF6BFC1A" blockId="22.[101,1191,2582,2711]" box="[104,160,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B751FFEFFFC3F5ADFF6BFC1A" box="[104,160,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<figureCitation id="13108E9BB751FFEFFFC3F5ADFF6BFC1A" box="[104,160,2582,2628]" captionStart="Plate 3: Leporidae" captionStartId="2.[115,145,3370,3395]" captionTargetBox="[12,2750,13,3642]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Amami Rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi), 2. Jameson’s Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus randensis), 3. Natal Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus crassicaudatus), 4. Smith’s Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus rupestris), 5. Hewitt’s Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus saundersiae), 6. Volcano Rabbit (Romerolagus diaz), 7. Riverine Rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis), 8. Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), 9. Sumatran Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus netscher), 10. Annamite Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi), 11. Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani), 12. San Jose Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus mansuetus), 13. Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), 14. Mountain Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii), 15. New England Cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625691/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">33.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFF19F5ADFE7AFC1A" box="[178,433,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFF19F5ADFE7AFC1A" blockId="22.[101,1191,2582,2711]" box="[178,433,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B751FFEFFF19F5ADFE7AFC1A" box="[178,433,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B751FFEFFF19F5ADFE7AFC1A" box="[178,433,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Indian Hare</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFE4EF5ADFCDCFC1A" box="[485,791,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFE4EF5ADFCDCFC1A" blockId="22.[101,1191,2582,2711]" box="[485,791,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B751FFEFFE4EF5ADFCDCFC1A" box="[485,791,2582,2628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFE4EF5ADFCDCFC1A" ID-CoL="6Q229" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[485,791,2582,2628]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricollis">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFE4EF5ADFCDCFC1A" box="[485,791,2582,2628]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Lepus nigricollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFFCCF5EDFB6DFCCC" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFFCCF5EDFC6DFC35" blockId="22.[101,1191,2582,2711]" box="[103,934,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B751FFEFFFCCF5EDFC6DFC35" box="[103,934,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFFCCF5EDFF78FC35" bold="true" box="[103,179,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B751FFEFFF17F5EDFE92FC35" box="[188,345,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Liévre a col noir</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFEC6F5EDFE0CFC35" bold="true" box="[365,455,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B751FFEFFE7BF5EDFD52FC35" box="[464,665,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Schwarznackenhase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFD04F5EDFCC1FC35" bold="true" box="[687,778,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B751FFEFFCBFF5EDFC6DFC35" box="[788,934,2646,2667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Liebre de India</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFFCDF5C6FB6DFCCC" blockId="22.[101,1191,2582,2711]" box="[102,1190,2685,2706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B751FFEFFFCDF5C6FB6DFCCC" box="[102,1190,2685,2706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFFCDF5C6FE96FCCC" bold="true" box="[102,349,2685,2706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B751FFEFFECCF5C6FC98FCCC" box="[359,851,2685,2706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Black-napped Hare; Indian Desert Hare (dayanus)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B751FFEFFCCAF5C6FB6DFCCC" box="[865,1190,2685,2706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Rufous-tailed Hare (ruficaudatus)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFD61F504FADCFCBE" box="[714,1303,2751,2784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFD61F504FADCFCBE" blockId="22.[714,1309,2751,3177]" box="[714,1303,2751,2784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFD61F504FCADFCBE" bold="true" box="[714,870,2751,2784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFCDAF504FAD9FCBE" ID-CoL="6Q229" authority="F. Cuvier, 1823" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[881,1298,2751,2784]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricollis">Lepus nigricollis F. Cuvier, 1823</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFD67F554FBE5FD56" box="[716,1070,2799,2824]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFD67F554FBE5FD56" blockId="22.[714,1309,2751,3177]" box="[716,1070,2799,2824]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<materialsCitation id="3B439843B751FFEFFD67F554FBE5FD56" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3805018356" box="[716,1070,2799,2824]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">“Malabar,” Madras, India.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFD67F4B6F748F796" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFD67F4B6F748F796" blockId="22.[714,1309,2751,3177]" lastBlockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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It has been placed in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFB1AF4B6FD33FD08" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Caprolagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caprolagus</taxonomicName>
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and subgenus Indolagus, but a study analyzing skull and dental characteristics suggests that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFC09F433FBFBFDFB" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1845" box="[930,1072,2952,2981]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Caprolagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caprolagus</taxonomicName>
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is synonymous to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFD51F411FC8DFD95" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[762,838,2986,3019]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lepus</taxonomicName>
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. This species needs taxonomic clarification. It includes ruficaudatus and dayanus as subspecies; ruficaudatus might be closer to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFC22F392FBD0FA1C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[905,1051,3113,3138]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">L. capensis</taxonomicName>
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, whereas dayanus might deserve species status. It may include
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFF69F3CBFE9EFACF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[194,341,3184,3217]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="victoriae">L. victoriae</taxonomicName>
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whytei, L. crawshayi (currently a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFC7AF3CBFBA3FACF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[977,1128,3184,3217]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="victoriae">L. victoriae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFB6EF3CBFF73FAE6" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1856" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peguensis">L. peguensis</taxonomicName>
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as subspecies. As taxonomists arestill trying to clarify the species differentiation in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFA2FFEB3FA1BF777" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1412,1488,264,297]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lepus</taxonomicName>
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, the subspecific taxonomy is not elaborated yet. The original descriptions of the subspecies are often not very helpful as they are mostly based on few exterior characteristics and small numbers of individuals. It has been shown that the variability is clinal in more careful investigations. Hence, the distinction in subspecies might be arbitrary and unreasonable. Seven subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAF0FE68F79BF238" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="distribution">
|
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<caption id="DF54C296B751FFEFFAF0FE68F79BF238" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625619" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625619/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" targetBox="[102,691,2763,3176]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF0FE68F920F7AE" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1371,1771,467,496]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAF0FE68F920F7AE" bold="true" box="[1371,1771,467,496]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF7FE4EF722F448" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1372,2281,501,534]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF7FE4EF722F448" authority="F. Cuvier, 1823" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[1372,2281,501,534]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="nigricollis">L.n.nigricollisF.Cuvier,1823—SIndia(SoftheGodavariRiver).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF7FDA6F805F460" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1372,1998,541,574]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF7FDA6F805F460" authority="Hodgson, 1844" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1844" box="[1372,1998,541,574]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="aryabertensis">L.n.aryabertensisHodgson,1844—SCNepal.</taxonomicName>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF7FDF3F60AF43B" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1372,2497,584,613]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF7FDF3F60AF43B" authority="Blanford, 1874" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1874" box="[1372,2497,584,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="dayanus">L.n.dayanusBlanford,1874—SEPakistanandNWIndia(GreatIndianDesert).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF7FDD0F954F482" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF7FDD0F954F482" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="ruficaudatus">L.n.ruficaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1826—EPakistan,NIndia,SNepal,Bangladesh,Bhutan,exceptthehigherreachesoftheHimalayasandthemangroveareaswithintheSundarbans.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF6FD5CF877F55A" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1373,1980,743,772]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF6FD5CF877F55A" authority="Kloss, 1918" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1918" box="[1373,1980,743,772]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="sadiya">L.n.sadiyaKloss,1918—NEIndia(Assam).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF6FCB2F673F574" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1373,2488,777,810]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF6FCB2F673F574" authority="Wroughton, 1912" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1912" box="[1373,2488,777,810]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="simcoxi">L.n.simcoxiWroughton,1912—CIndia(NMaharashtraandMadhyaPradesh).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF6FC8AF876F50C" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" box="[1373,1981,817,850]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAF6FC8AF8C4F50C" authority="Wroughton, 1915" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1915" box="[1373,1807,817,850]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricollis" subSpecies="singhala">L. n. singhala Wroughton, 1915</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Sri Lanka.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF7FCE3F79BF238" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Indian hares (probably ruficaudatus) also occur in extreme E Afghanistan, in the border areas with Pakistan. Situation in Java is debated and the so called “Javan Hare” might be native there. The species has been introduced by founder individuals of either unknown subspeciesaffiliation or belonging to various subspecies into Comoro, Mayotte, Madagascar, Réunion (including Gunners Quoin I), Mauritius (Agaléga Is), Seychelles (Cousin I), and Andaman Is in the Indian Ocean, and into New Guinea. In Gunners Quoin the Indian Hare has been eradicated.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAF7FBCFF761F3FF" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF7FBCFF761F3FF" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAF7FBCFF993F2D3" bold="true" box="[1372,1624,1140,1165]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 330-530 mm, tail 10-90 mm, ear 100-120 mm, hindfoot 89-103 mm; weight 1.8-3.6 kg. The Indian Hare is medium-sized. Dorsal fur and head are rufous-brown, mixed with black. Legs and chest are rufous; ventral fur and chin are white. The Indian Hare is larger toward the southern part of its distribution. Color varies in different subspecies—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF8D8FAB2F83DF374" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[1907,2038,1289,1322]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricollis">nigricollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a dark brown or black patch on neck and its tail is black above, ruficaudatus has a gray neck patch and upper side of its tail is brown, dayanuslives in the desert and has a pale yellow-sandy color. A female ruficaudatus (average 2-2 kg) is heavier than a male (1-8 kg).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAF6FA1CF9FFF0EB" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF6FA1CF9FFF0EB" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAF6FA1CFA1AF396" bold="true" box="[1373,1489,1447,1480]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Open desert with scattered shrubs, thick jungle with some open clearings, grasslands, and large tracts of scrub and wasteland, alternating with cultivated plains, at elevations of 50-4500 m. Indian Hares spent the day in short grasslandshrub forest areas in Nepal and under bushes in the Sindh Desert, borderlands of Pakistan and India. Tall shrubs (e.g. Zizyphus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF7BDF9FFF719F03B" box="[2070,2258,1604,1637]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhamnaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or young palms are used as forms. The Indian Hare might use ditches or animal burrows for cover when pursued.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAF5F901FA72FED0" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF5F901FA72FED0" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAF5F901F9ABF085" bold="true" box="[1374,1632,1722,1755]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet of the Indian Hares includes mainly grass and forbs. They feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFA25F959FA34F15D" box="[1422,1535,1762,1795]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Capparis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Capparis</taxonomicName>
|
||
deciduas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF92CF959F88FF15D" box="[1671,1860,1762,1795]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Capparaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), blue panicgrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF7E3F959F775F15D" box="[2120,2238,1762,1795]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Panicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
antidotale,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF6F8F959F600F15D" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[2387,2507,1762,1795]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), rattlepods (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFA70F8B2F968F174" box="[1499,1699,1801,1834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Crotalaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Crotalaria spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF918F8B2F8F1F174" box="[1715,1850,1801,1834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Zizyphus spp. in the Sindh Desert. Their diets contain up to 77% grasses in wetter regions. Indian Hares might travel 100-500 m to reach green vegetation in the dry season. They eat grass, young plants, leaves of the sweet potato plant, and lettuce from gardens in Sri Lanka. Analysis of feces of Indian Hares on Cousin Island showed that sedges and grasses are mainly consumed in one area, but prickly chaff flower (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF8EAF875F816F1B1" box="[1857,2013,1998,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Achyranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Achyranthes</taxonomicName>
|
||
aspera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF7EFF875F6E8F1B1" box="[2116,2339,1998,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF6DCF875F672F1B1" box="[2423,2489,1998,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
reflexa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAC7F84EFA33FE48" box="[1388,1528,2037,2070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) dominated the diet in another area. Indian Hares can damage young trees and agricultural crops such as chickpeas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF85EF7A6F7F2FE60" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[2037,2105,2077,2110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cicer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cicer</taxonomicName>
|
||
arietinum,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF766F7A6F684FE60" box="[2253,2383,2077,2110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and peanuts (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFFAC0F7FFFA05FE3B" box="[1387,1486,2116,2149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Arachis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arachis</taxonomicName>
|
||
hypogaea,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB751FFEFF9F1F7FFF917FE3B" box="[1626,1756,2116,2149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in Pakistan. They fed on short grass and crops in western Nepal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAF4F728F91DFF75" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF4F728F91DFF75" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAF4F728FA2DFEEA" bold="true" box="[1375,1510,2195,2228]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
NearJodhpur, India, Indian Hares are reproductively active throughout the year, with a peak during the monsoon (July-September). Average annual litter size was 1-8 young (range 1-4). Litter sizes varied throughout the year, with one young in winter to 3-2 young in July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAF5F68BF724FF96" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAF5F68BF724FF96" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAF5F68BF983FF0F" bold="true" box="[1374,1608,2352,2385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Indian Hares are crepuscular and nocturnal, but at high densities on Cousin Island, they became active and started to feed in mid-afternoon. They spend the day in a series of forms used for shelter. A single individual might use different forms in the morning and afternoon, depending on the weather.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFACBF675F90AFC61" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFACBF675F90AFC61" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFACBF675F7E0FFB1" bold="true" box="[1376,2091,2510,2543]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home range sizes are 1-10 ha in Nepal and 0-7-1-8 ha on Cousin Island. Larger home ranges are expected in more open country and desert.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFACAF5FFF82CFDB1" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFACAF5FFF82CFDB1" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFACAF5FFF970FC3B" bold="true" box="[1377,1723,2628,2661]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Indian Hare is listed under the Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972. It is widespread and abundant. It is shot as game and snared or netted by farmers to prevent crop damage. Populations in India are severely fragmented due to expanding agricultural areas and pressure on forests from collection of fuel wood. Major threats to Indian Hares are habitat destruction, conversion of prime forest areas to agricultural areas, and intensive hunting. Other threats are feral and domestic predators, competition from livestock, and human-caused forest fires. The uncertain taxonomic status of the Indian Hare makes conservation activities difficult. For example, the Javan Hare might be an endemic taxon based on its long fossil history, which would merit urgent actions because ofits very low population size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B751FFEFFAC9F3BBF62CFAE8" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB751FFEFFAC9F3BBF62CFAE8" blockId="22.[1369,2584,264,3257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB751FFEFFAC9F3BBFA33FA47" bold="true" box="[1378,1528,3072,3097]" pageId="22" pageNumber="129">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Angermann (1983, 2016), Bell (2002), Brooks et al. (1987), Chakraborty, Srinivasulu et al. (2005), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Flux & Angermann (1990), Ghose (1971), Hoffmann & Smith (2005), Jain & Prakash (1976), Kirk (1981), Kirk & Bathe (1994), Kirk & Racey (1992), Lissovsky (2016), Long (2003), Maheswaran & Jordan (2008), McNeely (1981), Petter (1961), Phillips (1935), Prakash & Taneja (1969), Prater (1971), Purohit (1967), Sabnis (1981), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Suchentrunk (2004), Suchentrunk & Davidovic (2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |